Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome malady

Genetics Home Reference: Tourette syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by repetitive, sudden, and involuntary movements or noises called tics. Tics usually appear in childhood, and their severity varies over time. In most cases, tics become milder and less frequent in late adolescence and adulthood.¹⁷

MalaCards: Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome, also known as motor-verbal tic disorder, is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder and tourette syndrome. An important gene associated with Gilles De La Tourette Syndrome is CNTNAP2 (contactin associated protein-like 2), and among its related pathways are Sympathetic Nerve Pathway (Neuroeffector Junction) and Tyrosine metabolism p.1 (dopamine). The drugs clonidine and perphenazine and the compounds 4-Methoxyamphetamine and benzamide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Related mouse phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and integument.

Disease Ontology: A tic disorder that is characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic present for more than a year.⁶

Aliases & Descriptions:

gilles de la tourette syndrome 6 8 43 motor-verbal tic disorder 6 guinon's disease 6

psychogenic tics 6 behavioral tic 43

Diseases related to gilles de la tourette syndrome by text searches and GeneDecks gene sharing:

(show top 50)    (show all 104)

id	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	obsessive-compulsive disorder	30.4	SGCE, CNTNAP2, GTS, IER3, HTR3A, DRD2
2	tourette syndrome	27.6	SGCE, TYR, TTF2, TDO2, PSD4, DBH
3	horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis	13.5	ROBO4, ROBO3
4	obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	13.5	SLITRK1, TTF2
5	mutism	13.2	CNTNAP2, DRD5, SLC6A3
6	attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	13.2	DRD4, SLC6A3
7	separation anxiety disorder	13.2	DRD4, SLC6A3
8	learning disability	13.2	ADRA2A, DBH, TTF2
9	conduction disease	12.9	SLC6A3, DBH, DRD5, DRD4
10	spinocerebellar ataxia type 3	12.9	SLC1A3, SLC6A3, HTR3A
11	focal dystonia	12.8	DRD5, DRD2, SGCE
12	chronic pain	12.7	DBH, TTF2, COMT
13	sleep apnea	12.7	GDNF, ADRA2A, HTR3B, HTR3A
14	tic disorder	12.7	DRD2, DRD4
15	myoclonus-dystonia	12.7	DRD4, DRD2, SGCE
16	antisocial personality disorder	12.6	DRD4, DRD2, HTR3B
17	leptin receptor deficiency	12.6	SLC6A3, DRD2
18	constipation	12.6	GDNF, ADRA2A, DBH, TDO2, HTR3A, ISL1
19	irritable bowel syndrome	12.6	ADRA2A, COMT, HTR3B, HTR3A
20	complex regional pain syndrome	12.6	ADRA1A, DRD2, SGCE
21	cognitive disease	12.5	SLC6A3, COMT, HTR3A
22	eating disorder	12.5	SLC6A3, COMT, HTR3A
23	major affective disorder	12.5	HTR3A, DRD2
24	movement disease	12.5	SLC6A3, DRD2, SGCE
25	migraine with aura	12.4	SLC6A3, DBH, DRD2
26	cadasil	12.4	GDNF, SLC1A3, TTF2, TBXA2R, HTR3A
27	hyperprolactinemia	12.4	DRD2, DRD4, DBH
28	wilson disease	12.4	SLITRK1, SLC6A3, DBH, DRD2
29	gastroparesis	12.3	ADRA1A, DRD2, HTR3A
30	borderline personality disorder	12.3	SLC6A3, TTF2, COMT, HTR3A
31	prion disease	12.3	GDNF, SLC1A3, SLC6A3, DBH, HTR3A
32	pathological gambling	12.3	SLC6A3, DRD5, DRD4, DRD2
33	opiate dependence	12.3	COMT, DRD2
34	manic-depressive illness	12.3	SLC6A3, DBH, DRD4, DRD2
35	novelty seeking personality	12.2	COMT, DRD4, DRD2
36	personality disorder	12.2	DRD2, DRD4, TTF2, SLC6A3
37	bulimia nervosa	12.2	COMT, HTR3A
38	epilepsy syndrome	12.2	GDNF, SLC6A3, DBH, HCN1, HTR3A, SGCE
39	dyslexia	12.2	SLC6A3, DRD4, DRD2, IER3, CNTNAP2
40	cocaine abuse	12.2	SLC6A3, DBH, DRD2, HTR3A
41	social phobia	12.2	HTR3A, DRD2, COMT
42	striatonigral degeneration	12.1	SLC6A3, DRD2
43	multiple system atrophy	12.1	DRD2, DBH, SLC6A3, GDNF
44	paralysis	12.1	DRD2, DRD4, TDO2, ROBO3, GDNF
45	phobia	12.1	COMT, DRD2, HTR3A
46	drug dependence	11.9	GDNF, SLC6A3, DRD2, HTR3B, HTR3A
47	schizoaffective disorder	11.9	ADRA1A, COMT, DRD4, DRD2
48	dyskinesia of esophagus	11.9	DRD2, COMT, DBH, SLC6A3
49	fibromyalgia	11.9	ADRA1A, SLC6A3, COMT, DRD4, HTR3B, HTR3A
50	aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma	11.9	COMT, DRD4, DRD2, HTR3A

Approved drugs:

Drug clinical trials:

Inferred drug relations via UMLS/NDF-RT:

^43 28 clonidine, clonidine hcl pwdr [va product], clonidine hydrochloride, haloperidol, haloperidol decanoate, haloperidol lactate, mecamylamine, mecamylamine hydrochloride, pergolide, pergolide mesylate, perphenazine, pimozide, risperidone, ziprasidone, ziprasidone hydrochloride, ziprasidone mesylate

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to gilles de la tourette syndrome:

²⁵

id	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype	MP:0005379	7.7	SLC6A3, DBH, TYR, DRD5, DRD2, HTR3A
2	integument phenotype	MP:0010771	7.3	ROBO4, SLC6A3, DBH, TDO2, TYR, HCN1
3	renal/urinary system phenotype	MP:0005367	6.8	GDNF, ADRA1A, TYR, COMT, DRD5, DRD2
4	cardiovascular system phenotype	MP:0005385	6.7	TYR, DBH, ROBO4, ADRA1A, ADRA2A, GDNF
5	behavior/neurological phenotype	MP:0005386	5.7	TDO2, DBH, SLC6A3, SLC1A3, SLITRK1, ROBO3
6	nervous system phenotype	MP:0003631	5.5	CNTNAP2, GDNF, ADRA2A, ROBO3, SLITRK1, SLC1A3
7	homeostasis/metabolism phenotype	MP:0005376	5.4	DBH, SLC6A3, SLC1A3, SLITRK1, ROBO3, ROBO4

Articles related to gilles de la tourette syndrome:

(show all 25)

id	Title	Authors	Year	Affiliating Genes
1	Psychopathological features of obsessive-compulsive disorder in an Italian family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome not linked to the SLITRK1 gene. (18722020)	Pasquini M.... Berardelli A.	2008	SLITRK1
2	Chromosome 5 and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: Linkage in a large pedigree and association study of six candidates in the region. (18454440)	Laurin N.... Barr C.L.	2008	SLC1A3, FGF10, GDNF
3	Haplotype evolution of SLITRK1, a candidate gene for Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (18004766)	Speed W.C.... Kidd K.K.	2008	SLITRK1
4	Association study between Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and two genes in the Robo-Slit pathway located in the chromosome 11q24 linked/associated region. (17671968)	Miranda D.M.... Barr C.L.	2008	ROBO3, SLITRK1, ROBO4
5	A large Italian family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: clinical study and analysis of the SLITRK1 gene. (17712845)	Fabbrini G.... Berardelli A.	2007	SLITRK1
6	The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a principal component factor analytic study of a large pedigree. (17417057)	Robertson M.M.... Cavanna A.E.	2007	TTF2
7	Disruption of the CNTNAP2 gene in a t(7;15) translocation family without symptoms of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (17392702)	Belloso J.M.... Tumer Z.	2007	CNTNAP2
8	Analysis of the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (16838359)	Ozbay F.... Barr C.L.	2006	DBH
9	Serotonin receptor genes HTR3A and HTR3B are not involved in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (16314763)	Niesler B.... Rappold G.	2005	HTR3A, HTR3B
10	Epsilon-sarcoglycan is not involved in sporadic Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (15627203)	Asmus F.... Gasser T.	2005	SGCE
11	Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a [123I]FP-CIT/SPECT study. (14725596)	Serra-Mestres J.... Trimble M.R.	2004	SLC6A3
12	CNTNAP2 is disrupted in a family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and obsessive compulsive disorder. (12809671)	Verkerk A.J.... Oostra B.A.	2003	CNTNAP2, IER3, GTS
13	Epigenetic abnormalities associated with a chromosome 18(q21-q22) inversion and a Gilles de la Tourette syndrome phenotype. (12682296)	State M.W.... Ward D.C.	2003	GTSCR1
14	Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in affected sibling pairs diagnosed with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (12497616)	Leckman J.F.... Cohen D.J.	2003	TTF2
15	Evaluation of the genes for the adrenergic receptors alpha 2A and alpha 1C and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome. (12707939)	Xu C.... Barr C.L.	2003	ADRA1A, ADRA2A
16	Dopamine transporter binding in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (10993492)	MA1ller-Vahl K.R.... Emrich H.M.	2000	SLC6A3
17	Dopamine D2 receptor imaging in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (10705938)	MA1ller-Vahl K.R.... Emrich H.M.	2000	DRD2
18	Genome scan for linkage to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (10402514)	Barr C.L.... Sandor P.	1999	TBXA2R, GTS
19	A complete genome screen in sib pairs affected by Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. The Tourette Syndrome Association International Consortium for Genetics. (10521310)		1999	GTS
20	Catechol-O-methyltransferase and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (10523824)	Barr C.L.... Sandor P.	1999	COMT
21	Identification of genetic markers associated with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in an Afrikaner population. (9718333)	Simonic I.... Weber J.L.	1998	GTS
22	Linkage study of the dopamine D5 receptor gene and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. (9034008)	Barr C.L.... Tsui L.C.	1997	DRD5
23	No evidence for a major gene effect of the dopamine D4 receptor gene in the susceptibility to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in five Canadian families. (8725747)	Barr C.L.... Tsui L.C.	1996	DRD4
24	The genetic susceptibility to Gilles de la Tourette syndrome in a large multiple affected British kindred: linkage analysis excludes a role for the genes coding for dopamine D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 receptors, dopamine beta hydroxylase, tyrosinase, and tyrosine hydroxylase. (7619976)	Brett P.M.... Gurling H.M.	1995	TYR, DBH
25	Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is not linked to D2-dopamine receptor. (1978653)	Gelernter J.... Kidd K.K.	1990	DRD2

Genes related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneCards:

(show all 33)

id	Symbol	Description	Score	GeneCards Section Context
1	CNTNAP2	contactin associated protein-like 2	11.1	Summaries, Publications
2	GTSCR1	Gilles de la Tourette syndrome chromosome region, candidate 1	11.1	Proteins, Publications, Aliases & Descriptions
3	GTS	Gilles de la Tourette syndrome	11.1	Publications, Aliases & Descriptions
4	SLITRK1	SLIT and NTRK-like family, member 1	11.1	Publications
5	NKG7	natural killer cell group 7 sequence	11.1
6	ROBO4	roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 4 (Drosophila)	11.1	Publications
7	ROBO3	roundabout, axon guidance receptor, homolog 3 (Drosophila)	11.1	Publications
8	ISL1	ISL LIM homeobox 1	11.1	Publications
9	IER3	immediate early response 3	11.1	Publications
10	SGCE	sarcoglycan, epsilon	11.1	Publications
11	HTR3B	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3B, ionotropic	11.1	Publications
12	DRD5	dopamine receptor D5	11.1	Publications
13	KCTD3	potassium channel tetramerisation domain containing 3	11.1
14	TTF2	transcription termination factor, RNA polymerase II	11.1	Publications
15	DBH	dopamine beta-hydroxylase (dopamine beta-monooxygenase)	11.1	Publications
16	FGF10	fibroblast growth factor 10	11.1	Publications
17	PSD4	pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing 4	11.1
18	ADRA2A	adrenoceptor alpha 2A	11.1	Publications
19	SLC1A3	solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 3	11.1	Publications
20	TDO2	tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase	11.1
21	TBXA2R	thromboxane A2 receptor	11.1	Publications
22	TYR	tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)	11.0	Publications
23	TBCD	tubulin folding cofactor D	11.0
24	SLC6A3	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, dopamine), member 3	11.0	Functions, Publications
25	ADRA1A	adrenoceptor alpha 1A	11.0	Publications
26	ITGA1	integrin, alpha 1	11.0	Publications
27	DRD4	dopamine receptor D4	11.0	Publications, Functions
28	GDNF	glial cell derived neurotrophic factor	11.0	Publications
29	HCN1	hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 1	11.0	Publications
30	HTR3A	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3A, ionotropic	11.0	Publications
31	COMT	catechol-O-methyltransferase	11.0	Publications
32	IMMP2L	IMP2 inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase-like (S. cerevisiae)	11.0
33	DRD2	dopamine receptor D2	11.0	Publications

Pathways related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneDecks:

id	Pathway	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Sympathetic Nerve Pathway (Neuroeffector Junction)34	9.4	DBH, ADRA1A, ADRA2A
2	Tyrosine metabolism p.1 (dopamine)41	9.4	DBH, TYR, COMT
3	Tyrosine metabolism20	9.4	COMT, TYR, DBH
4	Tyrosine metabolism p.1 (dopamine)10	9.3	DBH, TYR, COMT
5	Amine ligand-binding receptors38	9.0	DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, ADRA1A, ADRA2A
6	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction20	8.7	ADRA2A, ADRA1A, TBXA2R, DRD5, DRD4, DRD2

Compounds related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneDecks:

(show top 50)    (show all 115)

id	Compound	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	4-Methoxyamphetamine9 9	10.9	ADRA1A, SLC6A3, ADRA2A
2	benzamide32	9.8	DRD4, DRD2
3	pseudoephedrine32 9 18 9	12.8	ADRA2A, ADRA1A, SLC6A3
4	tyramine32 18	10.8	TYR, COMT, ADRA2A
5	zuclopenthixol32 34 9 9	12.6	ADRA2A, DRD2, DRD5, ADRA1A
6	rotigotine32 9 9	11.6	DRD2, DRD4, DRD5
7	alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine32	9.6	DBH, DRD2, TYR, SLC6A3
8	methyldopa32 9 9	11.5	ADRA2A, COMT, TYR, DBH
9	carbidopa32	9.5	SLC6A3, COMT, DBH
10	lisuride32 9 9	11.5	ADRA2A, DRD5, DRD4, DRD2
11	amoxapine32 9 9	11.5	ADRA2A, DRD2, ADRA1A
12	nefazodone34 32 9 9	12.5	ADRA1A, SLC6A3, HTR3A, ADRA2A
13	droperidol32 9 9	11.4	ADRA1A, HTR3A, DRD2
14	raclopride32 42	10.4	DRD2, SLC6A3, DRD4
15	paliperidone32 9 9	11.4	DRD2, DRD4, ADRA1A, ADRA2A
16	spiperone32	9.3	DRD4, DRD2, HTR3A
17	amitriptyline32 34 42 9 9	13.3	ADRA2A, ADRA1A, SLC6A3, HTR3A
18	Methotrimeprazine9 9	10.3	DRD4, ADRA1A, DRD5, ADRA2A, DRD2
19	Propiomazine9 9	10.3	ADRA1A, DRD2, DRD4
20	ergotamine32 9 9	11.3	HTR3A, DRD2, ADRA1A, ADRA2A
21	ropinirole32 9 9	11.0	DRD2, DRD4, COMT, ADRA2A, DRD5
22	cabergoline32 9 9	11.0	COMT, DRD4, DRD5, ADRA2A, DRD2
23	heroin32 9 9	10.9	DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3, COMT
24	paroxetine32 34 9 9	11.9	SLC6A3, COMT, HTR3A, DRD4
25	maoa32	8.9	DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3, COMT, DBH
26	catecholamine32	8.9	DRD4, COMT, DBH, ADRA2A, DRD5, GDNF
27	methamphetamine32 9 9	10.8	COMT, DRD4, DRD2, ADRA2A, SLC6A3
28	mptp32	8.8	DRD2, COMT, GDNF, SLC6A3, DBH
29	aripiprazole32 34 9 18 9	12.8	HTR3A, DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, ADRA2A, ADRA1A
30	ziprasidone32 9 9	10.8	ADRA1A, ADRA2A, DRD4, DRD5, DRD2, HTR3A
31	methylphenidate32 9 9	10.7	DRD4, ADRA2A, COMT, DRD2, SLC6A3, DRD5
32	pramipexole32 9 9	10.7	COMT, DRD4, DRD5, DRD2, ADRA2A, SLC6A3
33	pergolide32 9 9	10.7	DRD5, DRD4, COMT, ADRA1A, ADRA2A, DRD2
34	clozapine32 34 9 9	11.7	ADRA1A, DRD4, HTR3A, DRD2, SLC6A3, ADRA2A
35	amphetamine32 9 9	10.6	GDNF, DRD2, DRD4, SLC6A3
36	quetiapine32 9 18 9	11.5	DRD4, DRD5, HTR3A, SLC6A3, ADRA1A, DRD2
37	bromocriptine32 9 9	10.4	DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, COMT, SLC6A3, ADRA1A
38	cocaine32 9 9	10.4	SLC6A3, GDNF, DRD4, DBH, DRD2, COMT
39	apomorphine32 9 9	10.3	ADRA2A, DRD5, DRD4, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A3
40	gaba32 42	9.3	GDNF, SLC1A3, DBH, DRD4, DRD2, HTR3A
41	epinephrine32 9 18 9	11.2	ADRA2A, COMT, DBH, DRD2, ADRA1A, DRD4
42	6-hydroxydopamine32	8.2	DRD2, GDNF, TYR, COMT, DRD4, DBH
43	levodopa32 9 9	10.0	DRD2, COMT, TYR, DBH, SLC6A3, GDNF
44	risperidone32 34 9 18 9	12.0	DRD4, SLC6A3, DRD2, COMT, HTR3A, ADRA2A
45	olanzapine32 34 9 18 9	11.9	DRD2, HTR3A, ADRA2A, ADRA1A, SLC6A3, COMT
46	adenylate32	7.8	ADRA2A, DRD4, DRD2, HTR3A, TBXA2R, TYR
47	5-hydroxytryptamine32	7.5	TYR, COMT, DBH, SLC6A3, HTR3A, HTR3B
48	glutamate32	7.2	ADRA2A, DRD4, COMT, TYR, DBH, SLC6A3
49	norepinephrine32 9 18 9	10.2	HTR3A, DBH, COMT, DRD5, DRD2, DRD4
50	dopamine32 9 18 9	10.0	DRD4, DRD5, TYR, DRD2, DBH, SLC6A3

Cellular components related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	perikaryon	GO:043204	9.4	DRD2, ITGA1, CNTNAP2
2	dendrite	GO:030425	9.2	CNTNAP2, DRD2, HCN1, DBH
3	acrosomal vesicle	GO:001669	9.1	ITGA1, DRD2, TBXA2R
4	neuronal cell body	GO:043025	8.7	SLC1A3, SLC6A3, DBH, DRD4, HTR3B, HTR3A
5	axon	GO:030424	8.4	CNTNAP2, ROBO3, SLC6A3, HCN1, DRD2, HTR3B
6	integral to plasma membrane	GO:005887	7.4	ADRA2A, ADRA1A, NKG7, SLC6A3, TBXA2R, DRD5
7	plasma membrane	GO:005886	5.6	HCN1, PSD4, SLC6A3, SLC1A3, ADRA1A, ADRA2A

Biological processes related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneDecks:

(show all 24)

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	norepinephrine-epinephrine vasoconstriction involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	GO:001994	10.2	DRD5, ADRA1A
2	fear response	GO:042596	10.0	DRD4, DBH, ADRA2A
3	auditory behavior	GO:031223	10.0	SLC1A3, DRD2
4	positive regulation of vasoconstriction	GO:045907	10.0	TBXA2R, DBH, ADRA1A
5	phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:060158	9.9	DRD2, DRD5
6	regulation of dopamine metabolic process	GO:042053	9.9	SLC6A3, DRD4
7	response to histamine	GO:034776	9.8	DRD2, DRD4
8	positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:051586	9.8	DRD2, DRD4
9	visual learning	GO:008542	9.8	DBH, DRD5, DRD2
10	response to iron ion	GO:010039	9.8	DRD2, DBH, SLC6A3
11	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	GO:001963	9.7	DRD5, DRD4, DRD2
12	regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:051584	9.7	DRD2, GDNF
13	dopamine catabolic process	GO:042420	9.7	SLC6A3, DBH, COMT
14	behavioral response to ethanol	GO:048149	9.7	DRD2, DRD4, DBH
15	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:007195	9.7	DRD2, DRD4
16	adenohypophysis development	GO:021984	9.7	SLC6A3, DRD2
17	negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity	GO:007194	9.7	ADRA2A, DRD4, DRD2
18	response to amphetamine	GO:001975	9.6	DBH, DRD5, DRD4, DRD2
19	peristalsis	GO:030432	9.5	DRD2, GDNF
20	behavioral response to cocaine	GO:048148	9.5	DRD2, DRD4
21	response to cocaine	GO:042220	9.3	HTR3A, DRD2, DRD5, SLC6A3
22	locomotory behavior	GO:007626	9.2	DRD2, DBH, SLC6A3
23	response to drug	GO:042493	8.5	ADRA1A, SLC1A3, SLC6A3, COMT, TBXA2R, DRD2
24	synaptic transmission	GO:007268	8.2	SLC1A3, SLC6A3, DBH, HCN1, COMT, DRD5

Molecular functions related to gilles de la tourette syndrome according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	serotonin-activated cation-selective channel activity	GO:005232	9.8	HTR3B, HTR3A
2	dopamine receptor activity	GO:004952	9.6	DRD4, DRD5
3	dopamine receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	GO:001591	9.5	DRD2, DRD4
4	dopamine binding	GO:035240	9.2	DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3
5	protein heterodimerization activity	GO:046982	9.2	ADRA1A, ROBO3, TYR, ITGA1, ADRA2A
6	drug binding	GO:008144	9.2	DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, SLC6A3