Phobia malady

MedlinePlus: A phobia is a type of anxiety disorder. it is a strong, irrational fear of something that poses little or no actual danger. there are many specific phobias. acrophobia is a fear of heights. you may be able to ski the world's tallest mountains but be unable to go above the 5th floor of an office building. agoraphobia is a fear of public places, and claustrophobia is a fear of closed-in places. if you become anxious and extremely self-conscious in everyday social situations, you could have a social phobia. other common phobias involve tunnels, highway driving, water, flying, animals and blood. people with phobias try to avoid what they are afraid of. if they cannot, they may experience panic and fear rapid heartbeat shortness of breath trembling a strong desire to get away treatment helps most people with phobias. options include medicines, therapy or both.²³

MalaCards: Phobia, also known as phobias, is related to social phobia and panic disorder. An important gene associated with Phobia is PHOBS (Phobia, specific), and among its related pathways are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics and Pathway_PA165980337. The drugs paroxetine hydrochloride and gabapentin enacarbil and the compounds m-chlorophenylpiperazine and ritanserin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain and amygdala, and related mouse phenotypes are endocrine/exocrine gland and cardiovascular system.

Wikipedia: A phobia (from the Greek: φόβος, Phóbos, meaning \"fear\" or \"morbid fear\") is, when used in the...⁴⁴ more...

phobia 7 phobias 32 23

phobic anxiety disorder 43

Diseases related to phobia by text searches and GeneDecks gene sharing:

(show top 50)    (show all 223)

id	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	social phobia	33.9	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT, OXT
2	panic disorder	30.6	CCK, COMT
3	specific phobia	28.8	UST, LARS2, ATG4C, ITPRIP, MAOA, GOLPH3
4	agoraphobia	27.4	MAOA, HTR1A, PTK7, SLC6A2
5	alcoholism	27.2	MAOA, CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT
6	anxiety disorder	26.2	MAOA, CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, PTK7
7	obsessive-compulsive disorder	25.7	MAOA, CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, CAT, DRD2
8	cerebritis	24.4	SAT1, MAOA, CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, CAT
9	blindness	21.8	AR, MAOA, CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, CAT
10	bipolar disorder	13.7	HTR1A, SLC6A4
11	generalized anxiety disorder	13.7	HTR1A, SLC6A4
12	major affective disorder	13.6	HTR3A, DRD2, SLC6A4
13	personality disorder	13.6	MAOA, DRD2, SLC6A4
14	antisocial personality disorder	13.6	MAOA, DRD2, SLC6A4
15	neuroleptic malignant syndrome	13.6	HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2
16	pathological gambling	13.6	MAOA, DRD2, SLC6A4
17	conduct disorder	13.6	MAOA, SLC6A4
18	cognitive disease	13.6	HTR1A, HTR3A, COMT
19	amnestic disorder	13.5	HTR1A, HTR3A, PTK7
20	endogenous depression	13.5	HTR1A, SLC6A4
21	gilles de la tourette syndrome	13.5	HTR3A, DRD2, COMT
22	melancholia	13.5	MAOA, PRL, SLC6A4
23	schizophreniform disorder	13.5	DRD2, PRL
24	peripartum cardiomyopathy	13.5	DRD2, PRL
25	substance dependence	13.4	MAOA, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4
26	growth mental deficiency syndrome of myhre	13.4	MAOA, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4
27	bulimia nervosa	13.4	CCK, HTR3A, COMT, SLC6A4
28	opiate dependence	13.4	DRD2, COMT
29	paranoid schizophrenia	13.4	MAOA, COMT, PRL
30	nicotine dependence	13.4	MAOA, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4
31	biliary dyskinesia	13.4	CCK, SOD1
32	sudden infant death syndrome	13.4	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, SLC6A4
33	motion sickness	13.4	SAT1, HTR1A, HTR3A, TACR1
34	sexual disorder	13.4	OXT, PRL
35	social cognition	13.3	OXT, SLC6A4
36	insomnia	13.3	HTR1A, HTR3A, CAT, SLC6A4
37	postcholecystectomy syndrome	13.3	CCK, SOD1
38	premature ejaculation	13.3	HTR1A, HTR3A, PRL, SLC6A4
39	supranuclear palsy	13.3	HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, NPY
40	chronic pain	13.3	CCK, COMT, TACR1
41	cluster headache	13.3	HTR3A, PRL, NPY
42	seasonal affective disorder	13.3	HTR1A, PRL, NPY, SLC6A4
43	gastroparesis	13.2	CCK, HTR3A, DRD2, PRL
44	aphthous stomatitis	13.2	CAT, SOD1, SLC6A4
45	tremor	13.2	CCK, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4
46	migraine with aura	13.2	DRD2, SLC6A4, ADORA2A
47	neurotic disorder	13.2	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4
48	catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia	13.2	HTR3A, OXT, PRL
49	multiple system atrophy	13.2	DRD2, TACR1, NPY, SLC6A4
50	aggressive digital papillary adenocarcinoma	13.2	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A4

Approved drugs:

Drug clinical trials:

Inferred drug relations via UMLS/NDF-RT:

^43 28 gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, paroxetine, paroxetine hydrochloride

MalaCards organs/tissues related to phobia:

²²

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to phobia:

²⁵

id	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype	MP:0005379	10.0	TMPO, CACNA1E
2	cardiovascular system phenotype	MP:0005385	6.8	AR, SLC6A4, NPY1R, SOD1, OXT, TACR1
3	integument phenotype	MP:0010771	6.7	HTR3A, TMPO, DRD2, TACR1, OXT, PRL
4	nervous system phenotype	MP:0003631	6.4	SLC6A2, MAOA, DRD2, ADORA2A, SLC6A4, NPY
5	behavior/neurological phenotype	MP:0005386	5.7	MAOA, AR, ATG4C, ADORA2A, HTR1A, SLC6A2
6	homeostasis/metabolism phenotype	MP:0005376	4.7	NPY1R, HTR1A, OXT, SAT1, ATG4C, ITPRIP

Articles related to phobia:

(show all 23)

id	Title	Authors	Year	Affiliating Genes
1	Sympathetic activity relates to adenosine A(2A) receptor gene variation in blood-injury phobia. (18629431)	Hohoff C.... Gerlach A.L.	2008	COMT, ADORA2A, SLC6A2
2	Antioxidant enzyme and malondialdehyde levels in patients with social phobia. (18339429)	Atmaca M.... Ustundag B.	2008	SOD1, CAT
3	Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. (16038684)	Furmark T.... Fredrikson M.	2005	TACR1
4	Serotonin transporter polymorphism related to amygdala excitability and symptom severity in patients with social phobia. (15158011)	Furmark T.... Fredrikson M.	2004	SLC6A4
5	Mutation scanning of the androgen receptor gene in patients with psychiatric disorders reveals highly conserved variants in alcoholic and phobia patients. (15091318)	Yan J.... Sommer S.S.	2004	AR
6	Neurobiology and pharmacotherapy of social phobia (15538306)	Aouizerate B.... Tignol J.	2004	DRD2, HTR1A, CCK
7	Effects of CCK-tetrapeptide in patients with social phobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. (15390214)	Katzman M.A.... Bradwejn J.	2004	PTK7
8	A chromosome 14 risk locus for simple phobia: results from a genomewide linkage scan. (12556910)	Gelernter J.... Kruger S.	2003	PHOBS
9	Occupancy of brain serotonin transporters during treatment with paroxetine in patients with social phobia: a positron emission tomography study with 11C McN 5652. (12457263)	Kent J.M.... Laruelle M.	2002	SLC6A4
10	A preliminary study of dopamine-mediated prolactin inhibition in generalised social phobia. (12140123)	Condren R.M.... Thakore J.H.	2002	DRD2, PRL
11	The association of a HOPA polymorphism with major depression and phobia. (12216017)	Philibert R.... Cadoret R.J.	2002	MED12
12	Social phobia: diagnosis, severity and implications for treatment. (10361959)	Montgomery S.A.	1999	MAOA
13	Genetic linkage to the serotonin transporter protein and 5HT2A receptor genes excluded in generalized social phobia. (9925179)	Stein M.B.... Kennedy J.L.	1998	SLC6A4
14	Serotonergic function in social phobia: comparison to normal control and obsessive-compulsive disorder subjects. (9704868)	Hollander E.... Simeon D.	1998	PRL
15	Placebo-controlled trial of moclobemide in social phobia. (9534836)	Schneier F.R.... Liebowitz M.R.	1998	MAOA
16	Effects of the 5-HT3 antagonist, ondansetron, on the behavioral and physiological effects of pentagastrin in patients with panic disorder and social phobia. (9397424)	McCann U.D.... Post R.M.	1997	HTR3A, CCK
17	Plasma neuropeptide Y in anxiety disorders: findings in panic disorder and social phobia. (8930023)	Stein M.B.... Asmundson G.J.	1996	NPY
18	Moclobemide in the treatment of social phobia. (8923114)	Nutt D.... Montgomery S.A.	1996	MAOA
19	The pharmacotherapy of social phobia. (8923113)	Pollack M.H.... Gould R.A.	1996	MAOA
20	Social phobia: the clinical efficacy and tolerability of the monoamine oxidase -A and serotonin uptake inhibitor brofaromine. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. (8619339)	FahlAcn T.... Pauli U.	1995	MAOA
21	3H]paroxetine binding to platelets of patients with social phobia: comparison to patients with panic disorder and healthy volunteers. (7711158)	Stein M.B.... Hazen A.L.	1995	SLC6A4
22	Neuroendocrine responsivity to monoaminergic system p robes in generalized social phobia. (9160577)	Tancer M.E.... Golden R.N.	1994-1995	PRL
23	Reversible monoamine oxidase-A inhibitors in social phobia. (8313403)	Liebowitz M.R.... Feerick J.	1993	MAOA

Genes related to phobia according to GeneCards:

(show all 31)

id	Symbol	Description	Score	GeneCards Section Context
1	PHOBS	Phobia, specific	11.1	Aliases & Descriptions, Publications
2	MAOA	monoamine oxidase A	11.0	Publications
3	HTR3A	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 3A, ionotropic	11.0	Publications
4	SLC6A4	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, serotonin), member 4	11.0	Publications
5	HTR1A	5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A, G protein-coupled	11.0	Publications
6	DRD2	dopamine receptor D2	11.0	Publications
7	COMT	catechol-O-methyltransferase	11.0	Publications
8	WNT10A	wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 10A	11.0
9	NPY1R	neuropeptide Y receptor Y1	11.0
10	SAT1	spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1	11.0
11	PTK7	PTK7 protein tyrosine kinase 7	11.0	Publications
12	MBNL1	muscleblind-like splicing regulator 1	11.0
13	LARS2	leucyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial	11.0
14	TACR1	tachykinin receptor 1	11.0	Publications
15	CCK	cholecystokinin	11.0	Publications
16	TMPO	thymopoietin	11.0
17	NPY	neuropeptide Y	11.0	Publications
18	OXT	oxytocin, prepropeptide	11.0
19	CACNA1E	calcium channel, voltage-dependent, R type, alpha 1E subunit	11.0
20	SOD1	superoxide dismutase 1, soluble	11.0	Publications
21	PRL	prolactin	11.0	Publications
22	CAT	catalase	11.0	Publications
23	RNASE2	ribonuclease, RNase A family, 2 (liver, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)	11.0
24	ITPRIP	inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor interacting protein	11.0
25	GOLPH3	golgi phosphoprotein 3 (coat-protein)	11.0
26	ATG4C	autophagy related 4C, cysteine peptidase	11.0
27	ADORA2A	adenosine A2a receptor	11.0	Publications
28	MED12	mediator complex subunit 12	11.0	Publications
29	SLC6A2	solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, noradrenalin), member 2	11.0	Publications
30	AR	androgen receptor	11.0	Publications
31	UST	uronyl-2-sulfotransferase	11.0	Disorders

Pathways related to phobia according to GeneDecks:

id	Pathway	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics34	10.2	SLC6A4, HTR1A, MAOA
2	Pathway_PA16598033734	9.9	CAT, SOD1
3	Oxidative Stress Pathway (Erythrocyte)34	9.8	SOD1, CAT
4	Oxidative Stress Pathway (Erythrocyte)34	9.6	CAT, SOD1
5	Sympathetic Nerve Pathway (Neuroeffector Junction)34	9.3	SLC6A2, NPY1R, NPY, CACNA1E
6	Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction20	9.1	ADORA2A, DRD2, TACR1, HTR1A, PRL, NPY1R

Compounds related to phobia according to GeneDecks:

(show top 50)    (show all 239)

id	Compound	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	m-chlorophenylpiperazine32	10.1	HTR1A, HTR3A, SLC6A4, PRL
2	ritanserin32	10.0	DRD2, HTR3A, HTR1A, PRL
3	mcpp32	10.0	PRL, HTR1A, SLC6A4, HTR3A
4	5-hydroxytryptophan32	10.0	HTR1A, HTR3A, PTK7, PRL, SLC6A4
5	pindolol32 9 9	12.0	PRL, HTR3A, HTR1A, SLC6A4
6	ipsapirone32	9.9	PRL, HTR1A, OXT, HTR3A
7	risperidone32 34 9 18 9	13.9	SLC6A4, PRL, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, COMT
8	p-chloroamphetamine32	9.8	SLC6A2, SLC6A4, MAOA, HTR1A
9	nicotine32 34 9 9	12.8	SLC6A2, OXT, TMPO
10	fenfluramine32 9 9	11.7	HTR1A, CCK, NPY, SLC6A4, HTR3A, PRL
11	apomorphine32 9 9	11.7	DRD2, OXT, PRL, COMT, HTR1A
12	d amphetamine32	9.7	SLC6A4, MAOA, SLC6A2, DRD2
13	mianserin32 9 9	11.7	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, SLC6A2, SLC6A4
14	buspirone32 9 9	11.7	HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, PRL
15	methylphenidate32 9 9	11.7	MAOA, DRD2, COMT, SLC6A2, SLC6A4
16	sertraline32 34 9 18 9	13.7	MAOA, HTR1A, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, HTR3A
17	fluvoxamine32 34 9 9	12.6	SLC6A2, SLC6A4, HTR3A, HTR1A, MAOA
18	mdma32	9.6	MAOA, HTR1A, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, PRL
19	maoa32	9.5	DRD2, SLC6A2, HTR1A, MAOA, COMT, SLC6A4
20	trimipramine32 34 9 9	12.5	PRL, DRD2, SLC6A2, HTR1A, SLC6A4
21	homovanillic acid32 18	10.5	SLC6A4, COMT, MAOA, SLC6A2, PRL
22	amoxapine32 9 9	11.5	SLC6A2, DRD2, PRL, SLC6A4
23	quetiapine32 9 18 9	12.4	DRD2, ADORA2A, PRL, HTR3A, HTR1A
24	methamphetamine32 9 9	11.4	NPY, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, MAOA, DRD2, COMT
25	imipramine32 34 9 18 9	13.4	TACR1, MAOA, HTR3A, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, HTR1A
26	clozapine32 34 9 9	12.4	ADORA2A, SLC6A4, TACR1, DRD2, HTR3A, HTR1A
27	amphetamine32 9 9	11.3	DRD2, NPY, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, MAOA, CCK
28	mhpg32	9.3	COMT, PRL, NPY, SLC6A4, MAOA, SLC6A2
29	yohimbine32 9 9	11.3	HTR3A, NPY, HTR1A, AR, DRD2
30	amitriptyline32 34 42 9 9	13.3	SLC6A2, HTR1A, SLC6A4, MAOA, HTR3A
31	clomipramine32 34 9 9	12.3	HTR1A, HTR3A, TACR1, PRL, SLC6A2, SLC6A4
32	mptp32	9.2	DRD2, MAOA, COMT, SLC6A2, SLC6A4, ADORA2A
33	glutamate32	9.1	TACR1, OXT, AR, COMT, DRD2, MAOA
34	paroxetine32 34 9 9	12.1	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, COMT, TACR1, PRL
35	citalopram32 34 9 18 9	13.1	SLC6A4, PRL, SLC6A2, TACR1, PTK7, HTR3A
36	6-hydroxydopamine32	9.0	SLC6A2, NPY, SOD1, COMT, MAOA, DRD2
37	nmda32 42	10.0	MAOA, SLC6A4, ADORA2A, HTR1A, TACR1, NPY
38	opiate32	9.0	CCK, DRD2, TACR1, OXT, PRL, NPY
39	amine32	8.9	ADORA2A, SLC6A2, HTR3A, SLC6A4, MAOA, COMT
40	fluoxetine32 34 9 9	11.9	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, TACR1, OXT
41	haloperidol32 34 9 9	11.5	HTR3A, HTR1A, DRD2, TACR1, PRL, ADORA2A
42	gaba32 42	9.4	DRD2, HTR3A, CCK, MAOA, ADORA2A, SLC6A4
43	histamine32 18	9.3	CCK, HTR3A, TACR1, NPY1R, SLC6A2, ADORA2A
44	levodopa32 9 9	10.2	SOD1, PRL, COMT, DRD2, CAT, HTR1A
45	dopamine32 9 18 9	11.1	ADORA2A, SLC6A4, HTR3A, COMT, PTK7, DRD2
46	5-hydroxytryptamine32	8.1	CCK, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, MAOA, ADORA2A
47	acetylcholine32 9 18 9	11.0	DRD2, CCK, HTR3A, TACR1, NPY, HTR1A
48	epinephrine32 9 18 9	10.9	AR, MAOA, OXT, COMT, DRD2, PTK7
49	cocaine32 9 9	9.8	CCK, AR, ADORA2A, SLC6A4, SLC6A2, NPY
50	norepinephrine32 9 18 9	10.6	MAOA, ADORA2A, HTR1A, HTR3A, DRD2, PTK7

Cellular components related to phobia according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	axon hillock	GO:043203	9.8	CCK, HTR1A
2	axon	GO:030424	9.0	CCK, NPY1R, DRD2, HTR3A, AR
3	integral to plasma membrane	GO:005887	8.2	TACR1, PTK7, HTR3A, DRD2, NPY1R, SLC6A2
4	plasma membrane	GO:005886	6.8	ADORA2A, GOLPH3, HTR1A, HTR3A, CACNA1E, CAT

Biological processes related to phobia according to GeneDecks:

(show all 15)

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	dopamine catabolic process	GO:042420	10.2	COMT, MAOA
2	response to cocaine	GO:042220	10.2	DRD2, HTR3A, OXT
3	sperm ejaculation	GO:042713	10.1	OXT, TACR1, SLC6A4
4	negative regulation of blood pressure	GO:045776	10.0	NPY, DRD2, OXT
5	behavior	GO:007610	10.0	TACR1, NPY, HTR1A, MAOA
6	feeding behavior	GO:007631	10.0	NPY1R, NPY, DRD2
7	positive regulation of uterine smooth muscle contraction	GO:070474	9.9	OXT, TACR1
8	regulation of multicellular organism growth	GO:040014	9.9	NPY1R, SOD1, PRL
9	positive regulation of renal sodium excretion	GO:035815	9.7	OXT, TACR1, DRD2, ADORA2A
10	monoamine transport	GO:015844	9.7	SLC6A2, SLC6A4
11	locomotory behavior	GO:007626	9.7	NPY1R, SOD1, DRD2, ADORA2A
12	eating behavior	GO:042755	9.6	ADORA2A, TACR1, OXT, CCK
13	response to amphetamine	GO:001975	9.6	DRD2, OXT, SOD1, ADORA2A
14	synaptic transmission	GO:007268	9.1	COMT, SLC6A2, CACNA1E, MAOA, NPY, HTR3A
15	response to drug	GO:042493	9.0	ADORA2A, SLC6A4, SOD1, COMT, DRD2

Molecular functions related to phobia according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	serotonin binding	GO:051378	9.8	MAOA, HTR1A, HTR3A
2	monoamine transmembrane transporter activity	GO:008504	9.7	SLC6A2, SLC6A4