Protein-energy Malnutrition malady

Wikipedia: Protein–energy malnutrition (or protein–calorie malnutrition) refers to a form of malnutrition where...⁴⁴ more...

MalaCards: Protein-energy Malnutrition, also known as PEM, is related to kwashiorkor and protein-losing enteropathy. An important gene associated with Protein-energy Malnutrition is PIGR (polymeric immunoglobulin receptor), and among its related pathways are Digestion of dietary carbohydrate and Carbohydrate digestion and absorption. The compounds glucose and polyethylene glycol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, and related mouse phenotypes are hematopoietic system and endocrine/exocrine gland.

Aliases & Descriptions:

protein-energy malnutrition 6 8 32 43 pem 26

Diseases related to protein-energy malnutrition by text searches and GeneDecks gene sharing:

(show top 50)    (show all 512)

id	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	kwashiorkor	30.9	ANXA6, ALB, SHBG
2	protein-losing enteropathy	30.4	CD79A, ALB, TF
3	alcoholic liver cirrhosis	29.6	GPT, ALB, LSL, TF, GGT1
4	marasmus	28.5	ANXA6, IGFBP3, ALB, SHBG, LSL, TF
5	alcoholism	27.8	CFTR, GSR, CCK, GPT, GHRL, TF
6	liver cirrhosis	27.3	RBP4, GPT, IGFBP3, ALB, LTF, LSL
7	ovarian carcinoma	27.0	RBP4, IGFBP3, ALB, HP, TTR, TF
8	anorexia nervosa	26.1	LEP, GSR, CCK, GPT, IGFBP1, IGFBP3
9	breast carcinoma	22.5	LEP, MPO, GSR, IL1RAPL2, ANXA6, IGFBP1
10	insulin resistance	22.1	RBP4, LEP, MPO, MGAM, CCK, GPT
11	cystic fibrosis	19.7	RBP4, LEP, LCT, CFTR, MPO, CD79A
12	fibrosis	18.9	RBP4, LEP, LCT, CFTR, MPO, CD79A
13	carcinoma	18.7	PIGR, RBP4, LEP, LCT, CFTR, MPO
14	leptin deficiency	13.6	LEP, CCK, LSL
15	dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia	13.6	ALB, TTR
16	intracranial hypertension	13.6	RBP4, LEP, ALB
17	hypersensitivity reaction type iv disease	13.5	RBP4, TTR, TF
18	berger disease	13.5	CD79A, ALB
19	bulimia nervosa	13.5	CCK, GHRL
20	hyperthyroxinemia	13.5	CD79A, ALB, TTR
21	yellow nail syndrome	13.5	ALB, TF
22	autoimmune disease of central nervous system	13.5	CD79A, TTR, TF
23	transthyretin amyloidosis	13.5	RBP4, TTR
24	lipoid nephrosis	13.4	ALB, TF
25	hypochromic microcytic anemia	13.4	TF, CP
26	autonomic neuropathy	13.4	CCK, IGF1, ALB, TTR
27	aceruloplasminemia	13.4	TF, CP
28	intestinal obstruction	13.4	CFTR, CCK, ALB
29	focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	13.4	RBP4, CD79A, ALB
30	congenital nephrotic syndrome finnish type	13.4	TTR, TF, CP
31	renal osteodystrophy	13.4	LEP, IGFBP1, LSL
32	acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis	13.4	CD79A, ALB, HP
33	congenital disorder of glycosylation type i	13.4	HP, TF
34	dysphagia	13.4	ALB, TF, CP
35	dysentery	13.4	CD79A, IGF1, TF
36	congenital lactase deficiency	13.4	LCT, MGAM, SI
37	iga glomerulonephritis	13.4	PIGR, CD79A, ALB, CSN1S1
38	chronic pyelonephritis	13.3	CD79A, ALB, CP
39	hemochromatosis	13.3	HP, TF, CP
40	morbid obesity	13.3	LEP, CCK, GHRL, LSL
41	respiratory failure	13.3	CFTR, TTR, EPHX1
42	hepatic tuberculosis	13.3	ALB, GGT1
43	exocrine pancreatic insufficiency	13.3	CFTR, CD79A, CCK
44	opiate dependence	13.3	GPT, ALB, TF
45	panhypopituitarism	13.3	IGFBP1, IGF1, GHRL
46	eating disorder	13.3	LEP, CCK, GHRL, LSL
47	pure red-cell aplasia	13.3	CD79A, ALB, HP, TF
48	giardiasis	13.3	LCT, CD79A, SI
49	porphyria cutanea tarda	13.3	ALB, TF, GGT1
50	rabson-mendenhall syndrome	13.3	LEP, IGFBP3, IGF1

Approved drugs:

Drug clinical trials:

MalaCards organs/tissues related to protein-energy malnutrition:

²²

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to protein-energy malnutrition:

²⁵

id	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	hematopoietic system phenotype	MP:0005397	10.1	PIGR
2	endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype	MP:0005379	10.0	GGT1
3	liver/biliary system phenotype	MP:0005370	10.0	CFTR, IGFBP1
4	immune system phenotype	MP:0005387	8.7	GGT1, LTF, ANXA6, CD79A, CFTR, PIGR
5	homeostasis/metabolism phenotype	MP:0005376	4.7	PIGR, GHRL, CRP, LTF, H6PD, TTR

Articles related to protein-energy malnutrition:

(show all 30)

id	Title	Authors	Year	Affiliating Genes
1	Protein-energy malnutrition as first manifestation of cystic fibrosis in infancy. (19419506)	Fustik S.... Koceva S.	2009	CFTR
2	Serum ghrelin levels in children with primary protein-energy malnutrition. (18937750)	Altinkaynak S.... Kilicarslan B.	2008	GHRL
3	Effect of protein-energy malnutrition on erythropoietin requirement in maintenance hemodialysis patients. (17403171)	Akgul A.... Haberal M.	2007	TTR
4	Serum total protein, albumin and A/G ratio in different grades of protein energy malnutrition. (15695952)	Rahman M.Z.... Begum B.A.	2005	ALB
5	Early detection of protein energy malnutrition in Sharkia Governorate. (17187748)	Shaaban S.Y.... Mohamed I.	2005	ALB
6	Serum leptin concentrations in children with mild protein-energy malnutrition and catch-up growth. (15491379)	BA1yA1kgebiz B.... Arslan N.	2004	LEP, LSL
7	Serum leptin concentrations in children with mild-to- moderate protein-energy malnutrition. (14521530)	BA1yA1kgebiz B.... Arslan N.	2003	LSL
8	A randomized controlled study of the impact of dietary zinc supplementation in the management of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Lesotho. II: Special investigations. (14725412)	Makonnen B.... Joubert G.	2003	ALB
9	The acute-phase protein response to infection in edematous and nonedematous protein-energy malnutrition. (12450910)	Reid M.... Jahoor F.	2002	HP
10	Pro-inflammatory cytokines in Turkish children with protein-energy malnutrition. (12581501)	DA1lger H.... BalahoroA9lu R.	2002	ALB
11	Serum leptin concentrations during severe protein-energy malnutrition: correlation with growth parameters and endocrine function. (10909989)	Soliman A.T.... Ansari B.M.	2000	IGF1, ALB, LEP
12	Plasma fatty acids in children with grade III protein-energy malnutrition in its different clinical forms: marasmus, marasmic kwashiorkor, and kwashiorkor. (10341499)	Franco V.H.... dos Santos J.E.	1999	ANXA6
13	Brainstem auditory and visual evoked potentials in children with protein-energy malnutrition. (10618879)	Durmaz S.... Onal M.Z.	1999	ALB
14	Antioxidant status in children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) living in Cairo, Egypt. (10477255)	Ashour M.N.... Basu T.K.	1999	CP
15	Study of plasma albumin, transferrin, and fibronectin in children with mild to moderate protein-energy malnutrition. (9972082)	Hassanein el-S A.... el-Maghraby R.M.	1998	TF, ALB
16	Inflammatory mediators in children with protein-energy malnutrition. (9129488)	Sauerwein R.W.... Marsh K.	1997	IL1RAPL2
17	Transferrin kinetics are altered in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition. (9237939)	Morlese J.F.... Jahoor F.	1997	TF
18	Reduction in the quantity of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor is sufficient to account for the low concentration of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A in a weanling mouse model of wasting protein-energy malnutrition. (9082026)	Ha C.L.... Woodward B.	1997	PIGR
19	Growth hormone-binding proteins and insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in protein-energy malnutrition, before and after nutritional rehabilitation. (8929859)	Zamboni G.... Tato L.	1996	IGF1, IGFBP3
20	Protein-energy malnutrition: its effects on 4 metabolic parameters (7612711)	Camarero GonzA!lez E.... Cabezas-Cerrato J.	1995	TF
21	Biotin supplementation affects lymphocyte carboxylases and plasma biotin in severe protein-energy malnutrition. (7840079)	Velazquez A.... Rodriguez R.	1995	PC
22	Glutathione and association antioxidant systems in protein energy malnutrition: results of a study in Nigeria. (7744309)	Becker K.... Schirmer R.H.	1995	GSR, ALB, H6PD
23	Jejunal disaccharidases in protein energy malnutrition and recovery. (7896332)	Mehra R.... Ganapathy S.	1994	SI, MGAM
24	Saliva composition in Indian children with chronic protein-energy malnutrition. (8294612)	Johansson I.... SaellstrAPm A.K.	1994	MPO, LTF, CD79A
25	Correlation of some biochemical parameters with clinical features of protein energy malnutrition. (7925048)	Ibrahim S.A.... Saeed B.O.	1994	ALB
26	Serum enzyme abnormalities in protein energy malnutrition. (8288327)	Kumari R.... Puri R.K.	1993	GGT1, GPT
27	Sex-hormone-binding globulin and protein-energy malnutrition indexes as indicators of nutritional status in women with anorexia nervosa. (8438764)	Barbe P.... Louvet J.P.	1993	TTR, SHBG
28	Protein-losing enteropathy in Transkeian children with morbid protein-energy malnutrition. (8211522)	Iputo J.E.	1993	ALB
29	Plasma biochemical parameters in Nigerian children wi th protein energy malnutrition. (1396208)	Taiwo O.O.... Thomas K.D.	1992	ALB
30	Relationship of insulin resistance to protein-energy malnutrition in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: effect of short-term nutritional support. (1443438)	Wahl D.G.... Gaucher P.	1992	ALB, TTR

Genes related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneCards:

(show all 32)

id	Symbol	Description	Score	GeneCards Section Context
1	PIGR	polymeric immunoglobulin receptor	11.1	Publications
2	LSL	Leptin, serum levels of	11.1	Publications
3	EPHX1	epoxide hydrolase 1, microsomal (xenobiotic)	11.1
4	RBP4	retinol binding protein 4, plasma	11.1
5	ALB	albumin	11.1	Publications
6	TTR	transthyretin	11.1	Publications
7	LEP	leptin	11.1	Publications
8	CSN1S1	casein alpha s1	11.1
9	CCK	cholecystokinin	11.1
10	IGFBP1	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1	11.1
11	TF	transferrin	11.1	Publications
12	IL1RAPL2	interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2	11.1	Publications
13	IGF1	insulin-like growth factor 1 (somatomedin C)	11.1	Publications
14	LCT	lactase	11.0
15	MGAM	maltase-glucoamylase (alpha-glucosidase)	11.0	Publications
16	HP	haptoglobin	11.0	Publications
17	SI	sucrase-isomaltase (alpha-glucosidase)	11.0	Publications
18	ANXA6	annexin A6	11.0	Publications
19	PC	pyruvate carboxylase	11.0	Publications
20	H6PD	hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (glucose 1-dehydrogenase)	11.0	Publications
21	MPO	myeloperoxidase	11.0	Publications
22	SHBG	sex hormone-binding globulin	11.0	Publications
23	LTF	lactotransferrin	11.0	Publications
24	CD79A	CD79a molecule, immunoglobulin-associated alpha	11.0	Publications
25	CFTR	cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (ATP-binding cassette sub-family C, member 7)	11.0	Publications
26	CP	ceruloplasmin (ferroxidase)	11.0	Publications
27	GGT1	gamma-glutamyltransferase 1	11.0	Publications
28	GHRL	ghrelin/obestatin prepropeptide	11.0	Publications
29	GPT	glutamic-pyruvate transaminase (alanine aminotransferase)	11.0	Publications
30	GSR	glutathione reductase	11.0	Publications
31	IGFBP3	insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3	11.0	Publications
32	CRP	C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related	11.0

Pathways related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneDecks:

id	Pathway	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Digestion of dietary carbohydrate38	9.9	LCT, MGAM, SI
2	Carbohydrate digestion and absorption20	9.9	LCT, MGAM, SI
3	Selected targets of C/EBPalpha10	9.6	ALB, LTF, TF
4	Selected targets of HNF110	9.2	CRP, ALB, IGFBP1, CFTR

Compounds related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneDecks:

(show top 50)    (show all 304)

id	Compound	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	glucose32	10.2	PC, LCT, MGAM
2	polyethylene glycol32	9.6	MGAM, IGFBP1, HP, H6PD, CSN1S1, MPO
3	c-peptide32	9.6	LSL, CCK, GHRL, SHBG, LEP
4	carbohydrates32	9.4	LCT, MGAM, CCK, TF, CSN1S1, CP
5	citrate32	9.2	CSN1S1, LTF, CD79A, CFTR, HP
6	lactose32 9 9	10.8	SI, CSN1S1, LCT, CFTR, MGAM, CCK
7	pioglitazone32 9 9	10.8	SHBG, GPT, LEP, RBP4, GSR, IGFBP1
8	heparin32 9 18 9	11.6	ALB, CSN1S1, LCT, IL1RAPL2, CD79A, MPO
9	ascorbic acid32 18	9.5	RBP4, CFTR, IGFBP3, LTF, H6PD, TTR
10	carbamazepine32 34 9 9	11.5	GSR, IGFBP3, SHBG, LSL, CP, EPHX1
11	lactulose32	8.4	GPT, CD79A, CCK, LTF, CRP, SI
12	hydrocortisone32 9 9	10.4	LCT, MGAM, IGFBP1, SI, TF, LSL
13	triiodothyronine32	8.2	TTR, SI, LSL, SHBG, GHRL, RBP4
14	dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate32	8.1	IGFBP3, GHRL, IGF1, IGFBP1, LEP, RBP4
15	urea32 9 18 9	11.1	ALB, HP, GHRL, LSL, H6PD, TTR
16	betacarotene32	8.0	CRP, TTR, TF, CP, GGT1, GSR
17	aspartate32	8.0	GGT1, PC, RBP4, CFTR, GSR, HP
18	metformin32 34 9 9	10.9	GGT1, LSL, SHBG, LEP, GPT, IGFBP1
19	testosterone32 9 18 9	10.8	CFTR, CD79A, IL1RAPL2, CCK, IGFBP1, IGFBP3
20	glycerol32 9 18 9	10.8	PC, LEP, LCT, CFTR, CD79A, CCK
21	valproate32	7.7	CD79A, GSR, GGT1, LSL, SHBG, IGF1
22	cysteine32	7.7	LTF, H6PD, CP, SI, ALB, IGFBP3
23	alpha tocopherol32	7.7	RBP4, LEP, GSR, IGFBP3, IGF1, ALB
24	uric acid32 18	8.5	GSR, GPT, ALB, HP, CRP, LSL
25	malondialdehyde32	7.4	MPO, GSR, GPT, HP, CRP, LSL
26	rosiglitazone32 9 18 9	10.3	GHRL, LSL, SHBG, CRP, IGFBP3, IGFBP1
27	fibrinogen32	7.3	LEP, CD79A, IL1RAPL2, GPT, IGFBP1, ALB
28	prednisolone32 9 9	9.2	CRP, SHBG, LSL, TF, CSN1S1, ALB
29	polysaccharide32	7.2	CCK, IGFBP3, HP, MGAM, SHBG, H6PD
30	iron32 18	8.1	IL1RAPL2, GPT, ALB, HP, CRP, LTF
31	folate32	6.9	RBP4, CD79A, GSR, CCK, IGFBP3, ALB
32	vitamin d32	6.8	IGFBP3, IGF1, ALB, HP, GHRL, SHBG
33	norepinephrine32 9 18 9	9.7	CRP, SHBG, LTF, LSL, TTR, TF
34	methotrexate32 34 42 9 9	10.7	LEP, CD79A, GSR, IL1RAPL2, GPT, IGFBP3
35	glutamate32	6.4	IL1RAPL2, GPT, IGFBP1, IGFBP3, H6PD, CSN1S1
36	epinephrine32 9 18 9	9.3	PIGR, LEP, CFTR, CD79A, GSR, IL1RAPL2
37	h2o232	6.1	LEP, CFTR, MPO, CD79A, GSR, CSN1S1
38	vitamin b1232	6.1	LTF, TTR, TF, CSN1S1, CP, GGT1
39	glutamine32	5.8	PC, CFTR, MGAM, CCK, GPT, IGFBP3
40	adenylate32	5.8	SHBG, LTF, H6PD, GHRL, CP, GSR
41	alanine32	5.8	TF, CSN1S1, SI, GGT1, TTR, LSL
42	vitamin a32 9 18 9	8.7	TF, CSN1S1, CP, GGT1, TTR, LTF
43	dexamethasone32 42 34 9 9	9.7	LTF, LSL, TTR, CP, SI, GGT1
44	arginine32	5.5	EPHX1, SI, CP, CSN1S1, TTR, LSL
45	thyroxine32 18	6.5	RBP4, LEP, CD79A, GSR, GPT, IGFBP1
46	lipid32	5.3	HP, GHRL, CRP, SHBG, LSL, H6PD
47	creatinine32	5.3	RBP4, LEP, MPO, CD79A, IL1RAPL2, GGT1
48	estrogen32	5.1	LEP, CP, SI, EPHX1, RBP4, CSN1S1
49	cholesterol32 9 18 9	7.7	RBP4, LEP, IL1RAPL2, ANXA6, CCK, GPT
50	lactate32	4.0	GGT1, RBP4, PC, IL1RAPL2, MPO, CD79A

Cellular components related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex	GO:016942	9.5	IGFBP3, IGF1
2	apical plasma membrane	GO:016324	9.0	SI, TF, ANXA6, MGAM, CFTR, LCT
3	secretory granule	GO:030141	9.0	MPO, GHRL, LTF, TF
4	extracellular space	GO:005615	6.7	CP, TTR, CRP, GHRL, HP, ALB
5	extracellular region	GO:005576	6.2	PIGR, CP, CSN1S1, TF, TTR, LTF

Biological processes related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	bone mineralization involved in bone maturation	GO:035630	10.0	LEP, IGF1
2	negative regulation of appetite	GO:032099	9.9	CCK, LEP
3	polysaccharide digestion	GO:044245	9.9	LCT, MGAM, SI
4	gluconeogenesis	GO:006094	9.6	PC, RBP4, GPT

Molecular functions related to protein-energy malnutrition according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	alpha-glucosidase activity	GO:004558	10.1	MGAM, SI
2	hormone activity	GO:005179	9.5	LEP, CCK, IGF1, TTR