Twinning malady

MalaCards: Twinning is related to twin twin transfusion syndrome and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. An important gene associated with Twinning is ASPRV1 (aspartic peptidase, retroviral-like 1), and among its related pathways are Adipocytokines & Insulin Signaling and Adipocytokine signaling pathway. The compounds lipid and estrogen have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, skin and liver, and related mouse phenotypes are growth/size and mortality/aging.

twinning 7

Diseases related to twinning by text searches and GeneDecks gene sharing:

(show top 50)    (show all 1072)

id	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	twin twin transfusion syndrome	36.9	REN, VEGFA, PAPPA, B2M, ASPRV1, AMBP
2	twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome	36.6	REN, VEGFA, PAPPA, B2M, ASPRV1, AMBP
3	obesity	33.8	ZNF318, PIK3R1, LRP1, SH2B1, COG2, REN
4	down syndrome	33.1	MYCN, PAX6, PAPPA, BCR, CGA, CGB
5	insulin resistance	32.4	ZNF318, PIK3R1, LRP1, COG2, REN, RETN
6	diabetes mellitus	32.4	PIK3R1, COG2, REN, RETN, VWF, RDH5
7	alcoholism	31.6	CFTR, MAOA, GPT, ALDH1A1, ALDH2, GHRL
8	leukemia	30.5	PIK3R1, LRP1, SH3GL3, COG2, NCAM1, REN
9	acute lymphoblastic leukemia	30.3	COG2, BTK, SERPINC1, MYCN, PAX5, BCR
10	cholesterol	30.3	PIK3R1, LRP1, COG2, REN, RETN, VWF
11	neuronitis	30.2	PIK3R1, LRP1, SH2B1, SH3GL3, NCAM1, REN
12	hellp syndrome	30.0	VWF, SERPINC1, SERPINE1, VEGFA, LGALS13, LEP
13	neural tube defect	30.0	ZIC2, MTHFR, MTR, CGA, CGB, CGB5
14	hyperaldosteronism	29.9	REN, INS, INSR, MEN1, APC, HSD11B2
15	cadasil	29.9	COG2, REN, RETN, VWF, SERPINC1, SERPINE1
16	parkinson's disease	29.8	BDNF, MT-CYB, MTR, ATP7B, FMR1, INSR
17	retinol binding protein	29.5	RETN, RDH5, RBP4, LIPC, LEP, B2M
18	hepatitis	29.4	RBP4, GPT, F2, ALB, HLA-DRB1, TNFRSF1A
19	thyroiditis	29.2	PIK3R1, LRP1, COG2, NCAM1, REN, RETN
20	gonadal dysgenesis	29.1	BMP15, BGLAP, CGB, CGB5, AZF1, FSHR
21	polycystic ovary syndrome	29.1	LEP, CGA, CGB5, FSHR, IRS2, AR
22	proteinuria	29.0	COG2, REN, VWF, RBP4, SERPINC1, SERPINE1
23	nevus	28.9	MUC1, XRCC3, XRCC5, CDKN2A, CDK4, FGFR3
24	bipolar disorder	28.7	NCAM1, VWF, ZIC2, BDNF, BCR, LEP
25	hypothyroidism	28.5	RETN, LEP, APOB, IGFBP3, GHRL, TPO
26	oligohydramnios	28.5	REN, CGA, ASPRV1, EDN1, ACE, OXT
27	vascular disease	28.4	LRP1, RETN, VWF, SERPINC1, SERPINE1, VEGFA
28	pulmonary hypertension	28.3	SFTPB, BMPR2, FLT1, ANGPT1, EDN1, ELN
29	rickets	28.3	VDR, BGLAP, KAL1, CD36, IGF1, IDUA
30	hypocalcemia	28.3	VDR, BGLAP, CD36, APC, ALB, CARS
31	androgen insensitivity syndrome	28.2	CGA, AR, INHA, INS, IGF2, ALDH1A1
32	coronary heart disease	28.2	LRP1, COG2, RETN, VWF, GCKR, GCG
33	hypospadias	28.2	CGA, FMR1, AR, FGFR2, HSD3B1, DMD
34	eating disorder	28.1	RETN, BDNF, LEP, LEPR, MC4R, GHRL
35	autoimmune thyroiditis	28.1	LMOD1, ATP5O, IL12B, IL4, IFNG, GHRL
36	congenital hypothyroidism	28.1	COG2, BTD, VDR, LIPC, BGLAP, IGF1
37	adhd	28.0	BDNF, ATXN1, AR, INS, FGD1, IL6
38	short stature	28.0	REN, VDR, BGLAP, LEP, CD36, FMR1
39	myoclonus	27.9	SGCE, ATN1, GYS1, INS, GSK3B, MECP2
40	hypertension	27.9	PIK3R1, LRP1, COG2, NCAM1, REN, RETN
41	hyperthyroidism	27.9	COG2, REN, RETN, VWF, SERPINE1, LPL
42	nicotine dependence	27.9	NCAM1, BDNF, MAOA, DRD1, DRD2, DRD4
43	myopathy	27.9	PIK3R1, NCAM1, BTD, LMNA, PABPN1, BDNF
44	tuberculosis	27.8	RDH5, SFTPA1, SFTPA2, GCK, SERPINC1, VEGFA
45	spasticity	27.8	BTD, VEGFA, VDR, BCR, MTHFR, B2M
46	sex reversal	27.7	PAX6, CGA, CGB7, AR, FGFR2, CYP11A1
47	vascular dementia	27.7	VEGFA, MTHFR, APOE, MBP, NOTCH3, ACHE
48	neurofibromatosis	27.7	BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA, CHGA, B2M, CDKN2A
49	pancytopenia	27.6	RAB27A, MLL, FANCA, IFNG, F3, HP
50	osteoporosis	27.6	GCG, RBP4, SERPINC1, VEGFA, VDR, LMNA

Approved drugs:

Drug clinical trials:

MalaCards organs/tissues related to twinning:

²²

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to twinning:

²⁵ (show all 29)

id	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	growth/size phenotype	MP:0005378	15.6	PIK3R1, LRP1, SH2B1, REN, GCK, GCG
2	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	14.6	LRP1, SH2B1, NCAM1, REN, VWF, SFTPB
3	homeostasis/metabolism phenotype	MP:0005376	12.7	PIK3R1, LRP1, SH2B1, REN, RETN, VWF
4	renal/urinary system phenotype	MP:0005367	12.7	REN, GCK, BTD, BRCA1, LMNA, MYCN
5	craniofacial phenotype	MP:0005382	12.6	MYCN, PAX9, PAX6, BDNF, KCNH2, CHD7
6	hematopoietic system phenotype	MP:0005397	12.3	BTK, SEPT5, BRCA1, BRCA2, MYCN, RAB27A
7	respiratory system phenotype	MP:0005388	12.2	BRCA1, LPL, MYCN, BMPR2, LIF, PAX9
8	behavior/neurological phenotype	MP:0005386	12.2	LRP1, NCAM1, REN, SGCE, SFTPB, BTD
9	nervous system phenotype	MP:0003631	12.1	LRP1, REN, VWF, SERPINC1, SEPT5, BRCA1
10	immune system phenotype	MP:0005387	12.1	LRP1, SH2B1, REN, SGCE, VWF, BTK
11	normal phenotype	MP:0002873	12.0	PIK3R1, LRP1, REN, RBP4, BRCA1, BRCA2
12	digestive/alimentary phenotype	MP:0005381	11.8	VWF, GCG, BTK, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA
13	no phenotypic analysis	MP:0003012	11.6	PIK3R1, VEGFA, BDNF, LEPR, MUC1, MTHFR
14	endocrine/exocrine gland phenotype	MP:0005379	11.6	SH2B1, BRCA1, BRCA2, BMP15, PAX9, CHD7
15	reproductive system phenotype	MP:0005389	11.5	SH2B1, REN, RBP4, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA
16	embryogenesis phenotype	MP:0005380	11.5	SERPINC1, BRCA1, BRCA2, MYCN, BMPR2, ZIC2
17	hearing/vestibular/ear phenotype	MP:0005377	11.2	VDR, LMNA, PAX5, PAX9, PAX6, BDNF
18	liver/biliary system phenotype	MP:0005370	11.0	RETN, GCK, SERPINC1, VEGFA, LPL, MYCN
19	integument phenotype	MP:0010771	11.0	BTD, BTK, BRCA1, BRCA2, RAB27A, LIF
20	limbs/digits/tail phenotype	MP:0005371	10.9	BTK, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA, VDR, LMNA
21	skeleton phenotype	MP:0005390	10.4	LRP1, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA, VDR, LMNA
22	other phenotype	MP:0005395	10.1	KDR, LEPR, LAMA2, AXIN1, ATP7B, FSHR
23	cardiovascular system phenotype	MP:0005385	10.1	PIK3R1, LRP1, REN, SGCE, VWF, RBP4
24	pigmentation phenotype	MP:0001186	10.0	BTD, SERPINC1, BRCA1, LMNA, RAB27A, ZIC2
25	adipose tissue phenotype	MP:0005375	9.5	PIK3R1, LRP1, RETN, SERPINE1, BRCA1, LPL
26	cellular phenotype	MP:0005384	9.4	PIK3R1, NCAM1, SGCE, VWF, BTK, RBP4
27	vision/eye phenotype	MP:0005391	9.1	NCAM1, RDH5, BTD, RBP4, SERPINC1, VEGFA
28	muscle phenotype	MP:0005369	8.7	PIK3R1, LRP1, REN, SGCE, BTD, RBP4
29	tumorigenesis	MP:0002006	8.1	PIK3R1, BTK, SERPINE1, BRCA1, BRCA2, PAX6

Articles related to twinning:

(show top 50)    (show all 470)

id	Title	Authors	Year	Affiliating Genes
1	BDNF gene effects on brain circuitry replicated in 45 5 twins. (21195196)	Chiang M.C.... Thompson P.M.	2011	BDNF
2	DNA hypomethylation, transient neonatal diabetes, and prune belly sequence in one of two identical twins. (19521719)	Laborie L.B.... lstad P.R.	2010	PAX4
3	Reduced FOXP3 expression causes IPEX syndrome onset: An implication from an IPEX patient and his disease-free twin brother. (20709600)	Wang J.... Ni B.	2010	FOXP3
4	Maternal plasma and amniotic fluid angiogenic factors and their receptors in monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by twin-to-t win transfusion syndrome. (20069664)	Fox C.E.... Kilby M.D.	2010	ANGPT1, VEGFC, ANGPT2
5	Genetic dominance influences blood biomarker levels i n a sample of 12,000 Swedish elderly twins. (19456221)	Rahman I.... Magnusson P.K.	2009	APOA1, APOB
6	Interrelations and associations of serum levels of st eroids and pituitary hormones with markers of insulin resistance, inflammatory activity, and renal function in men and women aged >70 years in an 8-year lo ngitudinal study of opposite-sex twins. (19318223)	Brismar K.... Nilsson S.E.	2009	CRP, PRL
7	Alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase ( GGT) and all-cause mortality: results from a population-based Danish twins stud y alanine aminotransferase, GGT and mortality in elderly twins. (19686309)	Fraser A.... Lawlor D.A.	2009	GGT1, GPT
8	Discordant phenotypes in fraternal twins having an identical mutation in exon ORF15 of the RPGR gene. (18332319)	Walia S.... Weleber R.G.	2008	RPGR
9	Variation in bone morphogenetic protein 15 is not associated with spontaneous human dizygotic twinning. (18614612)	Zhao Z.Z.... Montgomery G.W.	2008	BMP15
10	Cmc1p is a conserved mitochondrial twin CX(9)C protein involved in cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. (18443040)	Horn D.... Barrientos A.	2008	CMC1
11	The G2019S LRRK2 mutation in Brazilian patients with Parkinson's disease: phenotype in monozygotic twins. (17999435)	Munhoz R.P.... Rogaeva E.	2008	LRRK2
12	Vascular endothelial growth factor in monochorionic twins with twin-twin transfusion syndrome. (19169051)	Morine M.... Irahara M.	2008	VEGFA
13	Monozygotic twins with Apert syndrome. (18215098)	Breugem C.C.... Verchere C.	2008	FGFR2
14	CD36 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms Are Associated With Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol in Normal Twins and After a Low-Calorie Diet in Obese Subjects. (19016618)	Goyenechea E.... O'Dell S.D.	2008	CD36
15	Congenital heart disease in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome treated with fetoscopic laser surgery. (18377515)	Lopriore E.... Walther F.J.	2007	EDN1
16	Maternal pseudo primary hyperaldosteronism in twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. (17233862)	Gussi I.L.... Ville Y.	2007	NPPA
17	Fumarate hydratase deficiency in monozygotic twins. (16876016)	Phillips T.M.... Ellison D.A.	2006	FH
18	Energy expenditure, body composition and insulin response to glucose in male twins discordant for the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the beta3-adrenergic receptor gene. (16634992)	HA... Beck-Nielsen H.	2006	ADRB3
19	Heart and kidney: fatal twins? (16563946)	Ritz E.	2006	INS
20	Long-term outcome of kidney function after twin-twin transfusion syndrome treated by intrauterine laser coagulation. (15959724)	Beck M.... Bartmann P.	2005	ALB, B2M, CST3
21	Biochemical composition of amniotic fluid in pregnancies complicated with twin-twin transfusion syndrome. (15824495)	Adama van Scheltema P.N.... Devlieger R.	2005	ALB
22	Variations in genome-wide gene expression in identical twins - a study of primary osteoblast-like culture from female twins discordant for osteoporosis. (15176972)	Mak Y.T.... Spector T.D.	2004	INHBA
23	Amniotic fluid and maternal blood characteristics in severe mid-trimester twin-twin transfusion syndrome. (15539875)	Huber A.... Hecher K.	2004	AFP
24	Discordant phenotypic expression of Alport syndrome in monozygotic twins. (15524063)	Matsukura H.... Miyawaki T.	2004	COL4A5
25	Crystal structure of the p14/MP1 scaffolding complex: how a twin couple attaches mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling to late endosomes. (15263099)	Kurzbauer R.... Clausen T.	2004	LAMTOR3
26	A susceptibility locus for myopia in the normal population is linked to the PAX6 gene region on chromosome 11: a genomewide scan of dizygotic twins. (15307048)	Hammond C.J.... Spector T.D.	2004	PAX6, MYP7, MYP10
27	Twinned or not twinned, that is the question: crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the 2F1(3)F1 module pair of human fibronectin. (15213410)	Rudino-Pinera E.... Garman E.F.	2004	FN1
28	Sialic acid storage disease of the Salla phenotype in American monozygous twin female sibs. (12794687)	Martin R.A.... Gahl W.A.	2003	SLC17A5
29	Linkage and association analysis of nevus density and the region containing the melanoma gene CDKN2A in UK twins. (12799637)	Barrett J.H.... Bishop D.T.	2003	CDKN2A
30	Lack of association of dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms with ADHD subtypes in a population sample of twins. (11449395)	Todd R.D.... Heath A.C.	2001	DRD4
31	Dizygotic twinning is not linked to variation at the alpha-inhibin locus on human chromosome 2. (10999839)	Montgomery G.W.... Martin N.G.	2000	INHA, INHBB
32	First trimester prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 in discordant twins using fetal nuchal translucency thickness and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A. (10951484)	Spencer K.... Nicolaides K.H.	2000	PAPPA
33	Disc degeneration and bone density in monozygotic twins discordant for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (11117299)	Videman T.... Manninen H.	2000	INS
34	Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. Role of the fetal renin-angiotensin system. (10666392)	Mahieu-Caputo D.... Gubler M.C.	2000	REN
35	t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) In acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins fuses MLL with hCDCrel, a cell division cycle gene in the genomic region of deletion in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. (9600980)	Megonigal M.D.... Felix C.A.	1998	MLL, SEPT5
36	Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms and heart rate variability in twins. (9527087)	Busjahn A.... Luft F.C.	1998	ACE
37	Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 21 in monozygotic twins with increased nuchal translucency and abnormal serum biochemistry. (9313073)	Verdin S.M.... Economides D.L.	1997	CGB7
38	Oxytocin labor stimulation of twin gestations: effect ive and efficient. (9241293)	Fausett M.B.... Satin A.J.	1997	OXT
39	Congenital nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism in a nonidentical twin caused by a sporadic germline mutation in the thyrotropin receptor gene. (9349581)	Kopp P.... Roe T.F.	1997	TSHR
40	Gut incretin hormones in identical twins discordant for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)--evidence for decreased glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion during oral glucose ingestion in NIDDM twins. (8921824)	Vaag A.A.... Beck-Nielsen H.B.	1996	GCG
41	Acute and chronic fetal hypoxia in monochorionic and dichorionic twins. (7501351)	Maier R.F.... Obladen M.	1995	EPO
42	Late progression to diabetes and evidence for chronic beta-cell autoimmunity in identical twins of patients with type I diabetes. (7556954)	Verge C.F.... Eisenbarth G.S.	1995	INS
43	Analysis of the T-cell receptor beta-chain variable-r egion (V beta) repertoire in monozygotic twins discordant for human immunodefic iency virus: evidence for perturbations of specific V beta segments in CD4+ T c ells of the virus-positive twins. (7906416)	Rebai N.... Fauci A.S.	1994	TRB@
44	Reproductive hormone genes in mothers of spontaneous dizygotic twins: an association study. (8096491)	Chenevix-Trench G.... Martin N.G.	1993	FSHB, INHBB, CGB
45	Usual dietary fat intake and insulin concentrations in healthy women twins. (8299435)	Mayer E.J.... Selby J.V.	1993	INS
46	The Bartter-like syndrome in 2 twins (8255271)	Ruffa G.... Milanaccio C.	1993	REN
47	A co-twin fetus papyraceus as a cause of elevated AFP and acetylcholinesterase in the amniotic fluid of the normal co-twin. (1714078)	Chitayat D.... Applegarth D.A.	1991	ACHE
48	Maternal serum unconjugated oestriol and human chorionic gonadotrophin levels in twin pregnancies: implications for screening for Down's syndrome. (1716981)	WALD N.... George L.	1991	CGA
49	Skewed X inactivation in a female MZ twin results in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (2180286)	Richards C.S.... Cortada J.M.	1990	DMD
50	Hb Cordele alpha(2)47 (CE5)Asp----Ala beta 2. A mildly unstable variant observed in black twins. (6547117)	Nakatsuji T.... Huisman T.H.	1984	HBA1

Genes related to twinning according to GeneCards:

(show top 50)    (show all 422)

id	Symbol	Description	Score	GeneCards Section Context
1	ASPRV1	aspartic peptidase, retroviral-like 1	11.0
2	AMBP	alpha-1-microglobulin/bikunin precursor	11.0	Publications
3	ADD3	adducin 3 (gamma)	11.0
4	AFP	alpha-fetoprotein	11.0	Publications
5	CST3	cystatin C	11.0	Publications
6	B2M	beta-2-microglobulin	11.0	Publications
7	PAPPA	pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, pappalysin 1	11.0	Publications
8	EDN1	endothelin 1	11.0	Publications
9	REN	renin	11.0	Publications
10	NPPA	natriuretic peptide A	11.0	Publications
11	ALB	albumin	11.0	Publications
12	VEGFA	vascular endothelial growth factor A	11.0	Publications
13	INHA	inhibin, alpha	10.9	Publications
14	FSHR	follicle stimulating hormone receptor	10.9	Publications
15	MYP7	myopia 7	10.9	Publications
16	MYP8	myopia 8	10.9	Publications
17	MYP9	myopia 9	10.9	Publications
18	MYP10	myopia 10	10.9	Publications
19	FSHMD1A	facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy 1A	10.9	Publications
20	FRAXE	fragile site, folic acid type, rare, fra(X)(q28) E	10.9	Publications
21	COX19	COX19 cytochrome c oxidase assembly homolog (S. cerevisiae)	10.9	Orthologs
22	ENSG00000258947		10.9	Publications
23	THYN1	thymocyte nuclear protein 1	10.9	Publications
24	FXC1	fracture callus 1 homolog (rat)	10.9	Functions, Domains & Families
25	LGALS13	lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 13	10.9	Publications
26	TRIAP1	TP53 regulated inhibitor of apoptosis 1	10.9	Orthologs
27	TIMM8B	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog B (yeast)	10.9	Domains & Families
28	TIMM13	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 13 homolog (yeast)	10.9	Domains & Families
29	CHCHD2	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 2	10.9	Orthologs
30	KCNQ1OT1	KCNQ1 opposite strand/antisense transcript 1 (non-protein coding)	10.9	Publications
31	TIMM10	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 10 homolog (yeast)	10.9	Domains & Families
32	GDF9	growth differentiation factor 9	10.9	Publications
33	CHCHD10	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10	10.9	Orthologs
34	CGB7	chorionic gonadotropin, beta polypeptide 7	10.9	Publications
35	TIMM8A	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8 homolog A (yeast)	10.9	Domains & Families, Publications
36	BMP15	bone morphogenetic protein 15	10.9	Publications
37	PPIEL	peptidylprolyl isomerase E-like pseudogene	10.9	Publications
38	TIMM9	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 9 homolog (yeast)	10.9	Domains & Families
39	CHCHD4	coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 4	10.9	Domains & Families
40	RDH5	retinol dehydrogenase 5 (11-cis/9-cis)	10.9	Publications
41	POU3F4	POU class 3 homeobox 4	10.9	Publications
42	PPP2R2D	protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, delta	10.9	Orthologs
43	DCLRE1B	DNA cross-link repair 1B	10.9	UniProt Related
44	LAMTOR3	late endosomal/lysosomal adaptor, MAPK and MTOR activator 3	10.9	Publications
45	TIMM22	translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 22 homolog (yeast)	10.9	Functions
46	TAS2R38	taste receptor, type 2, member 38	10.9	Publications
47	SOX11	SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 11	10.9	Publications
48	DYX1C1	dyslexia susceptibility 1 candidate 1	10.9	Publications
49	MSBP2	minisatellite binding protein 2, 77kDa	10.9	Publications
50	MRPL38	mitochondrial ribosomal protein L38	10.9	Orthologs

Pathways related to twinning according to GeneDecks:

(show top 50)    (show all 121)

id	Pathway	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Adipocytokines & Insulin Signaling37	10.7	PIK3R1, RETN, RBP4, LEP, GYS1, IRS2
2	Adipocytokine signaling pathway20	10.6	LEP, LEPR, CD36, IRS2, AKT1, TNF
3	Glucose / Energy Metabolism3	10.5	GCG, GYS1, IRS2, INSR, FH, GSK3B
4	Akt Signaling36	10.0	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BMPR2, LIF
5	Complement and coagulation cascades20	10.0	VWF, SERPINC1, SERPINE1, CFB, CFD, CFH
6	PTEN Pathway36	9.9	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, LAMA2, LAMB3
7	ERK5 Signaling36	9.9	VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FOXO3, FLT1, FGF21
8	Phospholipase-C Pathway36	9.8	BTK, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, LAMA2, LAMB3
9	Activation of cAMP-Dependent PKA36	9.8	GCG, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, SCN5A, SCN1A
10	Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer36	9.7	PIK3R1, BTK, BRCA1, VEGFC, BMP15, BMPR2
11	ILK Signaling36	9.7	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, LAMA2, LAMB3
12	PPAR Pathway36	9.6	PIK3R1, VEGFC, ITGA2, FLT1, FGFR2, FGFR3
13	eIF2 Pathway36	9.6	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, INS, INSR, GSK3B
14	Activation of PKA through GPCR36	9.6	GCG, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, GYS1, FLT1
15	Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling36	9.6	VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, FGF21, FGFR2
16	Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis41	9.6	VDR, BGLAP, CGA, AR, IL1A, IL6
17	Transcription Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis10	9.5	VDR, BGLAP, CGA, AR, IL1A, IL6
18	Focal adhesion20	9.5	PIK3R1, VWF, VEGFC, KDR, LAMA2, LAMB3
19	JNK Pathway36	9.5	PIK3R1, BTK, BMP15, KDR, FLT1, FGF21
20	Renin-Angiotensin Pathway36	9.4	PIK3R1, REN, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1
21	Tyrosine Kinases / Adaptors3	9.4	BTK, VEGFC, KDR, BCR, FLT1, INSR
22	Nanog in Mammalian ESC Pluripotency36	9.3	VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, AXIN1, FLT1, INSR
23	NF-KappaB (p50-p65) Pathway36	9.3	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, FGF21
24	Antioxidant Action of Vitamin-C36	9.2	BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BMPR2, LIF, BDNF
25	NF-KappaB Family Pathway36	9.2	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, FGF21
26	Rho Family GTPases36	9.2	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, LIF, BDNF
27	ERK Signaling36	9.1	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, PAX6, LAMA2
28	p70S6K Signaling36	9.1	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, INS
29	NFAT in Immune Response36	9.1	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, CD79A
30	TGF-Beta Pathway36	9.1	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BDNF, KDR
31	Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway36	9.0	PIK3R1, BTK, BMP15, FLT1, INSR, FGFR2
32	Pathways in cancer20	8.9	PIK3R1, BRCA2, VEGFA, VEGFC, BCR, AXIN1
33	MAPK Family Pathway36	8.9	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BDNF, KDR
34	GSK3 Signaling36	8.8	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, AXIN1, FLT1
35	Estrogen Pathway36	8.8	PIK3R1, BRCA1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1
36	p53 Mediated Apoptosis36	8.8	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, FGF21
37	14-3-3 Induced Intracellular Signaling36	8.8	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, FLT1, INSR, FGF21
38	Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction20	8.8	VEGFA, VEGFC, BMPR2, LIF, KDR, LEP
39	PAK Pathway36	8.7	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, LIF, BDNF
40	IL-6 Pathway36	8.7	PIK3R1, BTK, BMP15, LIF, GRB2, IL10
41	Apoptotic Pathways in Synovial Fibroblasts36	8.6	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, FGF21
42	Mitochondrial Apoptosis36	8.6	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, CDKN2A, FLT1
43	GPCR Pathway36	8.4	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, FLT1, INSR
44	Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)20	8.3	PIK3R1, SERPINE1, IL10, IL12B, IL6, IL8
45	Cellular Apoptosis Pathway36	8.3	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, CDKN2A, FLT1
46	Tec Kinases Signaling36	8.2	PIK3R1, BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BMPR2, BDNF
47	MAPK Signaling36	7.8	PIK3R1, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, LAMA2, LAMB3
48	Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma36	7.7	PIK3R1, BRCA2, VEGFC, BDNF, KDR, CDKN2A
49	p38 Signaling36	7.6	BTK, VEGFC, BMP15, BMPR2, LIF, BDNF
50	JAK-STAT Pathway36	7.5	PIK3R1, BTK, BRCA1, VEGFC, BMP15, BDNF

Compounds related to twinning according to GeneDecks:

(show top 50)    (show all 488)

id	Compound	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	lipid32	14.2	PIK3R1, LRP1, COG2, NCAM1, RETN, SFTPB
2	estrogen32	12.5	PIK3R1, COG2, RETN, VWF, GCG, RBP4
3	hydrogen32 18	13.3	SFTPB, GCK, BTK, BRCA1, BDNF, BCR
4	threonine32	12.0	SH2B1, SFTPB, BTK, BMPR2, KCNH2, SCN5A
5	androstenedione32 18	12.9	COG2, REN, RBP4, LEP, LEPR, CGA
6	creatinine32	11.8	NCAM1, REN, RETN, VWF, GCK, GCG
7	ethanol32 34 9 18 9	15.7	NCAM1, LIPC, BDNF, KCNH2, LEPR, MUC1
8	17-hydroxyprogesterone32 18	12.6	COG2, REN, RETN, CGA, CGB5, IGFBP1
9	urea32 9 18 9	14.6	RETN, UMOD, B2M, CGB5, GPT, F9
10	adenylate32	11.4	VWF, GCK, GCG, RBP4, SERPINC1, SERPINE1
11	iron32 18	12.4	COG2, RBP4, MYCN, BDNF, MT-CYB, B2M
12	dopamine32 9 18 9	14.3	NCAM1, REN, GCG, RBP4, LMOD1, MYCN
13	thyroxine32 18	12.3	COG2, REN, RETN, VWF, RBP4, LPL
14	sialic acid32	11.3	NCAM1, RBP4, BCR, CFH, ATP7A, FSHB
15	nifedipine32 9 9	13.0	REN, GCG, SERPINE1, BGLAP, BDNF, KCNA1
16	verapamil32 34 9 18 9	15.0	LRP1, REN, KCNH2, SCN5A, CGA, CFTR
17	vincristine32 34 9 9	14.0	NCAM1, BTK, MYCN, CGB, CGB5, MLL
18	phospholipid32	11.0	PIK3R1, COG2, VWF, SFTPB, RBP4, LPL
19	ibmx32	10.9	SFTPB, GCG, LPL, BDNF, CGA, CGB5
20	nitric oxide32 9 18 9	13.9	COG2, NCAM1, REN, RETN, SFTPB, GCK
21	phenylalanine32	10.9	PIK3R1, BTD, BTK, BDNF, BCR, MVK
22	choline32 9 18 9	13.9	LIF, LEPR, MTHFR, APOA1, APOB, GPT
23	p00232	10.7	RETN, RBP4, BRCA1, BRCA2, LIPC, PAPPA
24	glibenclamide32 34	11.6	GCG, LIPC, LEP, CFTR, INS, INSR
25	clomiphene citrate32	10.6	CGA, CGB, CGB5, FSHB, CD40LG, INS
26	2-deoxyglucose32	10.6	PIK3R1, GCK, INS, INSR, IGF2, IGF1
27	superoxide32 18	11.5	PIK3R1, LIF, LIPC, KCNH2, LEPR, MT-CYB
28	5-hydroxytryptamine32	10.4	GCG, BTK, SERPINE1, CHGA, CFTR, IL1A
29	mifepristone32 42 9 9	13.4	LIF, MUC1, CGA, CGB, CGB5, IRS2
30	nmda32 42	11.3	LRP1, NCAM1, BDNF, LEP, INSR, GRIA3
31	bleomycin32 9 9	12.3	SFTPB, BRCA1, BRCA2, XRCC5, CGB, CGB7
32	dihydrotestosterone32 9 18 9	13.2	SERPINE1, LPL, VDR, BGLAP, LEP, MUC1
33	citrate32	10.1	GCK, VDR, UMOD, CHGA, CFTR, CD79A
34	alpha tocopherol32	10.0	RBP4, LPL, LIF, BGLAP, LEP, MTHFR
35	lactate32	9.9	NCAM1, VWF, GCK, GCG, BTD, RBP4
36	glutamine32	9.9	SH3GL3, NCAM1, VWF, GCK, GCG, BRCA1
37	azathioprine32 34 9 9	12.8	LIF, BGLAP, MTHFR, CD79A, CDKN2A, FGFR2
38	tetracycline32 9 9	11.7	VWF, MYCN, BGLAP, SAT1, S100A8, CDKN2A
39	wortmannin32 42	10.6	PIK3R1, GCG, BTK, LIF, BDNF, KDR
40	agar32	9.5	PIK3R1, BRCA1, MYCN, MUC1, CDKN2A, CD40LG
41	methotrexate32 34 42 9 9	13.4	SERPINE1, BRCA1, BRCA2, LEP, MUC1, MTHFR
42	troglitazone32 42 9 9	12.3	SERPINE1, LPL, VDR, LEP, CFD, CD36
43	phosphotyrosine32	9.1	PIK3R1, BTK, BRCA1, KDR, BCR, FN1
44	paraffin32	8.6	NCAM1, VWF, SFTPB, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA
45	tamoxifen32 34 9 9	11.6	SERPINC1, BRCA1, BRCA2, VEGFA, LPL, VDR
46	butyrate32	8.3	GCK, GCG, VDR, LEP, MUC1, B2M
47	actinomycin d32	8.2	RETN, SFTPB, SERPINE1, VEGFA, VDR, MYCN
48	5fluorouracil32	8.1	GCG, BRCA1, VEGFA, VDR, LIF, KDR
49	genistein32 9 18 9	11.0	PIK3R1, GCG, BTK, SERPINE1, BRCA1, BRCA2
50	curcumin32	7.4	VEGFA, CFTR, CDK4, AR, IL1A, IL6

Cellular components related to twinning according to GeneDecks:

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cytosol	GO:005829	12.6	GAPDH, GCK, HPRT1, MEN1, MECP2, FGR
2	extracellular region	GO:005576	11.6	APOB, GHRL, TNFRSF11B, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, CYR61
3	plasma membrane	GO:005886	11.1	GRIA3, CFB, AXIN1, B2M, S100A9, LAMP2
4	secretory granule	GO:030141	10.9	GHRL, HSPD1, APOA1, INS, MPO, ATP7A
5	mitochondrial intermembrane space protein transporter complex	GO:042719	10.9	FXC1, TIMM10, TIMM13, TIMM8A, TIMM8B, TIMM9
6	extracellular space	GO:005615	10.3	ACE, C2, EDN1, A2M, SHH, COL1A1
7	platelet alpha granule lumen	GO:031093	10.2	VWF, TGFB1, A2M, HRG, F5, ALB
8	cell surface	GO:009986	9.7	IL1R1, FGFR2, ITGA2, CD36, FSHR, SCN5A
9	external side of plasma membrane	GO:009897	8.8	ANPEP, B2M, ACE, CTLA4, TNF, NCAM1

Biological processes related to twinning according to GeneDecks:

(show all 50)

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	small molecule metabolic process	GO:044281	14.4	PIK3R1, GCKR, GCK, GCG, LPL, UMPS
2	protein targeting to mitochondrion	GO:006626	11.7	CHCHD4, FXC1, GFER, TIMM10, TIMM13, TIMM17A
3	protein import into mitochondrial inner membrane	GO:045039	11.6	FXC1, TIMM10, TIMM13, TIMM22, TIMM8A, TIMM8B
4	cell-cell signaling	GO:007267	11.2	S100A9, CGA, CGB, AVP, AR, INHA
5	organ regeneration	GO:031100	11.2	LIF, APOA2, APOH, ANGPT2, ANGPT1, F7
6	signal transduction	GO:007165	11.2	SH3GL3, GCG, VEGFC, VDR, BCR, S100A9
7	response to estrogen stimulus	GO:043627	11.2	SERPINE1, BRCA1, BGLAP, APOA2, ANGPT1, F7
8	response to lipopolysaccharide	GO:032496	11.1	SFTPB, S100A8, S100A9, IL1A, APOB, F3
9	response to insulin stimulus	GO:032868	11.0	RBP4, LEP, AR, IL10, MC4R, HSD11B2
10	brown fat cell differentiation	GO:050873	11.0	LAMB3, MB, PPARGC1A, PPARG, SLC2A4, ADRB2
11	positive regulation of cell migration	GO:030335	11.0	VEGFA, KDR, CGA, FSHB, IRS2, FLT1
12	glucocorticoid biosynthetic process	GO:006704	11.0	HSD11B2, HSD3B1, HSD11B1, CYP11B1, CYP21A2, CRH
13	female pregnancy	GO:007565	10.9	PAPPA, LEP, FSHB, FLT1, IL4, AMBP
14	response to hypoxia	GO:001666	10.9	SFTPB, VEGFA, LEP, FLT1, MECP2, IL1A
15	neurotransmitter biosynthetic process	GO:042136	10.9	MAOA, ALDH2, COMT, ACHE, TH, SLC6A3
16	heart development	GO:007507	10.8	RBP4, GYS1, MB, ERBB2, PPARG, NF1
17	response to ethanol	GO:045471	10.8	RBP4, BGLAP, S100A8, S100A9, AVP, INSR
18	positive regulation of cell proliferation	GO:008284	10.7	VEGFA, VEGFC, LIF, KDR, LEP, CGA
19	aging	GO:007568	10.6	VDR, GRB2, F3, ERCC2, NR3C1, SHC1
20	glucose homeostasis	GO:042593	10.6	GCK, RBP4, SERPINE1, PAX6, INS, INSR
21	organ morphogenesis	GO:009887	10.5	SFTPB, VEGFC, VDR, PAX4, PAX5, PAX6
22	platelet degranulation	GO:002576	10.5	VWF, SERPINE1, VEGFA, VEGFC, LAMP2, CFD
23	positive regulation of cell division	GO:051781	10.5	VEGFA, VEGFC, FGFR2, MEN1, IL1A, APC
24	positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process	GO:045725	10.5	GCK, IRS2, INS, INSR, IGF2, IGF1
25	insulin receptor signaling pathway	GO:008286	10.4	PIK3R1, ATP6V0C, IRS2, INS, INSR, FGFR2
26	positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase cascade	GO:014068	10.4	KDR, FLT1, INS, FGR, ANGPT1, IGF1
27	positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 protein	GO:042517	10.3	LIF, LEP, FGFR3, IL12B, IL6, IL6R
28	wound healing	GO:042060	10.3	S100A8, INS, IL1A, ENG, ERBB2, PPARD
29	peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	GO:018108	10.3	BTK, KDR, FLT1, INSR, FGFR2, FGFR3
30	response to glucocorticoid stimulus	GO:051384	10.2	SFTPB, SERPINE1, BGLAP, INSR, IL10, IL6
31	positive regulation of glucose import	GO:046326	10.1	PIK3R1, IRS2, INS, INSR, FGF21, IGF1
32	positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	GO:033138	10.1	GCG, VEGFA, LIF, AXIN1, AVP, GSK3B
33	positive regulation of MAPK cascade	GO:043410	10.1	LIF, KDR, LEP, CD36, FLT1, AR
34	response to drug	GO:042493	10.1	REN, VEGFC, LPL, BGLAP, PAX4, BDNF
35	cholesterol metabolic process	GO:008203	10.1	LIPC, LEP, LEPR, IL4, APOA1, APOA2
36	positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	GO:050731	10.0	VEGFA, LIF, CD36, INS, IL6, IL6R
37	cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	GO:019221	9.9	NCAM1, B2M, IRF6, IL1A, IL6, IL6R
38	platelet activation	GO:030168	9.8	PIK3R1, VWF, SERPINE1, VEGFA, VEGFC, LAMP2
39	blood coagulation	GO:007596	9.8	PIK3R1, SH2B1, VWF, SERPINC1, SERPINE1, VEGFA
40	negative regulation of apoptotic process	GO:043066	9.8	GCG, SERPINE1, VEGFA, KDR, LEP, XRCC5
41	positive regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	GO:045893	9.7	BRCA1, BRCA2, ZIC2, PAX6, AXIN1, CDKN2A
42	positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	GO:001934	9.7	VEGFA, AXIN1, INSR, ENG, IGF2, F2
43	positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	GO:045944	9.6	SERPINE1, BRCA1, VEGFA, VDR, MYCN, LIF
44	positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade	GO:051897	9.5	INS, INSR, MC1R, ANGPT1, IGF2, IGF1
45	negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter	GO:000122	9.4	VDR, PAX4, PAX5, LEP, ATN1, CD36
46	cell cycle arrest	GO:007050	9.4	CDKN2A, IRF6, INHA, INHBA, MEN1, IL12B
47	negative regulation of cell proliferation	GO:008285	9.3	VDR, LIF, UMOD, CDKN2A, FOXP3, IRF6
48	epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway	GO:007173	9.2	PIK3R1, FOXO3, GSK3B, GRB2, AKT1, ERBB2
49	negative regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent	GO:045892	9.2	BRCA1, VDR, ZIC2, PAX9, XRCC5, ATXN1
50	anti-apoptosis	GO:006916	9.1	BDNF, MUC1, MPO, CD40LG, GSK3B, IL10

Molecular functions related to twinning according to GeneDecks:

(show all 11)

id	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protein binding	GO:005515	12.5	SP1, HMGA1, GH1, HNF1B, AKT1, HPRT1
2	protein homodimerization activity	GO:042803	11.7	TIMM9, TIMM10, TSC2, G6PD, ACHE, LRRK2
3	hormone activity	GO:005179	11.4	CRH, GH1, IGF1, IGF2, INHBB, INHBA
4	drug binding	GO:008144	10.6	ATP5O, DRD1, DRD2, CYP2D6, PPARG, PPARD
5	receptor binding	GO:005102	10.5	SRC, NRG1, CRH, EDA, NPPA, NPPB
6	heparin binding	GO:008201	10.5	LPL, LTF, PGF, CYR61, HRG, APOH
7	growth factor activity	GO:008083	10.3	VEGFC, IGF2, IGF1, F2, GH1, NRG1
8	insulin-like growth factor receptor binding	GO:005159	10.2	REN, INS, INSR, IGF2, IGF1, SHC1
9	protease binding	GO:002020	9.4	INS, SERPINE1, BRCA2, SERPINC1, TNFRSF1A, TNF
10	cytokine activity	GO:005125	9.3	VEGFA, TNF, TNFRSF11B, ADIPOQ, GDF9, IL12B
11	enzyme binding	GO:019899	9.3	APOA1, CFTR, POR, SLPI, BRCA1, APOB