Acquired Lipodystrophy disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: ACQ043 MIFTS: 28	Acquired Lipodystrophy Categories: Endocrine diseases, Immune diseases, Rare diseases, Skin diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Acquired Lipodystrophy

MalaCards integrated aliases for Acquired Lipodystrophy:

Name: Acquired Lipodystrophy ⁵⁹

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Skin diseases Endocrine diseases Immune diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³⁴

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

Metabolic disorders

Other metabolic disorders

Lipodystrophy, not elsewhere classified

Orphanet: ⁵⁹

Rare skin diseases

Rare endocrine diseases

External Ids:

ICD10 via Orphanet ³⁴ E88.1

UMLS via Orphanet ⁷³ C0877192

Orphanet ⁵⁹ ORPHA98307

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Summaries for Acquired Lipodystrophy

MalaCards based summary : Acquired Lipodystrophy is related to acquired generalized lipodystrophy and congenital generalized lipodystrophy. An important gene associated with Acquired Lipodystrophy is LMNB2 (Lamin B2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Adipogenesis and Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBP) signalling. The drugs Pioglitazone and Cyclophosphamide have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, adipocyte and liver, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and adipose tissue

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Related Diseases for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Diseases in the Primary Lipodystrophy family:

Localized Lipodystrophy

Acquired Lipodystrophy

Diseases related to Acquired Lipodystrophy via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 40)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	acquired generalized lipodystrophy	31.7	LMNB2 CAV1 BSCL2
2	congenital generalized lipodystrophy	29.3	CAV1 BSCL2
3	lipodystrophy, partial, acquired	12.2
4	panniculitis	10.1
5	hypertriglyceridemia, familial	10.1
6	mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy syndrome	10.1
7	acanthosis nigricans	10.0
8	autoimmune disease	10.0
9	familial partial lipodystrophy	10.0
10	dermatomyositis	10.0
11	polyneuropathy	10.0
12	renal cell carcinoma, nonpapillary	9.8
13	lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 2	9.8
14	myositis	9.8
15	dowling-degos disease 1	9.8
16	werner syndrome	9.8
17	lipodystrophy, familial partial, type 3	9.8
18	lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type 1	9.8
19	alpha/beta t-cell lymphopenia with gamma/delta t-cell expansion, severe cytomegalovirus infection, and autoimmunity	9.8
20	fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 1	9.8
21	exanthem	9.8
22	pancytopenia	9.8
23	childhood type dermatomyositis	9.8
24	calcinosis	9.8
25	autoimmune hepatitis	9.8
26	membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis	9.8
27	glomerulonephritis	9.8
28	lipid metabolism disorder	9.8
29	craniopharyngioma	9.8
30	demyelinating polyneuropathy	9.8
31	hemolytic anemia	9.8
32	juvenile rheumatoid arthritis	9.8
33	diabetes mellitus	9.8
34	chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy	9.8
35	premature aging	9.8
36	berardinelli-seip congenital lipodystrophy	9.8	CAV1 BSCL2
37	complete generalized lipodystrophy	9.7	CAV1 BSCL2
38	lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type 3	9.7	CAV1 BSCL2
39	overnutrition	9.5	SREBF1 FGF21
40	lipodystrophy, congenital generalized, type 4	9.4	CAV1 BSCL2

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Acquired Lipodystrophy:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Acquired Lipodystrophy

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Acquired Lipodystrophy:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	9.35	BSCL2 CAV1 FGF21 LMNB2 SREBF1
2	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	9.33	BSCL2 CAV1 FGF21
3	liver/biliary system	MP:0005370	8.92	BSCL2 CAV1 FGF21 SREBF1

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Drugs for Acquired Lipodystrophy (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 9)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Pioglitazone

Approved, Investigational

111025-46-8

4829

Synonyms:

(+-)-5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

(+-)-5-((4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

(+/-)-5-[[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)-ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione

(+/-)-5-[p-[2-(ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione

(±)-5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

105355-27-9

111025-46-8

198077-89-3

2,4-Thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]- (9CI)

5-((4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

5-(4-(2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione

5-[[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione

5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione

5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione

5-[[4-[2-[(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)]ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine- 2,4-dione

5-[4-[2-(5-Ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione

5-{4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione

AB1004597

AC-1021

AC1L1J1Q

Actos

Actos (TN)

Actost

AD 4833

AD-4833

BRD-A48430263-003-02-4

BSPBio_002723

C07675

C19H20N2O3S

CHEBI:8228

CHEMBL595

CID4829

D08378

DB01132

Duetact

Glustin

HMS2089H14

HS-0047

HSDB 7322

I06-0089

KBio2_002103

KBio2_004671

KBio2_007239

KBio3_001943

KBioGR_001619

KBioSS_002103

LS-151327

MolPort-002-508-211

NCGC00163128-01

NCGC00163128-02

nchembio790-comp10

Pioglitazona

Pioglitazona [INN-Spanish]

Pioglitazone

pioglitazone (INN)

Pioglitazone [Ban:Inn]

Pioglitazone [BAN:INN]

Pioglitazone [INN:BAN]

pioglitazone HCl

Pioglitazone HCL

Pioglitazone hydrochloride

Pioglitazone Hydrochloride

Pioglitazonum

Pioglitazonum [INN-Latin]

SPBio_001897

Spectrum_001623

Spectrum2_001679

Spectrum3_001002

Spectrum4_001130

Spectrum5_001480

Spectrum5_002067

U 72107

U 72107A

U72,107A

U-72107

UNII-X4OV71U42S

Zactos

Cyclophosphamide

Approved, Investigational

50-18-0, 6055-19-2

2907

Synonyms:

(-)-Cyclophosphamide

(+-)-Cyclophosphamide

(RS)-Cyclophosphamide

1-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)-1-oxo-2-aza-5-oxaphosphoridine

1-Bis(2-chloroethyl)amino-1-oxo-2-aza-5-oxaphosphoridin

2-[Bis(2-chloroethylamino)]-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide

4-Hydroxy-cyclophosphan-mamophosphatide

50-18-0

60007-95-6

6055-19-2 (monohydrate)

75526-90-8

AC1L1EQQ

AI3-26198

Anhydrous cyclophosphamide

Anhydrous, cyclophosphamide

ASTA

Asta B 518

ASTA B518

B 518

B-518

bis(2-Chloroethyl)phosphami de cyclic propanolamide

bis(2-Chloroethyl)phosphamide cyclic propanolamide ester

Bis(2-chloroethyl)phosphoramide cyclic propanolamide ester

BRN 0011744

BSPBio_002099

C 0768

C07888

C7H15Cl2N2O2P

CB 4564

CB-4564

CCRIS 188

CHEBI:4027

CHEMBL32520

CHEMBL88

Ciclofosfamida

Ciclofosfamida [INN-Spanish]

Ciclofosfamide

Ciclophosphamide

Ciclophosphamide [INN]

CID2907

Clafen

Claphene

CPA

CTX

Cycloblastin

Cyclophosphamid

cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide (anhydrous form)

Cyclophosphamide (anhydrous)

Cyclophosphamide (INN)

Cyclophosphamide (TN)

Cyclophosphamide anhydrous

Cyclophosphamide monohydrate

Cyclophosphamide Monohydrate

Cyclophosphamide Sterile

Cyclophosphamide, (+-)-Isomer

Cyclophosphamide, (R)-isomer

Cyclophosphamide, (S)-isomer

Cyclophosphamides

Cyclophosphamidum

Cyclophosphamidum [INN-Latin]

Cyclophosphan

Cyclophosphane

Cyclophosphanum

Cyclophosphoramide

Cyclostin

Cyklofosfamid

Cyklofosfamid [Czech]

Cytophosphan

Cytophosphane

Cytoxan

Cytoxan (TN)

Cytoxan Lyoph

D,L-Cyclophosphamide

D07760

DB00531

DivK1c_000246

EINECS 200-015-4

Endoxan

Endoxan R

Endoxana

Endoxanal

Endoxan-Asta

Endoxane

Enduxan

EU-0100238

Genoxal

Hexadrin

HMS2090A12

HSDB 3047

IDI1_000246

KBio1_000246

KBio2_001338

KBio2_003906

KBio2_006474

KBio3_001319

KBioGR_000888

KBioSS_001338

Lopac0_000238

Lopac-C-0768

LS-1302

LS-99787

Lyophilized Cytoxan

Mitoxan

MolPort-001-783-420

Monohydrate, cyclophosphamide

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1,3,2-oxazaphosphinan-2-amine 2-oxide

N,N-Bis(2-chloroethyl)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorin-2-amine 2-oxide

NCGC00015209-01

NCGC00015209-03

NCGC00015209-06

NCGC00091741-02

NCGC00091741-03

NCI60_002097

NCI-C04900

Neosar

NINDS_000246

NSC 26271

NSC26271

NSC-26271

NSC273033

NSC273034

Occupation, cyclophosphamide exposure

Procytox

RCRA waste no. U058

Rcra waste number U058

Rcra Waste Number U058

Revimmune

S1217_Selleck

Semdoxan

Sendoxan

Senduxan

SK 20501

SPBio_001071

Spectrum_000858

Spectrum2_001146

Spectrum3_000370

Spectrum4_000304

Spectrum5_000795

STK177249

STOCK2S-91217

UNII-6UXW23996M

WLN: T6MPOTJ BO BN2G2G

Zyklophosphamid

Zyklophosphamid [German]

2,4-thiazolidinedione

Investigational

2295-31-0

Hypoglycemic Agents

Alkylating Agents

Immunologic Factors

Immunosuppressive Agents

Antirheumatic Agents

Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Drugs
1	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Lipodystrophy (HAL) Classification, Measurement, & Fat Response to a Thiazolidinedione (TZD) Challenge in Differing Adult Phenotypic Presentations	Unknown status	NCT01023620	Pioglitazone
2	Lipodystrophy Connect Patient Registry	Completed	NCT02577952
3	Cyclophosphamide in the Treatment of Panniculitis Associated Acquired Lipodystrophy Syndrome With Type 1 Diabetes	Recruiting	NCT03936829	Cyclophosphamide

Search NIH Clinical Center for Acquired Lipodystrophy

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Genetic Tests for Acquired Lipodystrophy

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Anatomical Context for Acquired Lipodystrophy

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Acquired Lipodystrophy:

⁴¹

Skin, Adipocyte, Liver

Sources

Publications for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Articles related to Acquired Lipodystrophy:

(show all 44)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Acquired Lipodystrophy Associated With Nivolumab in a Patient With Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma. ³⁸	Falcao CK...Teles MG	30779841	2019
2	Current Diagnosis and Treatment, and Clinical Challenges in the Management of Lipodystrophy Syndromes in Children and Youth ³⁸	Ozen S...Oral EA	31434462	2019
3	Multiple sites acquired lipodystrophy in two siblings: a rare adverse effect of intramuscular triamcinolone. ³⁸	Sharawat IK...Dawman L	31243027	2019
4	Acquired partial lipodystrophy with metabolic disease in children following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a report of two cases and a review of the literature. ³⁸	Hosokawa M...Hasegawa T	31075084	2019
5	A novel paraneoplastic syndrome with acquired lipodystrophy and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy in an adolescent male with craniopharyngioma. ³⁸	Lockemer HE...Garg A	29455190	2018
6	Potential association of LMNA-associated generalized lipodystrophy with juvenile dermatomyositis. ³⁸	Sahinoz M...Oral EA	29610677	2018
7	Barraquer-Simons Syndrome. ³⁸	Small JE...Srinivasan J	27650233	2016
8	Serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 are elevated in patients with congenital or acquired lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Miehle K...Fasshauer M	27179139	2016
9	Barraquer-Simons syndrome: a rare form of acquired lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Oliveira J...Carvalho D	26987365	2016
10	Lipodystrophies: adipose tissue disorders with severe metabolic implications. ³⁸	Cortes VA...Fernandez-Galilea M	25833179	2015
11	Paradoxical adipose hyperplasia secondary to cryolipolysis: An underreported entity? ³⁸	Singh SM...Friedman PM	26096832	2015
12	Metreleptin and generalized lipodystrophy and evolving therapeutic perspectives. ³⁸	Tchang BG...Aronne LJ	26063386	2015
13	Leptin in congenital and HIV-associated lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Tsoukas MA...Mantzoros CS	25267014	2015
14	Effects of leptin replacement therapy on pancreatic β-cell function in patients with lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Muniyappa R...Gorden P	24496806	2014
15	A role for adipocyte-derived lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in inflammation- and obesity-associated adipose tissue dysfunction. ³⁸	Moreno-Navarrete JM...Fernandez-Real JM	23963324	2013
16	The liver diseases of lipodystrophy: the long-term effect of leptin treatment. ³⁸	Safar Zadeh E...Gorden P	23439261	2013
17	Leptin as a modulator of neuroendocrine function in humans. ³⁸	Khan SM...Mantzoros CS	22665330	2012
18	Clinical effects of long-term metreleptin treatment in patients with lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Chan JL...Gorden P	22068254	2011
19	Clinical review#: Lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired body fat disorders. ³⁸	Garg A	21865368	2011
20	Ethanol impairs differentiation of human adipocyte stromal cells in culture. ³⁸	Crabb DW...Considine R	21599713	2011
21	Cardiomyopathy in congenital and acquired generalized lipodystrophy: a clinical assessment. ³⁸	Lupsa BC...Gorden P	20616664	2010
22	Clinical classification and treatment of congenital and acquired lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Chan JL...Oral EA	20061300	2010
23	HIV protease inhibitors inhibit FACE1/ZMPSTE24: a mechanism for acquired lipodystrophy in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy? ³⁸	Goulbourne CN...Vaux DJ	20074077	2010
24	Human lipodystrophies: genetic and acquired diseases of adipose tissue. ³⁸	Capeau J...Vigouroux C	20551664	2010
25	Acquired generalized lipodystrophy associated with autoimmune hepatitis and low serum C4 level. ³⁸	Eren E...Tarim O	21274335	2010
26	Leptin in humans: lessons from translational research. ³⁸	Bluher S...Mantzoros CS	19176740	2009
27	Complement abnormalities in acquired lipodystrophy revisited. ³⁸	Savage DB...O'Rahilly S	18854390	2009
28	Predictors of acquired lipodystrophy in juvenile-onset dermatomyositis and a gradient of severity. ³⁸	Bingham A...Childhood Myositis Heterogeneity Study Group	18344805	2008
29	Adipose tissue distribution and risk of metabolic disease: does thiazolidinedione-induced adipose tissue redistribution provide a clue to the answer? ³⁸	Yang X...Smith U	17393135	2007
30	Childhood acquired lipodystrophy: a retrospective study. ³⁸	Pope E...Feldman B	17097389	2006
31	Role of CD95-mediated adipocyte loss in autoimmune lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Fischer-Posovszky P...Wabitsch M	16368755	2006
32	Failure of fat cell proliferation, mitochondrial function and fat oxidation results in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. ³⁸	Heilbronn L...Ravussin E	15592481	2004
33	The physiology of cellular liporegulation. ³⁸	Unger RH	12471167	2003
34	[Diabetes and genetic and acquired lipodystrophy syndrome]. ³⁸	Capeau J...Bastard JP	12868305	2003
35	Increased fat intake, impaired fat oxidation, and failure of fat cell proliferation result in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. ³⁸	Ravussin E...Smith SR	12079864	2002
36	The molecular basis of genetic lipodystrophies. ³⁸	Bhayana S...Hegele RA	12074822	2002
37	[Lipodystrophies]. ³⁸	Fischer-Posovszky P...Wabitsch M	12015640	2002
38	Lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Helm TN...Bergfeld WF	11236228	2001
39	[Nonprogressive, late-onset atrophy of the cheek]. ³⁸	Sonnino M...Scuderi N	11310188	2000
40	Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factors in a case of generalized acquired lipoatrophic diabetes mellitus (Lawrence Syndrome) connected with autoantibodies against adipocyte membranes. ³⁸	Hubler A...Stein G	9516065	1998
41	Insulin resistance in total lipodystrophy: evidence for a pre-receptor defect in insulin action. ³⁸	Golden MP...Spell M	3884963	1985
42	Gowers local panatrophy. ³⁸	Montagna P...Gallassi R	6530367	1984
43	The effect of diet on thermogenesis in acquired lipodystrophy. ³⁸	Robbins DC...Sims EA	481216	1979
44	[Extensive, disseminated acquired lipodystrophy]. ³⁸	Kalis B...Pennaforte F	4770695	1973

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Genes for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Genes related to Acquired Lipodystrophy (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	LMNB2	Lamin B2	Protein Coding	26.81	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Variants (show sections)
2	BSCL2	BSCL2 Lipid Droplet Biogenesis Associated, Seipin	Protein Coding	16.71	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
3	CAV1	Caveolin 1	Protein Coding	16.71	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	SREBF1	Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1	Protein Coding	16.71	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
5	FGF21	Fibroblast Growth Factor 21	Protein Coding	6.71	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

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Variations for Acquired Lipodystrophy

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Expression for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Acquired Lipodystrophy.

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Pathways for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Pathways related to Acquired Lipodystrophy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Adipogenesis ¹	11.08	SREBF1 BSCL2
2	Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins (SREBP) signalling ¹	10.49	SREBF1 FGF21

Sources

GO Terms for Acquired Lipodystrophy

Cellular components related to Acquired Lipodystrophy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	nuclear envelope	GO:0005635	8.96	SREBF1 LMNB2
2	endoplasmic reticulum membrane	GO:0005789	8.8	SREBF1 CAV1 BSCL2

Biological processes related to Acquired Lipodystrophy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	fat cell differentiation	GO:0045444	9.32	SREBF1 BSCL2
2	response to progesterone	GO:0032570	9.26	SREBF1 CAV1
3	lipid storage	GO:0019915	9.16	CAV1 BSCL2
4	positive regulation of catalytic activity	GO:0043085	9.07	CAV1
5	regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	GO:0019217	8.96	SREBF1 CAV1
6	positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	GO:0120162	8.8	FGF21 CAV1 BSCL2

Sources

Sources for Acquired Lipodystrophy

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ TGDB

⁷¹ Tocris

⁷² UMLS

⁷³ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁴ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁵ Wikipedia