Alopecia Areata disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

AA MCID: ALP009 MIFTS: 59	Alopecia Areata (AA) Categories: Immune diseases, Rare diseases, Skin diseases	Data Licensing For inquiries, contact: [email protected]
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Aliases & Classifications for Alopecia Areata

MalaCards integrated aliases for Alopecia Areata:

Name: Alopecia Areata ¹¹ ¹⁹ ⁴² ⁷⁵ ⁵³ ⁵ ⁴³ ¹⁴ ¹⁶ ⁷¹ ³¹ ³³

Alopecia Circumscripta ¹⁹ ⁴²

Cazenave's Vitiligo ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Jonston's Alopecia ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Marginal Alopecia ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Celsus' Vitiligo ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Diffuse Alopecia ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Alopecia Celsi ¹⁹ ⁷¹

Pseudopelade ⁷¹ ³¹

Aa ¹⁹ ⁴²

Circumscribed Alopecia ¹¹

Aa - [alopecia Areata] ³³

Alopecia Cicatrisata ¹⁹

Patchy Alopecia ¹⁹

Alopecia ⁷¹

Pelade ³³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Skin diseases Immune diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³¹

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

Disorders of skin appendages

Alopecia areata

Alopecia areata, unspecified

Cicatricial alopecia [scarring hair loss]

Pseudopelade

ICD11: ³³

Diseases of the skin

Skin disorders involving specific cutaneous structures

Disorders of the epidermis and epidermal appendages

Disorders of hair

Alopecia or hair loss

Alopecia areata

Alopecia areata, unspecified

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹¹ DOID:986

ICD9CM ³⁴ 704.01

MeSH ⁴³ D000506

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 201131001

ICD10 ³¹ L63 L63.9 L66.0

EFO ¹⁶ EFO_0004192

ICD11 ³³ 65720611 65720611/unspecified

UMLS ⁷¹ C0002170 C0002171 C0086873 more

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Summaries for Alopecia Areata

MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Alopecia areata is a common disorder that causes hair loss. "Alopecia" is a Latin term that means baldness, and "areata" refers to the patchy nature of the hair loss that is typically seen with this condition.In most people with alopecia areata, hair falls out in small, round patches, leaving coin-sized areas of bare skin. This patchy hair loss occurs most often on the scalp but can affect other parts of the body as well. Uncommonly, the hair loss involves the entire scalp (in which case the condition is known as alopecia totalis) or the whole body (alopecia universalis). Other rare forms of alopecia areata, which have different patterns of hair loss, have also been reported.Alopecia areata affects people of all ages, although it most commonly appears in adolescence or early adulthood. Hair loss occurs over a period of weeks. The hair usually grows back after several months, although it may fall out again. In some cases, unpredictable cycles of hair loss followed by regrowth can last for years. In addition to hair loss, some affected individuals have fingernail and toenail abnormalities, such as pits on the surface of the nails.The hair loss associated with alopecia areata is not painful or disabling. However, it causes changes in a person's appearance that can profoundly affect quality of life and self-esteem. In some people, the condition can lead to depression, anxiety, and other emotional or psychological issues.

MalaCards based summary: Alopecia Areata, also known as alopecia circumscripta, is related to alopecia universalis congenita and alopecia, and has symptoms including pruritus and exanthema. An important gene associated with Alopecia Areata is AA1 (Alopecia Areata 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and MIF Mediated Glucocorticoid Regulation. The drugs Acetylcysteine and Cetirizine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, breast and t cells, and related phenotypes are Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor) and homeostasis/metabolism

GARD: ¹⁹ Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the hair follicles. In most cases, hair falls out in small, round patches on the scalp. Although uncommon, hair loss can be more extensive in some people and affect other parts of the body. Although the exact cause of AA is unknown, roughly 20% of affected people have a family member with alopecia, suggesting that genetic factors may contribute to the development of the condition.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ An autoimmune disease resulting in the loss of hair on the scalp and elsewhere on the body initially causing bald spots.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Alopecia areata, also known as spot baldness, is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all... more...

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Related Diseases for Alopecia Areata

Diseases in the Alopecia Areata family:

Alopecia Areata 1

Alopecia Areata 2

Diseases related to Alopecia Areata via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 849)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	alopecia universalis congenita	33.0	ULBP3 KLRK1 IL4 IL2 AIRE
2	alopecia	32.8	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IL17A IFNG
3	dermatitis, atopic	31.8	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1A IL17A
4	vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease susceptibility 1	31.7	TNF PTPN22 IL2 IL17A ICOSLG CTLA4
5	autoimmune disease	31.6	TNF PTPN22 KLRK1 IL4 IL2RA IL2
6	hypothyroidism	31.6	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2 IL17A CTLA4
7	hair disease	31.5	TNF IL2 IL17A AIRE
8	thyroiditis	31.5	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2 IFNG CTLA4
9	dermatitis	31.3	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IL17A IFNG
10	acne	31.2	TNF IL1RN IL1A IL17A
11	urticaria	31.2	TNF IL4 IL17A IFNG
12	contact dermatitis	31.2	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1RN IL1A IL17A
13	covid-19	31.1	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2
14	allergic rhinitis	31.1	IL4 IL17A IFNG ICAM1
15	hashimoto thyroiditis	31.1	PTPN22 IL4 IL2RA IFNG ICOSLG ICAM1
16	folliculitis	31.1	TNF IL4 IL17A IFNG
17	autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome	31.1	PTPN22 IL17A ICOSLG AIRE
18	thymoma	31.0	TNF IL2 IL17A CTLA4 AIRE
19	myasthenia gravis	31.0	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2 IFNG CTLA4
20	lichen planus	31.0	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG ICAM1
21	pernicious anemia	31.0	PTPN22 ICOSLG AIRE
22	graft-versus-host disease	31.0	TNF IL2 IFNG
23	pemphigus	31.0	TNF IL4 IL17A CTLA4
24	severe acute respiratory syndrome	30.9	TNF IL4 IL2 IFNG
25	spondylitis	30.9	TNF IL17A IFNG
26	allergic contact dermatitis	30.9	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG ICOSLG
27	psoriasis	30.9	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1R1
28	candidiasis	30.9	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IL17A IFNG
29	rhinitis	30.9	TNF IL4 IL17A IFNG ICOSLG ICAM1
30	spondyloarthropathy 1	30.9	TNF IL1RN IL1R1 IL17A ICOSLG
31	hypoadrenocorticism, familial	30.9	PTPN22 CTLA4 AIRE
32	hidradenitis	30.8	TNF IL1A IL17A IFNG
33	hidradenitis suppurativa	30.8	TNF IL1A IL17A IFNG
34	hypereosinophilic syndrome	30.8	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
35	autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1	30.8	IL17A ICOSLG AIRE
36	seborrheic dermatitis	30.8	TNF IL1A IL17A
37	purpura	30.8	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG
38	irritant dermatitis	30.7	TNF IL4 IL1A IL17A
39	tonsillitis	30.7	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IFNG
40	systemic scleroderma	30.7	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A ICOSLG
41	crohn's disease	30.7	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG ICOSLG
42	lymphopenia	30.7	PTPN22 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG CTLA4
43	exanthem	30.7	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG ICOSLG
44	psoriatic arthritis	30.7	TNF PTPN22 IL1RN IL1R1 IL1A IL17A
45	severe combined immunodeficiency	30.7	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1RN IL17A
46	allergic asthma	30.6	IL4 IL17A IFNG ICAM1 CTLA4
47	vasculitis	30.6	TNF IL17A ICAM1 CTLA4
48	ulcerative colitis	30.6	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1RN IL1R1 IL17A
49	conjunctivitis	30.6	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG ICAM1
50	sezary's disease	30.6	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG CTLA4

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Alopecia Areata:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Alopecia Areata

UMLS symptoms related to Alopecia Areata:

pruritus; exanthema

GenomeRNAi Phenotypes related to Alopecia Areata according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

²⁵

#	Description	GenomeRNAi Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)	GR00250-A-1	9.4	GZMB IL17A IL1A IL2RA TNF
2	Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)	GR00250-A-2	9.4	GZMB ICAM1 IL17A IL2 IL2RA TNF
3	Synthetic lethal with MLN4924 (a NAE inhibitor)	GR00250-A-3	9.4	ICAM1

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Alopecia Areata:

⁴⁵

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.34	AIRE CTLA4 GZMB ICAM1 ICOSLG IFNG
2	immune system	MP:0005387	10.25	AIRE CTLA4 GZMB ICAM1 ICOSLG IFNG
3	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	10.15	AIRE CTLA4 ICAM1 IFNG IL17A IL1R1
4	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.14	AIRE CTLA4 ICAM1 IFNG IL17A IL1R1
5	neoplasm	MP:0002006	10.13	AIRE GZMB ICAM1 IFNG IL1A IL1R1
6	liver/biliary system	MP:0005370	10.11	AIRE CTLA4 IFNG IL17A IL1R1 IL2
7	hematopoietic system	MP:0005397	10.06	AIRE CTLA4 GZMB ICAM1 ICOSLG IFNG
8	respiratory system	MP:0005388	10	AIRE CTLA4 IFNG IL17A IL1R1 IL2
9	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	9.83	AIRE CTLA4 GZMB ICAM1 IFNG IL17A
10	integument	MP:0010771	9.32	CTLA4 ICAM1 IFNG IL17A IL1A IL1R1

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Alopecia Areata

Drugs for Alopecia Areata (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 251)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Acetylcysteine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

616-91-1

581 12035

Cetirizine

Approved

Phase 4

83881-51-0

2678

Histamine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

51-45-6

774

Apremilast

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

608141-41-9

10151715 11561674

Prednisolone phosphate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

302-25-0

Prednisolone acetate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

52-21-1

Prednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-24-8

4894 5755

Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate

Approved

Phase 4

2921-57-5

1875

Methylprednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

83-43-2

4159 6741

Latanoprost

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

130209-82-4

5311221 5282380

Imiquimod

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

99011-02-6

57469

Hydroxychloroquine

Approved

Phase 4

118-42-3

3652

Lidocaine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

137-58-6

3676

Clobetasol

Approved, Experimental, Investigational

Phase 4

25122-46-7, 25122-41-2

2791 5311051 32798

Betamethasone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

378-44-9

9782

Fluocinonide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

356-12-7

9642

Doxycycline

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

564-25-0

54671203

Triamcinolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

124-94-7

31307

Cysteine

Approved, Nutraceutical

Phase 4

52-90-4

594 5862

Prednisolone hemisuccinate

Experimental

Phase 4

2920-86-7

4897

Emollients

Phase 4

Anti-Allergic Agents

Phase 4

N-monoacetylcystine

Phase 4

Histamine phosphate

Phase 4

51-74-1

134614

Histamine H1 Antagonists, Non-Sedating

Phase 4

Histamine H1 Antagonists

Phase 4

Histamine Antagonists

Phase 4

Anti-Infective Agents

Phase 4

Analgesics

Phase 4

Phosphodiesterase 4 Inhibitors

Phase 4

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

Phase 4

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Phase 4

Adjuvants, Immunologic

Phase 4

Methylprednisolone Acetate

Phase 4

584547

Antiprotozoal Agents

Phase 4

Antiparasitic Agents

Phase 4

Antimalarials

Phase 4

Anesthetics

Phase 4

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal

Phase 4

Neuroprotective Agents

Phase 4

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

Phase 4

Sodium Channel Blockers

Phase 4

Anesthetics, Local

Phase 4

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Phase 4

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Phase 4

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Phase 4

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 4

Betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate

Phase 4

Betamethasone Valerate

Phase 4

2152-44-5

Betamethasone sodium phosphate

Phase 4

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 401)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Does Carboxytherapy Play a Role in Alopecia Areata Either Solely or in Combination? Comparative Study for Treatment of Alopecia Areata Using Carboxytherapy and Intralesional Steroids	Unknown status	NCT04228029	Phase 4	Intralesional Steroid Injection
2	Efficacy of Fractional CO2 Laser Alone and as Transepidermal Drug Delivery for Different Modalities of Treatment in Alopecia Areata	Unknown status	NCT04003376	Phase 4	Triamcinolone Acetonide 10mg/mL;vitamin D solution
3	Modified SALT Score for Assessment of Alopecia Areata	Unknown status	NCT04412148	Phase 4	Triamcinolone Acetonide
4	Cryotherapy Versus Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection In Treatment Of Alopecia Areata: Trichoscopic Evaluation	Unknown status	NCT03473600	Phase 4	Triamcinolone acetonide injection
5	Efficacy and Tolerability of N-Acetyl- Cysteine for Treatment of The Early-onset Androgenetic Alopecia in Men	Unknown status	NCT04209803	Phase 4	Minoxidil 5% topically and oral NAC 600 mg
6	Topical Cetirizine Gel Versus Minoxidil 5% Gel in Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia	Unknown status	NCT04293822	Phase 4	Cetirizine;Minoxidil
7	Evaluating the Efficacy of Different Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) Treatment Regimens in the Management of Androgenetic Alopecia: an Investigator-initiated, Single-center, Single-blinded, Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial	Unknown status	NCT02999737	Phase 4
8	the Effect of Adipose Derived Stem Cells Combined With Platelet Rich Plasma Versus Platelet Rich Plasma Alone on Follicular Unit Extraction Hair Transplantion in Male Androgenic Alopecia: Clinical Trial	Unknown status	NCT03388840	Phase 4
9	Safety and Efficacy of Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% E Foam in the Treatment of Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia	Unknown status	NCT01111981	Phase 4	Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Emollient Foam
10	Open Label Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Apremilast for the Treatment of Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia	Unknown status	NCT03422640	Phase 4	Apremilast
11	Effectiveness and Safety of Tofacitinib in Patients With Extensive and Recalcitrant Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT03800979	Phase 4	Tofacitinib
12	Perifollicular Nerves in Alopecia Areata: Response to Topical Capsaicin	Completed	NCT00176969	Phase 4	Capsaicin
13	Aldara for the Treatment of Extensive Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT00177021	Phase 4	Aldara Cream 5%
14	Open Label Study of Hydroxychloroquine for Alopecia Areata, Alopecia Totalis	Completed	NCT00176982	Phase 4	Hydroxychloroquine
15	Phenotype and Cytokine Production Characteristics of T Cells From Alopecia Areata Scalp Skin Before and After Aldara 5% Cream Using Flow Cytometry	Completed	NCT00176943	Phase 4	Aldara Cream 5%
16	Combined Topical 5% Minoxidil and Potent Topical Corticosteroid Versus Intralesional Corticosteroid in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata A Randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT03535233	Phase 4	Triamcinolone Acetonide;Minoxidil 5 % Topical Spray;clobetasol propionate
17	A Randomized Comparative Study of Efficacy and Safety of Topical Latanoprost Versus Topical Corticosteroid in the Treatment of Localized Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT02350023	Phase 4	Topical latanoprost 0.005%;Topical betamethasone 0.05%
18	Safety and Efficacy of Oral Mega Pulse Methylprednisolone in Severe Therapy Resistant Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT01167946	Phase 4	methylprednisolone sodium succinate
19	Safety and Efficacy of Bimatoprost Solution in Treating Eyelash Loss or Hypotrichosis in Children	Completed	NCT01023841	Phase 4	bimatoprost ophthalmic solution 0.03%;Vehicle Sterile Solution
20	The Use of Local Anesthetic in Intralesional Corticosteroid Injections; A Randomized, Double Blind Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT03630198	Phase 4	Corticosteroid with lidocaine;Corticosteroid with normal saline
21	Minoxidil in Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT04090801	Phase 4	Topical minoxidil 5% in 90% ethanol and 5% propylene glycol;Topical minoxidil 5% in pure ethanol alone
22	An Open-label Pilot Study to Investigate the Efficacy of Apremilast in the Treatment of Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA)	Completed	NCT03521687	Phase 4	Apremilast
23	Needle-free Delivery of Intralesional Triamcinolone for Pediatric Alopecia Areata: a Pilot Study of Patient Tolerability	Recruiting	NCT05278858	Phase 4
24	Treatment Results for Patients With Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA): a Multicenter Prospective Study	Recruiting	NCT04207931	Phase 4	Topical steroid class I-II;Triamcinolone Acetonide;Doxycyline;Minoxidil
25	The Use of Hydradermabrasion in the Scalp to Improve Scalp Health and Improve Outcomes in Androgenetic Alopecia	Recruiting	NCT05426629	Phase 4
26	The Efficacy of Combining 308 Nm-Excimer Light and Topical Steroid in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata	Not yet recruiting	NCT04793945	Phase 4
27	A Phase 4 Multicenter, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of 3 Doses of Intralesional Triamcinolone (KENALOG®) In the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Patch Type Alopecia Areata	Terminated	NCT01898806	Phase 4	Intralesional Triamcinolone 2.5 mg/ml;Intralesional Triamcinolone 5 mg/ml;Intralesional Triamcinolone 10 mg/ml;Intralesional Saline
28	The Use of 5mg Finasteride Versus 200mg Spironolactone and Topical 5% Minoxidil in Treating Postmenopausal Female Androgenetic Alopecia	Withdrawn	NCT02483195	Phase 4	5% Minoxidil;200mg Spironolactone;5mg Finasteride
29	BLIND RANDOMIZED COMPARATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF MESOTHERAPY MINOXIDIL HAIR WITH 0.5% / 2ML VERSUS PLACEBO IN THE TREATMENT OF FEMALE ANDROGENETIC ALOPECIA	Unknown status	NCT01655108	Phase 3	Minoxidil;Saline
30	TREg Activation in the Treatment of the PELADE (Alopecia Areata). Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Comparative Study Using Low Doses of IL2	Completed	NCT02557074	Phase 3	IL2;placebo
31	A PHASE 2B/3 RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED, DOSE-RANGING STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF PF-06651600 IN ADULT AND ADOLESCENT ALOPECIA AREATA (AA) SUBJECTS WITH 50% OR GREATER SCALP HAIR LOSS	Completed	NCT03732807	Phase 2, Phase 3	PF-06651600 Induction Dose;PF-06651600 Maintenance Dose #1;PF-06651600 Maintenance Dose #2;PF-06651600 Maintenance Dose #3;Placebo
32	A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CTP-543 in Adult Patients With Moderate to Severe Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT04797650	Phase 3	CTP-543, 8 mg BID;CTP-543, 12 mg BID;Placebo, BID
33	A Two Stage Phase II Randomized Bilateral Comparison of Topical Targretin® Gel 1% in Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT00063076	Phase 2, Phase 3	Targretin Gel 1%
34	A Randomized Controlled Trial of Clobetasol Propionate 0.05% Cream Versus Hydrocortisone 1% Cream in Children With Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT01453686	Phase 3	Hydrocortisone 1%;Clobetasol Propionate 0.05%
35	A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of CTP-543 in Adult Patients With Moderate to Severe Alopecia Areata	Completed	NCT04518995	Phase 3	CTP-543, 8 mg BID;CTP-543, 12 mg BID;Placebo, BID
36	RANDOMIZED DOUBLE-BLIND STUDY MULTICENTRIQUE TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF the METHOTREXATE AT PATIENTS AFFECTED BY GRAVE PELADE (METHOTREXATE VERSUS PLACEBO WITH SECONDARY TREATMENT BY METHOTREXATE and PREDNISONE)	Completed	NCT02037191	Phase 3	Methotrexate;Placebo
37	A Multicentre, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Controlled Study, to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of P-3074 Cutaneous Spray, Solution, in the Treatment of Male Pattern Baldness	Completed	NCT03004469	Phase 3	P-3074;Finasteride;P-3074 Vehicle;Finasteride Placebo
38	Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of 0.15% & 0.25% Concentrations of Topical SM04554 Solution in Male Subjects With Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT03742518	Phase 2, Phase 3	Topical SM04554 solution;Topical vehicle solution
39	Evaluating the Efficacy of Topical Herbal Solution on the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia and Comparison With Minoxidil 5%: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial Study	Completed	NCT03753113	Phase 3	Topical Herbal Solution;Topical Minoxidil 5%
40	A Prospective Study of Sexual Function in Men Taking Dutasteride for the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT02014584	Phase 3	Dutasteride;Placebo
41	An Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Dutasteride 0.5mg Once Daily for 6 Months in the Treatment of Male Subjects With Androgenetic Alopecia (Norwood-Hamilton Classification Type IIIv, IV and V)	Completed	NCT00441116	Phase 3	Dutasteride 0.5mg oral tablets
42	Study ARI114264: A Long-Term Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Dutasteride in the Treatment of Male Subjects With Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT01831791	Phase 3	Dutasteride 0.5 mg
43	A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study To Examine the Effects of Finasteride 1 MG on Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen in Men With Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT00396175	Phase 3	MK0906, finasteride / Duration of Treatment : 48 Weeks;Comparator : placebo (unspecified) / Duration of Treatment : 48 Weeks
44	A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Efficacy and Safety of 5 Percent Minoxidil Foam in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Males	Completed	NCT00151515	Phase 3	minoxidil
45	Investigator-initiated Single Blind, Two-armed, Randomized Phase 3 Clinical Trial to Compare Efficacy of 5% Minoxidil Topical Foam (5% Mtf) Once Daily Versus 2% Minoxidil Topical Solution (2% Mts) Twice Daily in Application on Females With Slightly to Moderate Androgenetic Alopecia Concerning Hair Volume	Completed	NCT00958750	Phase 3	minoxidil
46	A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Study That Evaluates the Safety and Efficacy of Three Active REVIAN Caps Versus a Non-Active REVIAN Cap (Sham) in Participants With Pattern Hair Loss (Androgenic Alopecia)	Completed	NCT04019795	Phase 3
47	Adipose-derived Stem Cell Conditioned Media as a Novel Approach for Hair Regrowth in Male Androgenetic Alopecia: A Randomized, Double-blind Clinical Trial	Completed	NCT05296863	Phase 3
48	The Randomized Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial of Intralesional Botulinum Toxin A Injection for Recalcitrant Alopecia Totalis and Alopecia Universalis	Completed	NCT00997815	Phase 2, Phase 3	Botulinum toxin A;Normal saline injection
49	A Phase 3 Multi-Center Parallel Design Clinical Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of 5 % Minoxidil Foam vs. 2 % Minoxidil Solution in Females for the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss - Androgenetic Alopecia (MINALO3004, NCT01145625)	Completed	NCT01145625	Phase 3	5% Minoxidil;2% Minoxidil
50	A Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Multiple Doses of Dutasteride Versus Placebo and Finasteride in the Treatment of Male Subjects With Androgenetic Alopecia	Completed	NCT01231607	Phase 3	1mg Finasteride active;0.02mg dutasteride;0.1mg dutasteride;0.5mg dutasteride;Finasteride placebo;Dutasteride placebo

Search NIH Clinical Center for Alopecia Areata

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷¹ / NDF-RT ⁵⁰ :

D-BIOTIN

Finasteride

Minoxidil

Cochrane evidence based reviews: alopecia areata

Sources

Genetic Tests for Alopecia Areata

Sources

Anatomical Context for Alopecia Areata

Organs/tissues related to Alopecia Areata:

MalaCards : Skin, Breast, T Cells, Brain, Prostate, Thyroid, Bone Marrow

Sources

Publications for Alopecia Areata

Articles related to Alopecia Areata:

(show top 50) (show all 5090)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Immunopathogenesis of folliculitis decalvans: clues in early lesions. ⁵³ ⁶²	Chiarini C...Fabbri P	18794044	2008
2	[Regulatory effect of procyanidins on the expressions of interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and transcription factor T-bet mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cell of patients with alopecia areata]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zhu PC...Chen DC	19123327	2008
3	The autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE) is strongly associated with vitiligo. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tazi-Ahnini R...Gawkrodger DJ	18616774	2008
4	Genetic analysis of autoimmune regulator haplotypes in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Wengraf DA...Tazi-Ahnini R	18194361	2008
5	In vivo levels of IL-4, IL-10, TGF-beta1 and IFN-gamma mRNA of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with alopecia areata in comparison to those in patients with atopic dermatitis. ⁵³ ⁶²	Katagiri K...Hatano Y	17021766	2007
6	Investigation of the p.Ser278Arg polymorphism of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Pforr J...Betz RC	16774540	2006
7	[Interferon-gamma and neopterin in alopecia areata]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lortkipanidze NT...Kamkamidze GK	16052058	2005
8	[Alopecia areata universalis and disseminated mollusca contagiosa in atopic dermatitis. Hair re-growth during treatment with interferon gamma--therapeutic effect or coincidence?]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hein U...Volc-Platzer B	15892847	2005
9	Cetirizine and allopurinol as novel weapons against cellular autoimmune disorders. ⁵³ ⁶²	Namazi MR	15037212	2004
10	The beneficial and detrimental effects of linoleic acid on autoimmune disorders. ⁵³ ⁶²	Namazi MR	15115315	2004
11	Interferon-gamma in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Arca E...Tastan HB	14965793	2004
12	Therapy of alopecia areata: on the cusp and in the future. ⁵³ ⁶²	Price VH	14582675	2003
13	Selective expression of chemokine monokine induced by interferon-gamma in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Benoit S...Gillitzer R	14632215	2003
14	Strong expression of CD40, CD54 and HLA-DR antigen and lack of evidence for direct cellular cytotoxicity are unique immunohistopathological features in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Sato-Kawamura M...Tagami H	12624779	2003
15	Role of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in alopecia areata: strong association of a potentially functional AIRE polymorphism with alopecia universalis. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tazi-Ahnini R...Messenger AG	12542742	2002
16	Epidemiology and genetics of alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	McDonagh AJ...Tazi-Ahnini R	12190641	2002
17	Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele 2 and familial alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Barahmani N...Duvic M	11841553	2002
18	Genetic analysis of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and its homologue IL-1L1 in alopecia areata: strong severity association and possible gene interaction. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tazi-Ahnini R...Cork MJ	11841485	2002
19	Association analysis of IL1A and IL1B variants in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tazi-Ahnini R...Cork MJ	11703512	2001
20	Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bodemer C...De Prost Y	10620125	2000
21	Alopecia areata is a T-lymphocyte mediated autoimmune disease: lesional human T-lymphocytes transfer alopecia areata to human skin grafts on SCID mice. ⁵³ ⁶²	Gilhar A...Kalish RS	10674367	1999
22	Successful treatment of alopecia areata-like hair loss with the contact sensitizer squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) in C3H/HeJ mice. ⁵³ ⁶²	Freyschmidt-Paul P...Hoffmann R	10417620	1999
23	Autoimmune hair loss (alopecia areata) transferred by T lymphocytes to human scalp explants on SCID mice. ⁵³ ⁶²	Gilhar A...Kalish RS	9421466	1998
24	IFN-gamma-induced HLA-DR but not ICAM-1 expression on cultured dermal papilla cells is downregulated by TNF-alpha. ⁵³ ⁶²	Konig A...Hoffmann R	9266024	1997
25	Effects of interleukins, colony-stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor on human hair follicle growth in vitro: a possible role for interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Philpott MP...Kealey T	8977716	1996
26	Cytokines and growth factors influence hair growth in vitro. Possible implications for the pathogenesis and treatment of alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hoffmann R...Happle R	8967784	1996
27	Growth factor mRNA levels in alopecia areata before and after treatment with the contact allergen diphenylcyclopropenone. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hoffmann R...Happle R	8721483	1996
28	An allele of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a genetic severity factor in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Cork MJ...Duff GW	7738374	1995
29	Severity of alopecia areata is associated with a polymorphism in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tarlow JK...Duff GW	8077705	1994
30	HLA and ICAM-1 expression in alopecia areata in vivo and in vitro: the role of cytokines. ⁵³ ⁶²	Mcdonagh AJ...Messenger AG	7506926	1993
31	Response of grafts from patients with alopecia areata transplanted onto nude mice, to administration of interferon-gamma. ⁵³ ⁶²	Gilhar A...Eidelman S	8095867	1993
32	Aberrant intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression by hair-follicle epithelial cells and endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1) by vascular cells are important adhesion-molecule alterations in alopecia areata. ⁵³ ⁶²	Nickoloff BJ...Griffiths CE	1708803	1991
33	Hair Follicle Melanocytes Initiate Autoimmunity in Alopecia Areata: a Trigger Point. ⁶²	Xie B...Song X	36121544	2022
34	Pediatric pulse dose corticosteroid therapy dosing and administration in the treatment of alopecia areata: A review of literature. ⁶²	Gallaga NM...Ross L	36461625	2022
35	Using artificial intelligence to analyze publicly available social media posts to understand patient perspectives toward specific treatments of alopecia areata. ⁶²	Jueng J...Solomon J	36237847	2022
36	Oral tofacitinib for successful treatment of refractory alopecia areata in preschool children. ⁶²	Geng SL...Su HH	35876014	2022
37	Downregulation of pathogenic MICA-NKG2D interactions as a novel strategy in alopecia areata management: a new rationale for adjunct statin therapy? ⁶²	Gherardini J...Paus R	35841295	2022
38	Alopecia areata after severe allergic contact dermatitis to a permanent hair dye. ⁶²	Gatica-Ortega ME...Pastor-Nieto MA	35984243	2022
39	Preparation and optimization of aloe ferox gel loaded with Finasteride-Oregano oil nanocubosomes for treatment of alopecia. ⁶²	Hosny KM...Almehmady AM	35019794	2022
40	Evolving utility of apremilast in dermatological disorders for off-label indications. ⁶²	Mehta H...Dogra S	35974705	2022
41	JAK: Not Just Another Kinase. ⁶²	Agashe RP...Kurzrock R	36252553	2022
42	Treatment Patterns and Treatment Satisfaction Among Adults with Alopecia Areata in the United States. ⁶²	Fridman M...Mostaghimi A	36223027	2022
43	Alopecia Areata: Case report and review of pathophysiology and treatment with Jak inhibitors. ⁶²	Paggioli I...Moss J	36335798	2022
44	Pediatric Game Changers∗: Topical 2% tofacitinib for children with alopecia areata, alopecia totalis, and alopecia universalis. ⁶²	Cotton CH	35933066	2022
45	Refractory Alopecia Areata and Vitiligo Responding to Tofacitinib Monotherapy. ⁶²	Perche P...Pichardo R	36468955	2022
46	Epigenetic Dysregulation in Autoimmune and Inflammatory Skin Diseases. ⁶²	Gibson F...Alani RM	36346551	2022
47	Population Pharmacokinetics of Oral Brepocitinib in Healthy Volunteers and Patients. ⁶²	Hughes JH...Nicholas T	36045513	2022
48	Occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease in patients with chronic inflammatory skin diseases: a cohort study: Classification: Epidemiology. ⁶²	Schneeweiss MC...Glynn RJ	35718888	2022
49	A Practical Approach to the Treatment of Alopecia Areata. ⁶²	Dhurat R...Sharma R	36386728	2022
50	Immune-mediated diseases and subsequent risk of alopecia areata in a prospective study of US women. ⁶²	Moseley IH...Cho E	36319702	2022

Sources

Genes for Alopecia Areata

Genes related to Alopecia Areata (2 elite genes):

(show all 45)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubMed IDs
1	AA1	Alopecia Areata 1	Genetic Locus	58.38	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Gene name (show sections)
2	AA2	Alopecia Areata 2	Genetic Locus	58.38	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Gene name (show sections)
3	TRPS1	Transcriptional Repressor GATA Binding 1	Protein Coding	28.62	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
4	AIRE	Autoimmune Regulator	Protein Coding	23.09	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	18194361 16774540 12542742 (more) 18616774 12190641
5	IFNG	Interferon Gamma	Protein Coding	20.45	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	14965793 17021766 19123327 (more) 8967784 15115315 18794044 14582675 8095867 16052058 15892847 15037212 7506926 14632215
6	ICAM1	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1	Protein Coding	18.95	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	7506926 10674367 1708803 (more) 8721483 9421466 9266024 12624779
7	IL1RN	Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist	Protein Coding	17.4	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11841553 11841485 8077705
8	IL1A	Interleukin 1 Alpha	Protein Coding	16.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8977716 11703512
9	IL1R1	Interleukin 1 Receptor Type 1	Protein Coding	16.04	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11841553 11841485 7738374
10	PTPN22	Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Non-Receptor Type 22	Protein Coding	15.13	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
11	ICOSLG	Inducible T Cell Costimulator Ligand	Protein Coding	15.09	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
12	IL2	Interleukin 2	Protein Coding	14.96	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
13	TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor	Protein Coding	14.92	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
14	CTLA4	Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Associated Protein 4	Protein Coding	14.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
15	GZMB	Granzyme B	Protein Coding	14.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	10620125
16	IL17A	Interleukin 17A	Protein Coding	14.78	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
17	IL2RA	Interleukin 2 Receptor Subunit Alpha	Protein Coding	14.74	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
18	IL4	Interleukin 4	Protein Coding	14.68	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
19	ULBP3	UL16 Binding Protein 3	Protein Coding	14.62	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
20	KLRK1	Killer Cell Lectin Like Receptor K1	Protein Coding	14.5	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
21	HLA-DRB1	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DR Beta 1	Protein Coding	14.45	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
22	CXCL10	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 10	Protein Coding	14.43	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
23	IKZF4	IKAROS Family Zinc Finger 4	Protein Coding	14.28	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
24	CXCL9	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9	Protein Coding	14.27	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
25	TCHH	Trichohyalin	Protein Coding	14.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
26	IL13	Interleukin 13	Protein Coding	14.18	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
27	IL1B	Interleukin 1 Beta	Protein Coding	13.97	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
28	HLA-B	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, B	Protein Coding	13.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
29	FLG	Filaggrin	Protein Coding	13.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
30	HLA-DQB1	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Beta 1	Protein Coding	13.78	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
31	HLA-C	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, C	Protein Coding	13.76	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
32	FOXP3	Forkhead Box P3	Protein Coding	13.63	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
33	IL6	Interleukin 6	Protein Coding	13.58	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
34	TPO	Thyroid Peroxidase	Protein Coding	13.54	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
35	HLA-DQA1	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class II, DQ Alpha 1	Protein Coding	13.47	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
36	HLA-A	Major Histocompatibility Complex, Class I, A	Protein Coding	13.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
37	CXCR3	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 3	Protein Coding	13.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
38	FASLG	Fas Ligand	Protein Coding	13.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
39	IL18	Interleukin 18	Protein Coding	13.33	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
40	PRDX5	Peroxiredoxin 5	Protein Coding	13.28	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
41	KRT16	Keratin 16	Protein Coding	13.27	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
42	CLEC16A	C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 16A	Protein Coding	13.25	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
43	STX17	Syntaxin 17	Protein Coding	13.2	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
44	MIF	Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor	Protein Coding	13.18	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
45	IL36RN	Interleukin 36 Receptor Antagonist	Protein Coding	13.14	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Alopecia Areata

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Alopecia Areata:

⁵

#	Gene	Name	Type	Significance	ClinVarId	dbSNP ID	Position
1	TRPS1	NM_014112.5(TRPS1):c.2794G>A (p.Ala932Thr)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	374202	rs1057518972	GRCh37: 8:116430587-116430587 GRCh38: 8:115418359-115418359
2	overlap with 9 genes	GRCh37/hg19 18p11.32-11.31(chr18:1345040-3479168)	CN LOSS	Uncertain Significance	523239		GRCh37: 18:1345040-3479168 GRCh38:

Sources

Expression for Alopecia Areata

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Alopecia Areata.

Sources

Pathways for Alopecia Areata

Pathways related to Alopecia Areata according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 59)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Innate Immune System ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Immune System ⁶⁶ Neutrophil degranulation ⁶⁶	13.95	ULBP3 TNF PTPN22 KLRK1 IL4 IL2RA
2	MIF Mediated Glucocorticoid Regulation ⁶⁴ Show member pathways all-trans-Retinoic Acid Signaling in Brain ⁶⁴ Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway ⁶⁴ Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling ⁶⁴ IL-6 Pathway ⁶⁴ MIF Regulation of Innate Immune Cells ⁶⁴ NFAT Signaling and Lymphocyte Interactions ⁶⁴ Overview of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators ⁷⁴ PEDF Induced Signaling ⁶⁴ PGC1Alpha Pathway ⁶⁴ RAR-Gamma-RXR-Alpha Degradation ⁶⁴ STAT3 Pathway ⁶⁴	13.65	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1RN IL1R1
3	TGF-Beta Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways JAK-STAT Pathway ⁶⁴ JNK Pathway ⁶⁴ MAPK Family Pathway ⁶⁴ Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K ⁶⁴ SOCS Pathway ⁶⁴	13.58	ICAM1 IFNG IL17A IL1A IL1R1 IL2
4	Akt Signaling ⁶⁴ Show member pathways p38 Signaling ⁶⁴ Tec Kinases Signaling ⁶⁴	13.41	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1R1 IL1A
5	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Signaling by Interleukins ⁶⁶	13.36	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1RN IL1R1
6	PAK Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways Antioxidant Action of Vitamin-C ⁶⁴ Epithelial Adherens Junctions ⁶⁴	13.33	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1R1
7	Overview of interferons-mediated signaling pathway ⁷⁴ Show member pathways all-trans-Retinoic Acid Mediated Apoptosis ⁶⁴ Cytokine Network ⁶⁴ Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway ²² Interferon alpha/beta signaling ⁶⁶ Jak/STAT Signaling Pathway ⁶⁵ Regulation of IFNA/IFNB signaling ⁶⁶ Type III interferon signaling ⁷⁴	12.69	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1A IL17A
8	Bacterial infections in CF airways ²² Show member pathways Altered glycosylation of MUC1 in tumor microenvironment ⁷⁴ IL-1 beta-dependent CFTR expression ²² IL1-mediated signaling events ⁶¹ Immune response Bacterial infections in normal airways ²² Immune response TLR signaling pathways ²² NTHi-Induced Signaling ⁶⁴ Signal transduction through IL1R ⁷⁴	12.5	TNF IL4 IL1RN IL1R1 IL1A IFNG
9	Interleukin-1 family signaling ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Interleukin-1 signaling ⁶⁶ Interleukin-18 signaling ⁶⁶ Interleukin-38 signaling ⁶⁶	12.47	IL4 IL1RN IL1R1 IL1A
10	NF-kappaB Pathway ⁷⁰ Show member pathways Akt Pathway ⁷⁰ Apoptosis Pathway ⁷⁰	12.43	IL2RA IL2 IL1R1 IL1A
11	NF-kappaB Signaling ³	12.37	TNF PTPN22 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1RN
12	Toll Comparative Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways IL-1 Pathway ⁶⁴ Immune response MIF in innate immunity response ²² iNOS Signaling ⁶⁴ TLR-TRIF Pathway ⁶⁴	12.32	TNF IL1R1 IL1A IFNG
13	CD28 Signaling in T-Helper Cell ⁶⁴ Show member pathways ICos-ICosL Pathway in T-Helper Cell ⁶⁴	12.28	IL2RA IL2 ICOSLG CTLA4
14	Immune response CD16 signaling in NK cells ²² Show member pathways Immune response Role of DAP12 receptors in NK cells ²²	12.22	TNF IL4 IL2 IFNG
15	T-cell activation SARS-CoV-2 ⁷⁴ Show member pathways T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) pathway during Staphylococcus aureus infection ⁷⁴	12.22	TNF IL4 IL2 IL17A IFNG CTLA4
16	Neuroinflammation and glutamatergic signaling ⁷⁴	12.18	TNF IL4 IL1R1 IL1A IFNG
17	MAPK Pathway ⁷⁰ Show member pathways Toll-like Receptor Pathway ⁷⁰	12.07	IL2RA IL2 IL1R1 IL1A
18	IL2 signaling events mediated by STAT5 ⁶¹ Show member pathways IL2 signaling events mediated by PI3K ⁶¹ IL2-mediated signaling events ⁶¹ Interleukin-2 signaling ⁶⁶	12.07	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
19	Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling ⁶⁶	12.05	ICAM1 IL17A IL1A IL4 TNF
20	Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-specific Markers ⁶⁵	12.04	TNF KLRK1 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
21	IL12-mediated signaling events ⁶¹ Show member pathways Immune response IL-12-induced IFN-gamma production ²²	12	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1R1 IFNG GZMB
22	IL27-mediated signaling events ⁶¹ Show member pathways IL12 signaling pathway ⁶⁷ Th1 Differentiation ⁶⁵	11.97	TNF IL2 IL17A IFNG
23	Th17 Differentiation ⁶⁵ Show member pathways IL-21 Signaling and its Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types ⁶⁵	11.96	IL4 IL1R1 IL17A IFNG GZMB
24	Spinal cord injury ⁷⁴	11.86	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1R1 IL1A IFNG
25	Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network ⁶¹	11.84	ICAM1 IFNG IL2 IL4
26	Extrafollicular B cell activation by SARS-CoV-2 ⁷⁴	11.83	TNF IL4 IL2 IFNG ICOSLG
27	Th17 cell differentiation pathway ⁷⁴	11.8	IFNG IL17A IL2 IL2RA IL4
28	Dendritic Cells Developmental Lineage Pathway ⁶⁵	11.76	TNF IL2 IFNG
29	miRNAs involvement in the immune response in sepsis ⁷⁴	11.74	TNF IL1A ICAM1 GZMB
30	Photodynamic therapy-induced NF-kB survival signaling ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Immune response MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation ²²	11.74	TNF IL2 IL1A IFNG ICAM1
31	AP-1 transcription factor network ⁶¹	11.73	IL4 IL2 IFNG
32	Inflammatory bowel disease signaling ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Ulcerative colitis signaling ⁷⁴	11.71	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IFNG
33	THC Differentiation Pathway ⁶⁴	11.63	TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
34	SHP2 signaling ⁶¹	11.62	IFNG IL2 IL2RA
35	Calcineurin-regulated NFAT-dependent transcription in lymphocytes ⁶¹ Show member pathways Calcium signaling in the CD4+ TCR pathway ⁶¹	11.62	CTLA4 IFNG IL2 IL2RA IL4 TNF
36	Transcription_NF-kB signaling pathway ²²	11.61	IL1A IL1R1 TNF
37	Th2 Differentiation ⁶⁵	11.6	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
38	Netrin-UNC5B signaling pathway ⁷⁴	11.59	TNF IL1A ICAM1
39	Interleukin-10 signaling ⁶⁶	11.58	ICAM1 IL1A IL1R1 IL1RN TNF
40	Interactions between immune cells and microRNAs in tumor microenvironment ⁷⁴	11.56	IL4 IL2RA CTLA4
41	Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis ²²	11.52	TNF IL1A IFNG
42	Innate Lymphoid Cells Differentiation ⁶⁵	11.51	TNF KLRK1 IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1R1
43	Inflammatory response pathway ⁷⁴	11.43	IL4 IL2RA IL2 IFNG
44	Development and heterogeneity of the ILC family ⁷⁴	11.41	TNF IL4 IL17A IFNG
45	IL-15 Signaling and its Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types ⁶⁵ Show member pathways IL-2 Signaling and its Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types ⁶⁵	11.39	TNF IL2RA IL2 IFNG GZMB
46	Interactions of natural killer cells in pancreatic cancer ⁷⁴	11.32	TNF KLRK1 IFNG GZMB
47	Prostaglandin signaling ⁷⁴	11.31	TNF IL1A IL17A
48	IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4 ⁶¹	11.29	IL2RA IL2 IFNG
49	OX40 Pathway ⁶⁴	11.27	IL4 IL2 IFNG
50	Cytokines and inflammatory response ⁷⁴	11.26	TNF IL4 IL2 IL1A IFNG

Sources

GO Terms for Alopecia Areata

Cellular components related to Alopecia Areata according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	external side of plasma membrane	GO:0009897	9.58	ULBP3 TNF KLRK1 IL2RA IL1R1 IL17A

Biological processes related to Alopecia Areata according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 25)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	adaptive immune response	GO:0002250	10.36	KLRK1 IL2 IL17A IFNG ICOSLG CTLA4
2	inflammatory response	GO:0006954	10.34	TNF IL2RA IL1RN IL1R1 IL1A IL17A
3	positive regulation of interleukin-6 production	GO:0032755	10.15	IFNG IL17A IL1A TNF
4	positive regulation of chemokine production	GO:0032722	10.08	TNF IFNG AIRE
5	positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	GO:0045429	10.07	IFNG KLRK1 TNF
6	extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in absence of ligand	GO:0097192	10.04	IL1A IL2 IL4
7	positive regulation of T cell differentiation	GO:0045582	9.97	IL4 IL2RA IL2
8	positive regulation of activated T cell proliferation	GO:0042104	9.97	ICOSLG IL2 IL2RA
9	natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity	GO:0042267	9.95	GZMB KLRK1 ULBP3
10	microglial cell activation	GO:0001774	9.93	TNF IL4 IFNG
11	positive regulation of interleukin-23 production	GO:0032747	9.92	IL17A IFNG
12	neuroinflammatory response	GO:0150076	9.92	IL4 IFNG
13	natural killer cell activation	GO:0030101	9.91	ULBP3 KLRK1 IL2
14	positive regulation of mononuclear cell migration	GO:0071677	9.9	TNF IL4
15	positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation	GO:0045672	9.88	TNF IL17A IFNG
16	positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	GO:0042531	9.86	IFNG IL2 IL4 TNF
17	positive regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity	GO:0060559	9.84	TNF IFNG
18	positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process	GO:0051173	9.83	TNF IFNG
19	regulation of T cell homeostatic proliferation	GO:0046013	9.81	IL2RA IL2
20	negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation	GO:0050672	9.79	IL2RA IL2
21	immune system process	GO:0002376	9.76	ULBP3 PTPN22 KLRK1 IL2RA IL2 IL17A
22	regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	GO:2000561	9.67	IL2RA IL2
23	positive regulation of type II interferon production	GO:0032729	9.65	IL1R1 IL2 KLRK1 PTPN22 TNF
24	immune response	GO:0006955	9.64	ULBP3 TNF IL4 IL2RA IL2 IL1RN
25	positive regulation of vitamin D biosynthetic process	GO:0060557	9.62	TNF IFNG