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AD
MCID: ALZ034
MIFTS: 87

Alzheimer Disease (AD)

Categories: Cardiovascular diseases, Genetic diseases, Mental diseases, Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Variations Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

MalaCards integrated aliases for Alzheimer Disease:

Name: Alzheimer Disease 57 12 25 20 43 73 36 29 6 44 37 39 32
Alzheimer's Disease 12 74 43 53 42 3 15 62 17 71
Presenile and Senile Dementia 57 43 73
Ad 57 43 73
Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset, Susceptibility to 57 6
Alzheimer Disease, Susceptibility to 57 6
Alzheimer Disease 1, Familial 57 13
Familial Alzheimer Disease 43 71
Alzheimer Disease, Early-Onset, with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 6
Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy 73
Primary Senile Degenerative Dementia 43
Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease 73
Dementia Due to Alzheimer's Disease 71
Alzheimer's Disease Pathway Kegg 71
Alzheimer Disease, Familial, 1 6
Alzheimer Disease, Late-Onset 57
Late-Onset Alzheimers Disease 17
Alzheimer Disease Type 1 71
Alzheimer-Type Dementia 43
Alzheimers Dementia 12
Alzheimer Disease 1 73
Alzheimer Sclerosis 43
Alzheimer Dementia 43
Alzheimer Syndrome 43
Alzheimers Disease 54
Sdat 43
Ad1 73
Dat 43

Characteristics:

OMIM®:

57 (Updated 05-Mar-2021)
Inheritance:
autosomal dominant

Miscellaneous:
genetic heterogeneity


HPO:

31
alzheimer disease:
Inheritance autosomal dominant inheritance heterogeneous


Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Genetic diseases Rare diseases
Anatomical: Mental diseases Neuronal diseases Cardiovascular diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 32


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:10652
OMIM® 57 104300
KEGG 36 H00056
ICD9CM 34 331.0
MeSH 44 D000544
NCIt 50 C2866
SNOMED-CT 67 73768007
UMLS 71 C0002395 C0276496 C1521724 more
Sources

Summaries for Alzheimer Disease

About this section
MedlinePlus Genetics : 43 Alzheimer disease is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. This disorder usually appears in people older than age 65, but less common forms of the disease appear earlier in adulthood.Memory loss is the most common sign of Alzheimer disease. Forgetfulness may be subtle at first, but the loss of memory worsens over time until it interferes with most aspects of daily living. Even in familiar settings, a person with Alzheimer disease may get lost or become confused. Routine tasks such as preparing meals, doing laundry, and performing other household chores can be challenging. Additionally, it may become difficult to recognize people and name objects. Affected people increasingly require help with dressing, eating, and personal care.As the disorder progresses, some people with Alzheimer disease experience personality and behavioral changes and have trouble interacting in a socially appropriate manner. Other common symptoms include agitation, restlessness, withdrawal, and loss of language skills. People with this disease usually require total care during the advanced stages of the disease.Affected individuals usually survive 8 to 10 years after the appearance of symptoms, but the course of the disease can range from 1 to 25 years. Survival is usually shorter in individuals diagnosed after age 80 than in those diagnosed at a younger age. Death usually results from pneumonia, malnutrition, or general body wasting (inanition).Alzheimer disease can be classified as early-onset or late-onset. The signs and symptoms of the early-onset form appear between a person's thirties and mid-sixties, while the late-onset form appears during or after a person's mid-sixties. The early-onset form is much less common than the late-onset form, accounting for less than 10 percent of all cases of Alzheimer disease.

MalaCards based summary : Alzheimer Disease, also known as alzheimer's disease, is related to early-onset, autosomal dominant alzheimer disease and alzheimer disease 3, and has symptoms including seizures, tremor and myoclonus. An important gene associated with Alzheimer Disease is APP (Amyloid Beta Precursor Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Alzheimer disease and Alzheimers Disease. The drugs Sodium citrate and Levodopa have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Brain, and related phenotypes are dementia and parkinsonism

Disease Ontology : 12 A tauopathy that is characterized by memory lapses, confusion, emotional instability and progressive loss of mental ability and results in progressive memory loss, impaired thinking, disorientation, and changes in personality and mood starting and leads in advanced cases to a profound decline in cognitive and physical functioning and is marked histologically by the degeneration of brain neurons especially in the cerebral cortex and by the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and plaques containing beta-amyloid.

GARD : 20 Alzheimer disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the brain that causes gradual loss of memory, judgment, and the ability to function socially. Alzheimer disease currently affects about 5 million people. About 75 percent of Alzheimer disease cases are classified as sporadic, which means they occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. Although the cause of these cases is unknown, genetic changes are likely to play a role. Virtually all sporadic cases of Alzheimer disease begin after age 65, and the risk of developing this condition increases as a person gets older. AD can be subdivided into two groups based on the age of onset: (1) Early-onset (1%-6% of the cases) which start in people younger than 60- 65 years of age (2) Late-onset, which starts in people older than 65 years old. In about 25% of cases, AD is familial (2 or more people in a family have AD). For more information, please visit GARD's familial Alzheimer disease Web page.

OMIM® : 57 Alzheimer disease is the most common form of progressive dementia in the elderly. It is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the neuropathologic findings of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and extracellular amyloid plaques that accumulate in vulnerable brain regions (Sennvik et al., 2000). Terry and Davies (1980) pointed out that the 'presenile' form, with onset before age 65, is identical to the most common form of late-onset or 'senile' dementia, and suggested the term 'senile dementia of the Alzheimer type' (SDAT). Haines (1991) reviewed the genetics of AD. Selkoe (1996) reviewed the pathophysiology, chromosomal loci, and pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer disease. Theuns and Van Broeckhoven (2000) reviewed the transcriptional regulation of the genes involved in Alzheimer disease. (104300) (Updated 05-Mar-2021)

MedlinePlus : 42 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia among older people. Dementia is a brain disorder that seriously affects a person's ability to carry out daily activities. AD begins slowly. It first involves the parts of the brain that control thought, memory and language. People with AD may have trouble remembering things that happened recently or names of people they know. A related problem, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), causes more memory problems than normal for people of the same age. Many, but not all, people with MCI will develop AD. In AD, over time, symptoms get worse. People may not recognize family members. They may have trouble speaking, reading or writing. They may forget how to brush their teeth or comb their hair. Later on, they may become anxious or aggressive, or wander away from home. Eventually, they need total care. This can cause great stress for family members who must care for them. AD usually begins after age 60. The risk goes up as you get older. Your risk is also higher if a family member has had the disease. No treatment can stop the disease. However, some drugs may help keep symptoms from getting worse for a limited time. NIH: National Institute on Aging

CDC : 3 The most common type of dementia. A progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment. Involves parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Can seriously affect a person's ability to carry out daily activities. Although scientists are learning more every day, right now, they still do not know what causes Alzheimer's disease.

NINDS : 53 Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related, non-reversible brain disorder that develops over a period of years. Initially, people experience memory loss and confusion, which may be mistaken for the kinds of memory changes that are sometimes associated with normal aging. However, the symptoms of AD gradually lead to behavior and personality changes, a decline in cognitive abilities such as decision-making and language skills, and problems recognizing family and friends. AD ultimately leads to a severe loss of mental function. These losses are related to the worsening breakdown of the connections between certain neurons in the brain and their eventual death. AD is one of a group of disorders called dementias that are characterized by cognitive and behavioral problems. It is the most common cause of dementia among people age 65 and older. There are three major hallmarks in the brain that are associated with the disease processes of AD. Amyloid plaques, which are made up of fragments of a protein called beta-amyloid peptide mixed with a collection of additional proteins, remnants of neurons, and bits and pieces of other nerve cells. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), found inside neurons, are abnormal collections of a protein called tau. Normal tau is required for healthy neurons. However, in AD, tau clumps together. As a result, neurons fail to function normally and eventually die. Loss of connections between neurons responsible for memory and learning. Neurons can't survive when they lose their connections to other neurons. As neurons die throughout the brain, the affected regions begin to atrophy, or shrink. By the final stage of AD, damage is widespread and brain tissue has shrunk significantly.

KEGG : 36 Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic disorder that slowly destroys neurons and causes serious cognitive disability. AD is associated with senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Amyloid-beta (Abeta), a major component of senile plaques, has various pathological effects on cell and organelle function. To date genetic studies have revealed four genes that may be linked to autosomal dominant or familial early onset AD (FAD). These four genes include: amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), presenilin 2 (PS2) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). All mutations associated with APP and PS proteins can lead to an increase in the production of Abeta peptides, specfically the more amyloidogenic form, Abeta42. It was proposed that Abeta form Ca2+ permeable pores and bind to and modulate multiple synaptic proteins, including NMDAR, mGluR5 and VGCC, leading to the overfilling of neurons with calcium ions. Consequently, cellular Ca2+ disruptions will lead to neuronal apoptosis, autophagy deficits, mitochondrial abnormality, defective neurotransmission, impaired synaptic plasticity and neurodegeneration in AD. FAD-linked PS1 mutation downregulates the unfolded protein response and leads to vulnerability to ER stress.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot : 73 Alzheimer disease: Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituents of these plaques are neurotoxic amyloid-beta protein 40 and amyloid-beta protein 42, that are produced by the proteolysis of the transmembrane APP protein. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products, such as C31, are also implicated in neuronal death.
Alzheimer disease 1: A familial early-onset form of Alzheimer disease. It can be associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia, loss of cognitive abilities, and deposition of fibrillar amyloid proteins as intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles, extracellular amyloid plaques and vascular amyloid deposits. The major constituents of these plaques are neurotoxic amyloid-beta protein 40 and amyloid-beta protein 42, that are produced by the proteolysis of the transmembrane APP protein. The cytotoxic C-terminal fragments (CTFs) and the caspase-cleaved products, such as C31, are also implicated in neuronal death.

PubMed Health : 62 About alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. It takes its name from the psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer, who in the early twentieth century was the first person to describe the disease. Over time, people who have Alzheimer’s lose their memory and ability to concentrate. Orientation in space and time become increasingly difficult, and it is also harder for them to manage on their own in everyday life. Those affected need more support as the disease progresses. The course of Alzheimer’s can be positively influenced by a number of different medications and non-drug treatments – but it is not possible to cure the disease or to keep it from progressing. This makes it even more critical for people with Alzheimer’s to receive good care and support: They need loving and stable relationships and a tolerant environment. Many family members need help and assistance too. There are other possible causes of dementia besides Alzheimer’s disease. These include problems with the flow of blood in the brain (vascular dementia). Some people – particularly older people – have both Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Medical conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, brain injuries or tumors can also cause dementia. Long-term heavy alcohol consumption may lead to dementia too. There are similarities, but also differences, between the different forms of dementia: The symptoms, the course the disease takes, and the treatment options can all vary. This overview is only about Alzheimer’s.

Wikipedia : 74 Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a neurodegenerative disease that... more...

GeneReviews: NBK1161
Sources

Related Diseases for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

Diseases in the Alzheimer Disease family:

Alzheimer Disease 2 Alzheimer Disease 16
Alzheimer Disease 5 Alzheimer Disease 15
Alzheimer Disease 6 Alzheimer Disease 7
Alzheimer Disease 4 Alzheimer Disease 8
Alzheimer Disease 3 Alzheimer Disease 9
Alzheimer Disease 10 Alzheimer Disease 11
Alzheimer Disease 12 Alzheimer Disease 13
Alzheimer Disease 14 Alzheimer Disease 17
Alzheimer Disease 18 Alzheimer Disease 19
Alzheimer's Disease 1 Early-Onset, Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer Disease

Diseases related to Alzheimer Disease via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 1109)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 early-onset, autosomal dominant alzheimer disease 34.1 PSEN1 MT-ND1 HFE-AS1 HFE APP ADAMTS1
2 alzheimer disease 3 34.0 PSEN1 BACE1 APP
3 alzheimer disease 2 33.5 PSEN1 APP
4 dementia, lewy body 33.1 PSEN1 BACE1 APP
5 supranuclear palsy, progressive, 1 32.9 PSEN1 BACE1 APP
6 cerebral amyloid angiopathy, app-related 32.7 PSEN1 BACE1 APP ADAMTS1
7 mild cognitive impairment 32.6 BACE1 APP
8 vascular dementia 32.4 PSEN1 BACE1 APP
9 cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cst3-related 32.2 PSEN1 BACE1 APP ADAMTS1
10 nervous system disease 31.7 PSEN1 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A MIR106B
11 peripheral nervous system disease 31.7 PSEN1 MT-ND1 MIR34A MIR146A HFE BACE1
12 central nervous system disease 31.6 PSEN1 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A MIR106B
13 disease of mental health 31.4 PSEN1 NOS3 MPO MIR34A MIR29A MIR146A
14 pick disease of brain 31.3 PSEN1 BACE1 APP
15 myocardial infarction 31.2 NOS3 MPO MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR146A HFE
16 lipoprotein quantitative trait locus 31.1 NOS3 MPO MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR146A
17 arteries, anomalies of 31.1 NOS3 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR146A MIR106B
18 microvascular complications of diabetes 7 30.9 HFE-AS1 HFE
19 leukemia, acute myeloid 30.7 MPO MIR34A MIR328 MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A
20 cardiovascular system disease 30.7 NOS3 MPO MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR146A
21 transferrin serum level quantitative trait locus 2 30.5 HFE-AS1 HFE
22 glucose metabolism disease 30.5 NOS3 MIR29A MIR146A MIR106B
23 acute myocardial infarction 30.5 MIR34A MIR29A MIR146A HFE
24 leukemia, chronic lymphocytic 30.4 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A MIR107 MIR106B
25 gastrointestinal system disease 30.4 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A MIR106B
26 intestinal disease 30.3 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A MIR106B
27 hematologic cancer 30.2 MIR34A MIR29B1 MIR29A MIR146A
28 alzheimer disease 4 11.7
29 alzheimer disease 18 11.7
30 alzheimer disease 19 11.7
31 alzheimer disease 9 11.7
32 alzheimer disease 6 11.7
33 alzheimer disease mitochondrial 11.5
34 alzheimer disease 5 11.5
35 alzheimer disease 10 11.5
36 alzheimer disease 7 11.5
37 alzheimer disease 8 11.4
38 alzheimer disease 11 11.4
39 alzheimer disease 12 11.4
40 alzheimer disease 14 11.4
41 alzheimer disease 17 11.4
42 alzheimer disease 13 11.4
43 alzheimer's disease 1 11.4
44 down syndrome 11.4
45 alzheimer disease 15 11.3
46 alzheimer disease 16 11.2
47 parkinson disease, late-onset 11.2
48 posterior cortical atrophy 11.1
49 frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tdp43 inclusions, grn-related 11.1
50 alzheimer disease, familial early-onset, with coexisting amyloid and prion pathology 11.0

Comorbidity relations with Alzheimer Disease via Phenotypic Disease Network (PDN): (show top 50) (show all 52)


Active Peptic Ulcer Disease Acute Conjunctivitis
Acute Cystitis Acute Kidney Failure
Amnestic Disorder Bronchitis
Bronchopneumonia Cerebral Atherosclerosis
Cerebral Degeneration Cerebrovascular Disease
Communicating Hydrocephalus Conduct Disorder
Conjunctivitis Cystitis
Decubitus Ulcer Deficiency Anemia
Delusional Disorder Dental Caries
Dermatomycosis Encephalopathy
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia Generalized Atherosclerosis
Heart Disease Hypoglycemia
Hypothyroidism Intermittent Explosive Disorder
Iron Deficiency Anemia Kidney Disease
Kohlschutter-Tonz Syndrome Latent Syphilis
Major Depressive Disorder Marasmus
Neurogenic Bladder Nutritional Deficiency Disease
Obstructive Hydrocephalus Ocular Motor Apraxia
Oral Candidiasis Osteoporosis
Paralytic Ileus Paranoid Schizophrenia
Parkinson Disease, Late-Onset Pernicious Anemia
Personality Disorder Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Pyelonephritis Scabies
Schizophrenia Schizophreniform Disorder
Status Epilepticus Swallowing Disorders

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Alzheimer Disease:



Diseases related to Alzheimer Disease
Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

Human phenotypes related to Alzheimer Disease:

31 (show all 7)
# Description HPO Frequency HPO Source Accession
1 dementia 31 HP:0000726
2 parkinsonism 31 HP:0001300
3 neurofibrillary tangles 31 HP:0002185
4 senile plaques 31 HP:0100256
5 alzheimer disease 31 HP:0002511
6 long-tract signs 31 HP:0002423
7 decreased level of gaba in serum 31 HP:0410054

Symptoms via clinical synopsis from OMIM®:

57 (Updated 05-Mar-2021)
Neurologic Central Nervous System:
parkinsonism
presenile and senile dementia
long tract signs
neurofibrillary tangles composed of disordered microtubules

Clinical features from OMIM®:

104300 (Updated 05-Mar-2021)

UMLS symptoms related to Alzheimer Disease:


seizures, tremor, myoclonus, back pain, angina pectoris, headache, syncope, pain, chronic pain, sciatica, vertigo/dizziness, equilibration disorder, sleeplessness
Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

PubMed Health treatment related to Alzheimer Disease: 62

People who have Alzheimer’s need long-term help and treatment . Depending on their needs, their life situation and the stage of disease, a whole team of people may be involved in providing care. These could include trained doctors, psychologists, nurses and social workers, as well as volunteers. Both treatment with medications and non-drug interventions aim to increase quality of life, keep the ability to do everyday tasks and stay independent for as long as possible, reduce mental health problems, and help family members to cope better. The most common medications used to treat Alzheimer’s disease include cholinesterase inhibitors , memantine and extracts from the leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree. Examples of non-drug treatments include memory and orientation training, doing everyday activities as a group, or art therapy , aromatherapy , and animal-assisted or music therapy. Physical activities and massages can help too. Caregiver training for family members is important too.

Drugs for Alzheimer Disease (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 533)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Sodium citrate Approved, Investigational Phase 4 68-04-2
2
Levodopa Approved Phase 4 59-92-7 6047
3
Racepinephrine Approved Phase 4 329-65-7 838
4
Formaldehyde Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 50-00-0 712
5
Epinephrine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 51-43-4 5816
6
Cilostazol Approved, Investigational Phase 4 73963-72-1 2754
7
Citalopram Approved Phase 4 59729-33-8 2771
8
Nicotine Approved Phase 4 54-11-5 942 89594
9
Olanzapine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 132539-06-1 4585 135398745
10
Risperidone Approved, Investigational Phase 4 106266-06-2 5073
11
Simvastatin Approved Phase 4 79902-63-9 54454
12
Atropine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 5908-99-6, 51-55-8 174174
13
Haloperidol Approved Phase 4 52-86-8 3559
14
Sertraline Approved Phase 4 79617-96-2 68617
15
Carvedilol Approved, Investigational Phase 4 72956-09-3 2585
16
Acetaminophen Approved Phase 4 103-90-2 1983
17
Ibuprofen Approved Phase 4 15687-27-1 3672
18
Dextroamphetamine Approved, Illicit Phase 4 51-64-9 5826
19
Aripiprazole Approved, Investigational Phase 4 129722-12-9 60795
20
Hydrocodone Approved, Illicit, Investigational Phase 4 125-29-1 5284569
21
Pravastatin Approved Phase 4 81093-37-0 54687
22
Ramipril Approved Phase 4 87333-19-5 5362129
23
Memantine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 19982-08-2 4054
24
Lithium carbonate Approved Phase 4 554-13-2
25
Gabapentin Approved, Investigational Phase 4 60142-96-3 3446
26
Rivastigmine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 123441-03-2 77991
27
Huperzine A Approved, Experimental Phase 4 102518-79-6
28
Spironolactone Approved Phase 4 1952-01-7, 52-01-7 5833
29
Galantamine Approved Phase 4 357-70-0 9651
30
Benzocaine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 1994-09-7, 94-09-7 2337
31
tannic acid Approved Phase 4 1401-55-4
32
Guaifenesin Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved Phase 4 93-14-1 3516
33
Dextromethorphan Approved Phase 4 125-71-3 5360696 5362449
34
Quinidine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 56-54-2 441074
35
Sodium oxybate Approved Phase 4 502-85-2 5360545
36
Modafinil Approved, Investigational Phase 4 68693-11-8 4236
37
Amisulpride Approved, Investigational Phase 4 71675-85-9, 53583-79-2 2159
38
Citric acid Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved Phase 4 77-92-9 311
39
Choline Approved, Nutraceutical Phase 4 62-49-7 305
40
Vitamin A Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved Phase 4 68-26-8, 11103-57-4 445354
41 Tandospirone Investigational Phase 4 87760-53-0
42
Corticosterone Experimental Phase 4 50-22-6 5753
43 Fallypride Investigational Phase 4 166173-78-0
44 Pharmaceutical Solutions Phase 4
45 Citrate Phase 4
46 Epinephryl borate Phase 4
47 Gastrointestinal Agents Phase 4
48 Dopamine Antagonists Phase 4
49 Antiemetics Phase 4
50 Respiratory System Agents Phase 4

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 2353)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 Exploratory Study to Assess the Efficacy of Escitalopram Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Depressive Syndrome in Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Mixed Vascular and Alzheimer's Dementia Unknown status NCT00229333 Phase 4 Escitalopram
2 A Based on PEEG and PET Study of Anxiolytic Treatment to Improve Cognitive Function in Patients With Alzheimer Disease Unknown status NCT03151382 Phase 4 Tandospirone Citrate;Donepezil Hydrochloride
3 A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Acetyl-L-carnitine in Patient With Alzheimer's Disease Unknown status NCT02955706 Phase 4 Acetyl-L-Carnitine;Placebo of Acetyl-L-Carnitine
4 Open Label Trial of Rivastigmine Patch in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Stage Alzheimer's Disease Having Coexisting Small Vessel Cerebrovascular Disease Unknown status NCT02444637 Phase 4 Rivastigmine
5 Memantine Treatment in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Stratified With Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) Symptoms and Cognitive Severity: A Multi-center, Open-label, Parallel-group and Prospective Clinical Study Unknown status NCT03168997 Phase 4 Memantine Hydrochloride
6 A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Prospective Study to Estimate the add-on Effects of Memantine as Ebixa Oral Pump on Language in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease Patients Already Receiving Donepezil. Unknown status NCT01849042 Phase 4 Ebixa;donepezil
7 Donepezil and Memantine in Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease Unknown status NCT00866060 Phase 4 Memantine;Donepezil;Placebo donepezil;Placebo memantine
8 Diffusion Tensor Weighted MRI in Alzheimer's Disease: Prediction and Mapping of Symptomatic and Disease Modifying Treatment Effects of Galantamine (Reminyl®) Unknown status NCT00523666 Phase 4 Galantamine (Reminyl®);Placebo/Galantamine (Reminyl®)
9 Effect of the Stage Specific Cognitive Intervention Program on Functional Cortical Activation in Alzheimer's Disease Unknown status NCT01329601 Phase 4
10 A Clinical Trial for an Evaluation of Choline Alfoscerate and Donepezil for Cognitive Improvements of Patients With Cerebrovascular Injury in Alzheimer Patients Unknown status NCT02648906 Phase 4 Choline alfoscerate;Placebo
11 A Randomised Placebo Controlled Trial of a Cholinesterase Inhibitor in the Management of Agitation in Dementia That is Unresponsive to a Psychological Intervention Unknown status NCT00142324 Phase 4 Donepezil
12 Dopaminergic Enhancement of Learning and Memory (LL_001, Project on Dementia/MCI) Unknown status NCT00306124 Phase 4 Levodopa
13 Phase IV Study of General Clinical Research Center Of the Jinan Mental Hospital(TAIWAN) Unknown status NCT00626613 Phase 4 Risperdal,reminyl
14 Study of Nasal Brushing Collected OLFActory MUcosa Samples in the Diagnosis of Human Encephalopathies Unknown status NCT02951559 Phase 4
15 Cilostazol Augmentation Study In Dementia (CASID): A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Pilot Study to Compare the Efficacy Between Donepezil Monotherapy and Cilostazol Augmentation Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease Patients With Subcortical White Matter Hyperintensities Completed NCT01409564 Phase 4 Cilostazol;Placebo
16 Methylphenidate for Apathy in Alzheimer's Dementia: A Controlled Study Completed NCT00495820 Phase 4 Methylphenidate
17 A 24-week, Open-label, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Rivastigmine Patch With 1-step Titration in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (MMSE 10 - 23) Switched Directly From Holinesterase Inhibitors (Donepezil, Galantamine) Completed NCT02703636 Phase 4 Rivastigmine Patch
18 Olfactory Deficits in Mild Cognitive Impairment as a Predictor of Improved Cognition on Donepezil Completed NCT01845636 Phase 4 Donepezil;Atropine
19 A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders Completed NCT01333865 Phase 4 Memantine
20 Olfactory Deficits and Donepezil Treatment in Cognitively Impaired Elderly Completed NCT01951118 Phase 4 Donepezil
21 Pilot Combination Treatment Trial of Mild Cognitive Impairment With Depression Completed NCT01658228 Phase 4 Donepezil;Placebo;Citalopram;Venlafaxine
22 Interventional, Randomised, Double-blind, Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Once Daily Versus Twice Daily Memantine Treatment in Patients With Dementia of Alzheimer's Type and MMSE Range 5 - 18 Completed NCT02553928 Phase 4 Memantine (once daily);Memantine (twice daily)
23 A 52-week, Prospective, Multi-center, Open-label Study to Assess the Tolerability of Rivastigmine Before and After Switching From Oral Formulation to Transdermal Patch in Patients With Alzheimer's Dementia in a Controlled Titration Schedule Completed NCT01585272 Phase 4 ENA713
24 Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Apathy in Alzheimer's Dementia Completed NCT02190084 Phase 4
25 Phase 4 Study of Cognitive Therapy and Donepezil in Alzheimers Disease. Completed NCT00443014 Phase 4
26 Markers of Alzheimers Disease and Cognitive Outcomes After Perioperative Care Completed NCT01993836 Phase 4 Total intravenous anesthesia with propofol;General anesthesia with isoflurane
27 The Feasibility and Reliability of Utilizing Commercially Available Quantitative Analysis Software as an Adjunct to the Clinical Qualitative Interpretation of Amyvid Brain Scans Completed NCT01946243 Phase 4 Florbetapir F18
28 Verbal Memory ERPs as Indices of Treatment Response in Alzheimer Disease Completed NCT00018278 Phase 4 Aricept;Exelon;Nicoderm Patch
29 A Single-site Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Study of the Cerebral Metabolic Effects of AC-1202 (Axona®) Treatment in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Completed NCT01122329 Phase 4
30 Antipsychotic Discontinuation in Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00417482 Phase 4 risperidone
31 An Open-label Exploratory Study With Memantine: Correlation Between Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers, and Cognition in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00551161 Phase 4 memantine
32 A Double-blind, Randomized Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effects of Galantamine and Donepezil on Sleep and Attention and Gastrointestinal (GI) Tolerance in Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Completed NCT00035204 Phase 4 galantamine
33 The Depression in Alzheimer's Disease Study (DIADS) Completed NCT00009191 Phase 4 Sertraline [Zoloft]
34 The Effect of Anticholinesterase Drugs on Sleep in Alzheimer's Disease Patients Completed NCT00480870 Phase 4 donepezil;Placebo
35 Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Monotherapy Study of Neptune Krill Oil (NKO™) in Early Stage Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00867828 Phase 4
36 A 12-Week, Multicenter, Open Label Study To Evaluate The Effectiveness And Safety Of Donepezil Hydrochloride (E2020) In Subjects With Mild To Severe Alzheimer's Disease Residing In An Assisted Living Facility Completed NCT00571064 Phase 4 Donepezil HCl
37 A 24-week, Multi-center, Open, Evaluation of the Clinical Effectiveness of the Once-daily 10 cm^2 Rivastigmine Patch Formulation in Patients With Probable Alzheimer's Disease (MMSE10-26) Completed NCT00561392 Phase 4 Rivastigmine 5 and 10 cm^2 patch
38 A Multi-center, Randomised, Open-label Study to Evaluate Convenience and Safety of Change in the Mode of Administration of Rivastigmine (From Capsules to a Transdermal Patch) in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00549601 Phase 4 Rivastigmine patch (4.6 mg/day switch to 9.5 mg/day);Rivastigmine patch (9.5 mg/day);Rivastigmine capsules (6 mg to 12 mg/day)
39 Safety and Efficacy of Donepezil in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Multi-center Single-arm Study in China Completed NCT02787746 Phase 4 Donepezil
40 A 12-Week, Multicenter, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Safety of Donepezil Hydrochloride (Aricept) in Hispanic Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00230568 Phase 4 Aricept
41 Study of the Effects of Current Drug Treatments on Levels of Certain Brain Chemicals in Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT00104442 Phase 4 Rivastigmine
42 A 24-week, Multi-center, Open-label Evaluation of Compliance and Tolerability of the Once-daily 10 cm² Rivastigmine Patch Formulation in Patients With Probable Alzheimer's Disease. Completed NCT00731224 Phase 4 Rivastigmine transdermal patch
43 16 Weeks Interventional Study on Titration and Dose/Efficacy Assessment of Exelon (Rivastigmine) in Chinese Alzheimer's Disease Patients (INSTINCT) Completed NCT01948791 Phase 4 ENA713
44 Competence Network - Dementia (BMBF) "Pharmacological and Psychosocial Treatment" (Modul E.2) Part II: The Efficacy of a Combination Regimen in Patients With Mild to Moderate Probable Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT01921972 Phase 4 Galantamine CR;Memantine;Placebo
45 A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of the Efficacy of Memantine on Functional Communication in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Completed NCT00469456 Phase 4 Memantine;placebo
46 A Prospective, 26-Week, Open-Label, Multi-Center, Single-Arm Pilot Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Rivastigmine Capsule With Add on Memantine HCl in Patients With Probable Alzheimer's Disease (MMSE 10-20) Completed NCT00305903 Phase 4 Rivastigmine, memantine
47 Alzheimer's Disease Long-term Follow-up Study (ALF Study) Completed NCT00165724 Phase 4 Donepezil Hydrochloride
48 Memantine and Comprehensive, Individualized, Patient Centered Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial Completed NCT00120874 Phase 4 Memantine
49 The Efficacy of Galantamine Treatment on Attention in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT01054976 Phase 4 Galantamine
50 Pilot Trial of Carvedilol in Alzheimer's Disease Completed NCT01354444 Phase 4 Carvedilol;Placebo

Search NIH Clinical Center for Alzheimer Disease

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 71 / NDF-RT 51 :


alpha-Tocopherol Acetate
d-alpha-Tocopheryl Acetate
Divalproex Sodium
dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate
donepezil
Donepezil hydrochloride
Galantamine
galantamine hydrobromide
rivastigmine
Rivastigmine tartrate
Selegiline
selegiline hydrochloride
Sodium Valproate
Tacrine
Tacrine Hydrochloride
Tocopherol Acetate
TOCOPHEROL,DL-ALPHA
Tocopherols
TOCOPHERYL ACID SUCCINATE
TOCOPHERYL ACID SUCCINATE,D-ALPHA
Valproic Acid
Vitamin E

Cell-based therapeutics:


LifeMap Discovery
Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database
Read about Alzheimer Disease cell therapies at LifeMap Discovery.
Stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer Disease:
NEUROSTEM-AD, human mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Embryonic/Adult Cultured Cells Related to Alzheimer Disease:
Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells PMIDs: 23293711 22015609

Cochrane evidence based reviews: alzheimer disease

Sources

Genetic Tests for Alzheimer Disease

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Genetic tests related to Alzheimer Disease:

# Genetic test Affiliating Genes
1 Alzheimer Disease 29 A2M APP HFE MPO NOS3 PLAU
Sources

Anatomical Context for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Alzheimer Disease:

40
Brain, Cortex, Endothelial, Temporal Lobe, Eye, Heart, Bone
LifeMap Discovery
Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database

Cells/anatomical compartments in embryo or adult related to Alzheimer Disease:
# Tissue Anatomical CompartmentCell Relevance
1 Brain Hippocampus Affected by disease
2 Brain Forebrain White Matter Fibrous Astrocyte Cells Affected by disease, potential therapeutic candidate
3 Blood Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells Potential therapeutic candidate
4 Brain Forebrain White Matter Myelinating Oligodendrocyte Cells Affected by disease
5 Brain Neocortex Protoplasmic Astrocyte Cells Affected by disease, potential therapeutic candidate
Sources

Publications for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

Articles related to Alzheimer Disease:

(show top 50) (show all 49399)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease: prevalence, genetic heterogeneity, and mutation spectrum. 57 6 61 54
10441572 1999
2
Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 10 promoter region polymorphisms and risk of late-onset Alzheimer disease. 57 6 61
16908746 2006
3
Towards compendia of negative genetic association studies: an example for Alzheimer disease. 6 57 61
16341549 2006
4
APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. 6 57 61
16369530 2006
5
An African American family with early-onset Alzheimer disease and an APP (T714I) mutation. 61 57 6
15668448 2005
6
A family with Alzheimer disease and strokes associated with A713T mutation of the APP gene. 61 6 57
15365148 2004
7
Increased risk for Alzheimer disease with the interaction of MPO and A2M polymorphisms. 57 6 61
15023809 2004
8
A mutation in APP protects against Alzheimer's disease and age-related cognitive decline. 6 57
22801501 2012
9
A recessive mutation in the APP gene with dominant-negative effect on amyloidogenesis. 57 6
19286555 2009
10
Synergy between the C2 allele of transferrin and the C282Y allele of the haemochromatosis gene (HFE) as risk factors for developing Alzheimer's disease. 57 6
15060098 2004
11
Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. 57 6
11735772 2001
12
A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid. 6 57
1302033 1992
13
Molecular and prospective phenotypic characterization of a pedigree with familial Alzheimer's disease and a missense mutation in codon 717 of the beta-amyloid precursor protein gene. 6 57
1520398 1992
14
A mutation in the amyloid precursor protein associated with hereditary Alzheimer's disease. 57 6
1925564 1991
15
The 717Val----Ile substitution in amyloid precursor protein is associated with familial Alzheimer's disease regardless of ethnic groups. 57 6
1908231 1991
16
Mis-sense mutation Val----Ile in exon 17 of amyloid precursor protein gene in Japanese familial Alzheimer's disease. 57 6
1678058 1991
17
Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease. 6 57
1671712 1991
18
The N141I mutation in PSEN2: implications for the quintessential case of Alzheimer disease. 54 61 57
20457965 2010
19
Implication of sex and SORL1 variants in italian patients with Alzheimer disease. 57 61 54
19822782 2009
20
Effect of a CYP2D6 polymorphism on the efficacy of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer disease. 57 54 61
19738170 2009
21
A survey of ABCA1 sequence variation confirms association with dementia. 57 61 54
19606474 2009
22
Clinical and neuropathological features of the arctic APP gene mutation causing early-onset Alzheimer disease. 6 54 61
18413473 2008
23
Alpha7 nicotinic receptor up-regulation in cholinergic basal forebrain neurons in Alzheimer disease. 54 61 57
18071042 2007
24
The neuronal sortilin-related receptor SORL1 is genetically associated with Alzheimer disease. 54 61 57
17220890 2007
25
Genetic association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase and Alzheimer disease. 61 54 6
16813604 2006
26
Association study of the A2M and LRP1 Genes with Alzheimer disease in the Han Chinese. 57 61 54
16040006 2005
27
Correlation of cerebrospinal fluid levels of tau protein phosphorylated at threonine 231 with rates of hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer disease. 61 54 57
15883264 2005
28
Genetic variants of ABCA1 modify Alzheimer disease risk and quantitative traits related to beta-amyloid metabolism. 57 61 54
15024730 2004
29
Glutathione S-transferase omega-1 modifies age-at-onset of Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. 61 57 54
14570706 2003
30
Increased brain beta-amyloid load, phosphorylated tau, and risk of Alzheimer disease associated with an intronic CYP46 polymorphism. 61 57 54
12533085 2003
31
The presenilin 2 mutation (N141I) linked to familial Alzheimer disease (Volga German families) increases the secretion of amyloid beta protein ending at the 42nd (or 43rd) residue. 57 61 54
9050898 1997
32
APP717, APP693, and PRIP gene mutations are rare in Alzheimer disease. 61 54 6
1679288 1991
33
Functional aspects of meningeal lymphatics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. 57 61
30046111 2018
34
Microglia-derived ASC specks cross-seed amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease. 61 57
29293211 2017
35
A Becn1 mutation mediates hyperactive autophagic sequestration of amyloid oligomers and improved cognition in Alzheimer's disease. 57 61
28806762 2017
36
Structural variation in amyloid-β fibrils from Alzheimer's disease clinical subtypes. 61 57
28052060 2017
37
A novel Aβ-fibrinogen interaction inhibitor rescues altered thrombosis and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease mice. 57 61
24821909 2014
38
Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer's disease. 57 61
24162737 2013
39
Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. 57 61
22784036 2012
40
Probing sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. 61 57
22278060 2012
41
Visinin-like protein-1: diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in Alzheimer disease. 61 57
21823155 2011
42
Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer's disease. 61 57
21460840 2011
43
Identification of novel loci for Alzheimer disease and replication of CLU, PICALM, and BIN1 in Caribbean Hispanic individuals. 57 61
21059989 2011
44
Meta-analysis of the association between variants in SORL1 and Alzheimer disease. 57 61
21220680 2011
45
Decreased clearance of CNS beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. 57 61
21148344 2010
46
Meta-analysis confirms CR1, CLU, and PICALM as alzheimer disease risk loci and reveals interactions with APOE genotypes. 61 57
20697030 2010
47
Replication of CLU, CR1, and PICALM associations with alzheimer disease. 57 61
20554627 2010
48
Suggestive synergy between genetic variants in TF and HFE as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. 54 6
20029940 2010
49
Analysis of lipid pathway genes indicates association of sequence variation near SREBF1/TOM1L2/ATPAF2 with dementia risk. 61 57
20167577 2010
50
A phase 2 multiple ascending dose trial of bapineuzumab in mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. 57 61
19923550 2009
Sources

Variations for Alzheimer Disease

About this section

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Alzheimer Disease:

6 (show top 50) (show all 153)
# Gene Name Type Significance ClinVarId dbSNP ID GRCh37 Pos GRCh38 Pos
1 TNF TNF, -863C-A SNV protective 12390
2 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2017G>A (p.Ala673Thr) SNV protective 37145 rs63750847 21:27269932-27269932 21:25897620-25897620
3 APP APP, DUP Duplication Pathogenic 18104
4 ADAMTS1 NC_000021.7:g.13636378_28138533dup Duplication Pathogenic 127268 21:14714507-29216662
5 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2080G>A (p.Asp694Asn) SNV Pathogenic 18101 rs63749810 21:27264165-27264165 21:25891853-25891853
6 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2018C>T (p.Ala673Val) SNV Pathogenic 18106 rs193922916 21:27269931-27269931 21:25897619-25897619
7 PSEN1 NM_000021.4(PSEN1):c.424G>A (p.Val142Ile) SNV Pathogenic 599627 rs1566630910 14:73640359-73640359 14:73173651-73173651
8 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2149G>A (p.Val717Ile) SNV Pathogenic 18088 rs63750264 21:27264096-27264096 21:25891784-25891784
9 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2149G>T (p.Val717Phe) SNV Pathogenic 18089 rs63750264 21:27264096-27264096 21:25891784-25891784
10 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2150T>G (p.Val717Gly) SNV Pathogenic 18090 rs63749964 21:27264095-27264095 21:25891783-25891783
11 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2075C>G (p.Ala692Gly) SNV Pathogenic 18091 rs63750671 21:27264170-27264170 21:25891858-25891858
12 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2010_2011inv (p.Lys670_Met671delinsAsnLeu) Inversion Pathogenic 18093 rs281865161 21:27269938-27269939 21:25897626-25897627
13 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2137G>A (p.Ala713Thr) SNV Pathogenic 18094 rs63750066 21:27264108-27264108 21:25891796-25891796
14 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.1995G>C (p.Glu665Asp) SNV Pathogenic 18095 rs63750363 21:27269954-27269954 21:25897642-25897642
15 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2146A>G (p.Ile716Val) SNV Pathogenic 18096 rs63750399 21:27264099-27264099 21:25891787-25891787
16 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2143G>A (p.Val715Met) SNV Pathogenic 18097 rs63750734 21:27264102-27264102 21:25891790-25891790
17 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2078A>G (p.Glu693Gly) SNV Pathogenic 18098 rs63751039 21:27264167-27264167 21:25891855-25891855
18 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2141C>T (p.Thr714Ile) SNV Pathogenic 18100 rs63750973 21:27264104-27264104 21:25891792-25891792
19 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2140A>G (p.Thr714Ala) SNV Pathogenic 18102 rs63750643 21:27264105-27264105 21:25891793-25891793
20 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2149G>C (p.Val717Leu) SNV Pathogenic 18105 rs63750264 21:27264096-27264096 21:25891784-25891784
21 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2075C>G (p.Ala692Gly) SNV Pathogenic 18091 rs63750671 21:27264170-27264170 21:25891858-25891858
22 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2078A>G (p.Glu693Gly) SNV Pathogenic 18098 rs63751039 21:27264167-27264167 21:25891855-25891855
23 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2149G>A (p.Val717Ile) SNV Pathogenic 18088 rs63750264 21:27264096-27264096 21:25891784-25891784
24 APP NM_000484.4(APP):c.2010_2011inv (p.Lys670_Met671delinsAsnLeu) Inversion Pathogenic 18093 rs281865161 21:27269938-27269939 21:25897626-25897627
25 HFE-AS1 NM_139011.3(HFE):c.77-2168C>G SNV Pathogenic 10 rs1799945 6:26091179-26091179 6:26090951-26090951
26 MT-ND1 m.3397A>G SNV Pathogenic 9726 rs199476120 MT:3397-3397 MT:3397-3397