Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1 (ALS1)

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Disease Ontology 12 DOID:0060193 DOID:332 OMIM 56 105400 OMIM Phenotypic Series 56 PS105400 KEGG 36 H00058 ICD9CM 34 335.20 MeSH 43 D000690 NCIt 49 C34373 SNOMED-CT 67 86044005 ICD10 32 G12.2 G12.21

MESH via Orphanet 44 D000690 ICD10 via Orphanet 33 G12.2 UMLS via Orphanet 72 C0002736 Orphanet 58 ORPHA803 MedGen 41 C1862939 C1862940 C1862941 C3542025 more SNOMED-CT via HPO 68 16932000 18963009 21061000119107 221360009 22253000 230145002 24199005 248274002 258211005 263681008 26544005 267036007 300268000 35489007 397790002 409622000 44695005 48694002 55300003 56893005 73430006 7379000 74035001 78667006 82470000 84229001 86854008 87715008 more EFO 17 EFO_0000253 EFO_0001356 UMLS 71 C0002736 C0085084 C1862939

Genetics Home Reference : ²⁵ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive disease that affects motor neurons, which are specialized nerve cells that control muscle movement. These nerve cells are found in the spinal cord and the brain. In ALS, motor neurons die (atrophy) over time, leading to muscle weakness, a loss of muscle mass, and an inability to control movement. There are many different types of ALS; these types are distinguished by their signs and symptoms and their genetic cause or lack of clear genetic association. Most people with ALS have a form of the condition that is described as sporadic, which means it occurs in people with no apparent history of the disorder in their family. People with sporadic ALS usually first develop features of the condition in their late fifties or early sixties. A small proportion of people with ALS, estimated at 5 to 10 percent, have a family history of ALS or a related condition called frontotemporal dementia (FTD), which is a progressive brain disorder that affects personality, behavior, and language. The signs and symptoms of familial ALS typically first appear in one's late forties or early fifties. Rarely, people with familial ALS develop symptoms in childhood or their teenage years. These individuals have a rare form of the disorder known as juvenile ALS. The first signs and symptoms of ALS may be so subtle that they are overlooked. The earliest symptoms include muscle twitching, cramping, stiffness, or weakness. Affected individuals may develop slurred speech (dysarthria) and, later, difficulty chewing or swallowing (dysphagia). Many people with ALS experience malnutrition because of reduced food intake due to dysphagia and an increase in their body's energy demands (metabolism) due to prolonged illness. Muscles become weaker as the disease progresses, and arms and legs begin to look thinner as muscle tissue atrophies. Individuals with ALS eventually lose muscle strength and the ability to walk. Affected individuals eventually become wheelchair-dependent and increasingly require help with personal care and other activities of daily living. Over time, muscle weakness causes affected individuals to lose the use of their hands and arms. Breathing becomes difficult because the muscles of the respiratory system weaken. Most people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 2 to 10 years after the signs and symptoms of ALS first appear; however, disease progression varies widely among affected individuals. Approximately 20 percent of individuals with ALS also develop FTD. Changes in personality and behavior may make it difficult for affected individuals to interact with others in a socially appropriate manner. Communication skills worsen as the disease progresses. It is unclear how the development of ALS and FTD are related. Individuals who develop both conditions are diagnosed as having ALS-FTD. A rare form of ALS that often runs in families is known as ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex (ALS-PDC). This disorder is characterized by the signs and symptoms of ALS, in addition to a pattern of movement abnormalities known as parkinsonism, and a progressive loss of intellectual function (dementia). Signs of parkinsonism include unusually slow movements (bradykinesia), stiffness, and tremors. Affected members of the same family can have different combinations of signs and symptoms.

MalaCards based summary : Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1, also known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is related to frontotemporal dementia and/or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 10 with or without frontotemporal dementia, and has symptoms including seizures, ataxia and myoclonus. An important gene associated with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1 is SOD1 (Superoxide Dismutase 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Cytoskeletal Signaling. The drugs Mexiletine and Minocycline have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Bone and Limb, and related phenotypes are amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and generalized muscle weakness

Disease Ontology : ¹² A motor neuron disease that is characterized by muscle spasticity, rapidly progressive weakness due to muscle atrophy, difficulty in speaking, swallowing, and breathing.

NIH Rare Diseases : ⁵² Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also referred to as "Lou Gehrig's disease," is a progressive motor neuron disease which leads to problems with muscle control and movement. There are various types of ALS that are distinguished by symptoms and, in some cases, genetic cause. Early symptoms may include muscle twitching, cramping, stiffness, or weakness, slurred speech, and/or difficulty chewing or swallowing. As the disease progresses, people become weaker and are eventually wheelchair-dependent. Death often results from respiratory failure within 2 to 10 years after the symptoms begin. Most people with ALS have a sporadic (not inherited ) form of ALS. It is believed that these cases are caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental factors . This means that a person may have inherited genetic changes (variants) that increase their risk to develop ALS, but the person will only develop ALS if exposed to certain environmental triggers. About 10% of the people with ALS have at least one relative with the disease and are said to have have a familial (inherited) form of the disease (FALS). Familial ALS may be caused by changes (pathogenic variants, also known as mutations ) in any one of several genes and the pattern of inheritance varies depending on the gene involved. The distinction between sporadic and familial cases is not always clear. The average age at which symptoms begin is 56 years old in the sporadic cases and 46 years old in the familial cases. Diagnosis of ALS is based on symptoms and a variety of tests to rule out other possible medical diseases that can cause similar symptoms. The goal of treatment is to improve the quality of life for people with ALS, by assisting with breathing, nutrition, mobility, and communication. Medications specifically approved for the treatment of ALS in the United States include riluzole and edaravone .

OMIM : ⁵⁶ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the death of motor neurons in the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord, resulting in fatal paralysis. ALS usually begins with asymmetric involvement of the muscles in middle adult life. Approximately 10% of ALS cases are familial (Siddique and Deng, 1996). ALS is sometimes referred to as 'Lou Gehrig disease' after the famous American baseball player who was diagnosed with the disorder. Rowland and Shneider (2001) and Kunst (2004) provided extensive reviews of ALS. Some forms of ALS occur with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Familial ALS is distinct from a form of ALS with dementia reported in cases on Guam (105500) (Espinosa et al., 1962; Husquinet and Franck, 1980), in which the histology is different and dementia and parkinsonism complicate the clinical picture. (105400)

MedlinePlus : ⁴² Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a nervous system disease that attacks nerve cells called neurons in your brain and spinal cord. These neurons transmit messages from your brain and spinal cord to your voluntary muscles - the ones you can control, like in your arms and legs. At first, this causes mild muscle problems. Some people notice Trouble walking or running Trouble writing Speech problems Eventually, you lose your strength and cannot move. When muscles in your chest fail, you cannot breathe. A breathing machine can help, but most people with ALS die from respiratory failure. The disease usually strikes between age 40 and 60. More men than women get it. No one knows what causes ALS. It can run in families, but usually it strikes at random. There is no cure. Medicines can relieve symptoms and, sometimes, prolong survival. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

CDC : ³ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), sometimes called Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive disease that attacks the nerve cells that control voluntary movement. The National ALS Registry is a congressionally mandated registry for persons in the U.S. with ALS. It is the only population-based registry in the U.S. that collects information to help scientists learn more about who gets ALS and its causes. No one knows for sure what causes ALS and currently there is no cure.

NINDS : ⁵³ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressive, fatal disease that affects the nerve cells (neurons) in that brain and spinal cord that  control voluntary muscle movement.  Our voluntary muscles produce movements like walking, breathing, chewing, and talking.  Nerve cells called motor neurons--that connect from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body--begin to degenerate and die, and stop sending messages to muscles. The muscles gradually weaken, waste away, and twitch, and the brain can't start and control voluntary movement.  Symptoms are usually first noticed in the arms and hands, legs, or swallowing muscles.  People with ALS lose their strength and become unable to move their arms and legs, and to hold the body upright.  Some individuals eventually can't breathe on their own.  Although ALS doesn't usually impair a person's mind or personality, several recent studies suggest that some people with ALS may develop cognitive problems involving word fluency, decision-making, and memory.  Most cases of ALS happen with no known cause, while a small percentage of cases are inherited.

KEGG : ³⁶ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, lethal, degenerative disorder of motor neurons. The hallmark of this disease is the selective death of motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord, leading to paralysis of voluntary muscles. Mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), as seen in some familial ALS (FALS) cases, is unstable, forming aggregates in the motor neuron cytoplasm, axoplasm and mitochondria. Within mitochondria, mutant SOD1 may interfere with the anti-apoptotic function of Bcl-2, affect mitochondrial import by interfering with the translocation machinery (TOM/TIM), and generate toxic free radicals (ROS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced within mitochondria, inhibit the function of EAAT2, the main glial glutamate transporter protein, responsible for most of the reuptake of synaptically released glutamate. Glutamate excess increases intracellular calcium, which enhances oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Mutant SOD1 can also trigger oxidative reactions , which can then cause damage through the formation of hydroxyl radicals or via nitration of tyrosine residues on proteins. Nitration may target neurofilament proteins, affecting axonal transport. Collectively, these mechanisms are predicted to disturb cellular homeostasis, ultimately triggering motor neuron death.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot : ⁷³ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper motor neurons in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. The pathologic hallmarks of the disease include pallor of the corticospinal tract due to loss of motor neurons, presence of ubiquitin-positive inclusions within surviving motor neurons, and deposition of pathologic aggregates. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of the cases.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1: A neurodegenerative disorder affecting upper motor neurons in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord, resulting in fatal paralysis. Sensory abnormalities are absent. The pathologic hallmarks of the disease include pallor of the corticospinal tract due to loss of motor neurons, presence of ubiquitin-positive inclusions within surviving motor neurons, and deposition of pathologic aggregates. The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is likely to be multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental factors. The disease is inherited in 5-10% of the cases.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁴ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND) or Lou Gehrig's disease,... more...

GeneReviews: NBK1450

Clinical features from OMIM:

105400

#	Description	GenomeRNAi Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Decreased viability	GR00106-A-0	9.74	DCTN1
2	Decreased viability	GR00221-A-2	9.74	SOD1
3	Decreased viability	GR00221-A-3	9.74	SOD1
4	Decreased viability	GR00221-A-4	9.74	FUS SOD1
5	Decreased viability	GR00231-A	9.74	SQSTM1
6	Decreased viability	GR00249-S	9.74	ANG DCTN1 OPTN SOD1 UBQLN2
7	Decreased viability	GR00381-A-1	9.74	ANG FIG4 SQSTM1 VCP
8	Decreased viability	GR00386-A-1	9.74	CHMP2B MATR3 OPTN PFN1 UBQLN2
9	Decreased viability	GR00402-S-2	9.74	CHCHD10 NEFH SQSTM1 UBQLN2 VAPB VCP

Search NIH Clinical Center for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1

Riluzole