Articulation Disorder disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: ART014 MIFTS: 32	Articulation Disorder Categories: Mental diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

Sources

Aliases & Classifications for Articulation Disorder

MalaCards integrated aliases for Articulation Disorder:

Name: Articulation Disorder ¹² ¹⁵

Articulation Disorders ⁴⁴ ⁷³

Phonological Disorder ¹² ⁷³

Articulation Impairment ¹²

Speech Sound Disorders ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:4186

MeSH ⁴⁴ D001184

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 8187005

UMLS ⁷³ C0003910 C4048283 C4019167

Sources

Summaries for Articulation Disorder

Disease Ontology : ¹² A speech disorder that involves mispronouncing speech sounds by omitting, distorting, substituting, or adding sounds which can make speech difficult to understand.

MalaCards based summary : Articulation Disorder, also known as articulation disorders, is related to childhood apraxia of speech and stuttering. An important gene associated with Articulation Disorder is GNPTG (N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunit Gamma), and among its related pathways/superpathways is Lysosome. The drug Levodopa has been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, tongue and testes, and related phenotype is behavior/neurological.

Sources

Related Diseases for Articulation Disorder

Diseases related to Articulation Disorder via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 25)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	childhood apraxia of speech	31.8	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
2	stuttering	30.2	AP4E1 CNTNAP2 DRD2 FOXP2 GNPTAB GNPTG
3	specific language impairment	29.8	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
4	dyslexia	29.6	FOXP2 GNPTAB GNPTG NAGPA
5	speech disorder	28.7	CNTNAP2 FOXP2 GNPTAB GNPTG NAGPA PHF21A
6	cleft palate, isolated	10.3
7	mucolipidosis iii alpha/beta	10.1	GNPTAB GNPTG
8	inclusion-cell disease	10.1	GNPTAB GNPTG
9	mucolipidosis ii alpha/beta	10.1	GNPTAB GNPTG
10	reading disorder	10.0	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
11	pervasive developmental disorder	9.9	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
12	alcohol abuse	9.9	DRD2 SLC17A5
13	speech and communication disorders	9.9	CNTNAP2 FOXP2 GNPTG NAGPA
14	jacobsen syndrome	9.9
15	dysphasia, familial developmental	9.9
16	cavitary optic disc anomalies	9.9
17	landau-kleffner syndrome	9.9
18	palatopharyngeal incompetence	9.8
19	myasthenia gravis	9.8
20	cerebral palsy	9.8
21	apraxia	9.8
22	cleft lip	9.8
23	myasthenia gravis congenital	9.8
24	dysphagia	9.8
25	cleft lip/palate	9.8

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Articulation Disorder:

Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Articulation Disorder

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Articulation Disorder:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	9.17	AP4E1 CNTNAP2 DRD2 GNPTAB PHF21A SLC17A5

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Articulation Disorder

Drugs for Articulation Disorder (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Levodopa

Approved

59-92-7

6047

Synonyms:

(-)-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

(−)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

(-)-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

(−)-dopa

(-)-Dopa

(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoate

(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

(2S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

.Beta.-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

.Beta.-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

1E83F927-C221-46AA-B90A-81B33C5F3868

23734-74-9

25525-15-9

2-Amino-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid

3 Hydroxy L tyrosine

3-(3,4-Dihydroxypheny

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

3, 4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine

3, 4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine

3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine

3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (VAN)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine

34241-25-3

37830_FLUKA

3-Hydroxy-L-tyrosine

587-45-1

59-92-7

72572-99-7

72573-00-3

88250-23-1

90638-38-3

AC-11686

AC1L1LOR

AC1Q4U7F

b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-L-alanine

b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

Bendopa

beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanine

beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-L-alanine

beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

BIDD:GT0158

Bio-0575

Biodopa

bmse000322

BPBio1_000059

Brocadopa

BSPBio_000053

BSPBio_002354

C00355

C9H11NO4

CAS-59-92-7

CCRIS 3766

Cerepap

CHEBI:15765

CHEMBL1009

CID6047

Cidandopa

component of Sinemet

D 9628

D00059

D0600

D9628

D9628_SIGMA

DAH

DB01235

Deadopa

Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine

Dihydroxyphenylalanine

DivK1c_000452

Dopa

DOPA

Dopaflex

Dopaidan

Dopal

Dopal-fher

Dopal-Fher

Dopalina

Dopar

Dopar (TN)

Doparkine

Doparl

Dopasol

Dopaston

Dopaston SE

Dopastone

Dopastral

Dopicar

Doprin

EINECS 200-445-2

Eldopal

Eldopar

Eldopatec

EU-0100454

Eurodopa

Helfo DOPA

helfo-Dopa

Helfo-Dopa

HMS1568C15

HMS1922J14

HMS2090O08

HMS2093N04

HMS501G14

HSDB 3348

IDI1_000452

InChI=1/C9H11NO4/c10-6(9(13)14)3-5-1-2-7(11)8(12)4-5/h1-2,4,6,11-12H,3,10H2,(H,13,14

Insulamina

IV Levodopa

KBio1_000452

KBio2_000934

KBio2_003502

KBio2_006070

KBioGR_001177

KBioSS_000934

L 3,4 Dihydroxyphenylalanine

L Dopa

L(-)-Dopa

L-(-)-Dopa

L-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-.alpha.-alani

L-(3, 4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

L-(o-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

l)-L-alanine

L-.Beta.-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

L-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

L-3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alanine

L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine

L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

L-3-Hydroxytyrosine

L-4-5-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

Laradopa

Larodopa

L-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-a-alanine

L-b-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

L-beta-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-alpha-alanine

L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

L-DOPA

L-DOPA, Parcopa, Atamet, Stalevo, Madopar, Prolopa, Dopar, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine, Levodopa

Ledopa

Levedopa

Levodopa

Levodopa (JP15/USP)

Levodopa (JP15/USP/INN)

Levodopa [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]

Levodopum

Levodopum [INN-Latin]

Levopa

L-O-Dihydroxyphenylalanine

L-o-Hydroxytyrosine

Lopac0_000454

Lopac-D-9628

LS-255

L-β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

Maipedopa

medphano Brand OF levodopa

MLS000028514

MolPort-000-856-937

NCGC00015384-01

NCGC00016270-01

NCGC00016270-06

NCGC00093869-04

nchembio.2007.55-comp26

nchembio.89-comp9

NINDS_000452

NSC 118381

NSC118381

Parda

Pardopa

PDSP1_001541

PDSP2_001525

Prestwick_185

Prestwick0_000017

Prestwick1_000017

Prestwick2_000017

Prestwick3_000017

Prodopa

Ro 4-6316

Roberts brand OF levodopa

Roche brand OF levodopa

S1726_Selleck

SDCCGMLS-0066924.P001

SMR000058312

Sobiodopa

SPBio_000391

SPBio_001974

Spectrum_000454

Spectrum2_000496

SPECTRUM2300205

Spectrum4_000539

Spectrum5_001899

Syndopa

UNII-46627O600J

Veldopa

Weldopa

β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)alanine

β-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 27)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase
1	Randomized Clinical Trial of Phonological Interventions	Unknown status	NCT00818428	Phase 2, Phase 3
2	Lateral Cord Magnetic Stimulation For Refractory Spastic Cerebral Palsy	Not yet recruiting	NCT03676439	Phase 2, Phase 3
3	Improve Speech Using an In-the-ear Device in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT00488657	Phase 1
4	New Therapeutical Perspectives in Cases of Phonological Disorders	Unknown status	NCT02935062	Not Applicable
5	Dysarthria in Parkinson's Disease: Lusophony vs. Francophony Comparison	Unknown status	NCT02753192	Not Applicable
6	Study of Brain Activity During Speech Production and Speech Perception	Completed	NCT00004991
7	Characteristics of Idiopathic Familial Speech Disorders	Completed	NCT00001551
8	Evaluating the Efficacy of Opti-Speech for Speech Treatment	Completed	NCT02705326	Not Applicable
9	Internal Rotation Deficit of the Glenohumeral Joint in Advanced-level Handball Players	Completed	NCT02011243
10	Study on the Phenotype of Language in Preterm Born Children at 5 Years of Age	Completed	NCT02988570	Not Applicable
11	Study of Speech Disorders , Voice and Swallowing in Primary Dystonia Oromandibular	Completed	NCT03380676
12	Study of Dysarthria, Swallowing Disorders and Respiratory in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT02627664
13	Intensive Dysarthria Sessions in Adults and Children With Down Syndrome	Completed	NCT01684670	Not Applicable
14	Efficacy of Voice Treatment for Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT00123084	Not Applicable
15	Age-related Correlates of Treatment for Late-acquired Sounds	Recruiting	NCT03663972	Not Applicable
16	Laryngeal Adaptation for Speech and Swallowing	Recruiting	NCT03770377	Not Applicable
17	Rhythmic Entrainment in Bilingual Speakers With Dysarthria	Recruiting	NCT03645265	Not Applicable
18	A Systematic Investigation of Phonetic Complexity Effects on Articulatory Motor Performance in Progressive Dysarthria	Recruiting	NCT03613038	Not Applicable
19	Acoustic and Perceptual Markers of Dysarthria in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)	Recruiting	NCT03560661
20	Study of Dysarthria, and the Appearance of Non-dopaminergic Signs in Idiopathic PARKinson's Disease	Recruiting	NCT03517059
21	The Incidence of Aphasia, Dysarthria and Dysphagia Following Stroke	Recruiting	NCT03472625
22	Rare Disease Patient Registry & Natural History Study - Coordination of Rare Diseases at Sanford	Recruiting	NCT01793168
23	Maturation of Auditory Processing in Children With Dyslexia Compared to Average-reading Children	Active, not recruiting	NCT02345876
24	Music Therapy Protocol to Support Bulbar and Respiratory Functions in ALS	Active, not recruiting	NCT03604822	Not Applicable
25	A Comparison of Voice Amplifiers and Personal Communication Systems in Individuals With Parkinson's Disease	Enrolling by invitation	NCT02407067	Not Applicable
26	MORbidity PRevalence Estimate In StrokE	Not yet recruiting	NCT03605381
27	Characterization of the Profile of Dysarthria in Huntington's Disease, Using the Clinical Evaluation Battery of Dysarthria	Withdrawn	NCT03142217	Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Articulation Disorder

Cochrane evidence based reviews: articulation disorders

Sources

Genetic Tests for Articulation Disorder

Sources

Anatomical Context for Articulation Disorder

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Articulation Disorder:

⁴¹

Brain, Tongue, Testes

Sources

Publications for Articulation Disorder

Articles related to Articulation Disorder:

(show all 38)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Three-dimensional ultrasound evaluation of tongue posture and its impact on articulation disorders in preschool children with anterior open bite. ( 30210041 )	Kravanja SL...Ovsenik M	2018
2	Speech and Linguistic Features of Children With Articulation Disorder. ( 29201823 )		2017
3	Audiovisual materials are effective for enhancing the correction of articulation disorders in children with cleft palate. ( 28109492 )	Pamplona MD...Morales S	2017
4	Structure of a New Palatal Plate and the Artificial Tongue for Articulation Disorder in a Patient with Subtotal Glossectomy. ( 27339210 )	Kozaki K.I....Minagi S.	2016
5	Speech processing in children with functional articulation disorders. ( 25421354 )	G?sy M...Horv?th V	2015
6	ARTICULATION DISORDERS IN SERBIAN LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH SPEECH PATHOLOGY. ( 26234024 )	Dmitri? T...Mitrovi? SM	2015
7	Articulation disorders and duration, severity and L-dopa dosage in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. ( 26377981 )	Pawlukowska W...Nowacki P	2015
8	Sensory integration dysfunction affects efficacy of speech therapy on children with functional articulation disorders. ( 23355780 )	Tung LC...Wang CH	2013
9	Automatic detection of articulation disorders in children with cleft lip and palate. ( 19894838 )		2009
10	Electropalatography for articulation disorders associated with cleft palate. ( 19588407 )	Lee AS...Gibbon FE	2009
11	Speech sound classification and detection of articulation disorders with support vector machines and wavelets. ( 17946095 )	Georgoulas G...Stylios CD	2006
12	Assessment of information processing in children with functional articulation disorders. ( 15656956 )	Ozcebe E...Belgin E	2005
13	Speech summer camp for treating articulation disorders in cleft palate patients. ( 15733594 )	Pamplona C...Maz?n JJ	2005
14	A preliminary investigation of the efficacy of oral motor exercises for children with mild articulation disorders. ( 16046921 )	Guisti Braislin MA...Cascella PW	2005
15	Using electropalatography (EPG) to diagnose and treat articulation disorders associated with mild cerebral palsy: a case study. ( 12945612 )	Gibbon FE...Wood SE	2003
16	Articulation disorders associated with maxillary growth after attainment of normal articulation after primary palatoplasty for cleft palate. ( 11910218 )	Oyama T...Maekawa T	2002
17	Linguistic development in cleft palate patients with and without compensatory articulation disorder. ( 10967376 )	Pamplona M.C....PatiA+o C.	2000
18	Wavelet transform in the time-frequency analysis of patients with articulation disorders. ( 10444985 )	Ogut F...Kirazli T	1999
19	Relationship of tongue-thrust swallowing and anterior open bite with articulation disorders: a clinical study. ( 10863488 )	Khinda V...Grewal N	1999
20	Atrophy of the tongue with persistent articulation disorder in myasthenia gravis: report of 10 patients. ( 7779022 )	De Assis J.L....Scaff M.	1994
21	Articulation disorders. ( 8292084 )	Goldstein BA	1993
22	Perception of voiceless fricatives by children with a functional articulation disorder. ( 2709838 )	Rvachew S....Jamieson D.G.	1989
23	The occurrence of developmental apraxia of speech in a mild articulation disorder: a case study. ( 2794108 )	Hall P.K.	1989
24	Visual-motor ability of children with articulation disorders. ( 2780195 )	Carroll JL...Lindley KE	1989
25	Visual training and correction of articulation disorders by use of dynamic palatography: serial observation in a case of cleft palate. ( 3736023 )	Michi K...Imai S	1986
26	The relationship between articulation disorders and motor coordination in children. ( 3752221 )	Cermak SA...Ward LM	1986
27	An instrumental investigation of articulation disorders in children. ( 7082565 )	Hardcastle WJ...Morgan RA	1982
28	An articulation disorder in 17th-century Germany. ( 381336 )		1979
29	A comparison of speech-sound production and discrimination in children with functional articulation disorders. ( 732397 )	Waldman FR...Hayden ME	1978
30	Articulation disorders: from prescription to description. ( 323574 )	Winitz H	1977
31	Psychometric data for the token test derived from 8- and 9-year-old children with articulation disorders. ( 893190 )	Shelton RL...Johnson AF	1977
32	The use of time-expanded speech as an aid in the diagnosis of articulation disorders. ( 1002850 )	Lass NJ...Foulke E	1976
33	The relationship between articulation disorders and self-monitoring auditory discrimination. ( 802984 )	Allison G	1975
34	The phonological analysis of articulation disorders. ( 1156533 )	Grunwell P	1975
35	Psychological implications of articulation disorders in cleft palate children. ( 4509232 )	McWilliams BJ...Musgrave RH	1972
36	SEVERE ARTICULATION DISORDERS AND MOTOR ABILITY. ( 14210033 )	JENKINS E...LOHR FE	1964
37	Prognostic testing for functional articulation disorders among children in the first grade. ( 13539889 )	CARTER ET...BUCK M	1958
38	Research in articulation disorders and personality. ( 13358106 )	SPRIESTERSBACH DC	1956

Sources

Genes for Articulation Disorder

Genes related to Articulation Disorder (0 elite genes):

(show all 11)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	GNPTG	N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunit Gamma	Protein Coding	17.92	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
2	NAGPA	N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphodiester Alpha-N-Acetylglucosaminidase	Protein Coding	17.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
3	GNPTAB	N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphate Transferase Subunits Alpha And Beta	Protein Coding	17.58	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
4	FOXP2	Forkhead Box P2	Protein Coding	16.61	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
5	SOCS3	Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3	Protein Coding	16.5	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
6	SLC17A5	Solute Carrier Family 17 Member 5	Protein Coding	16.12	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
7	CNTNAP2	Contactin Associated Protein Like 2	Protein Coding	15.9	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
8	PHF21A	PHD Finger Protein 21A	Protein Coding	15.56	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
9	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	15.47	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
10	AP4E1	Adaptor Related Protein Complex 4 Subunit Epsilon 1	Protein Coding	15.31	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
11	PDE5A	Phosphodiesterase 5A	Protein Coding	15.25	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

Sources

Variations for Articulation Disorder

Sources

Expression for Articulation Disorder

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Articulation Disorder.

Sources

Pathways for Articulation Disorder

Pathways related to Articulation Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Lysosome ³⁷	11.11	AP4E1 GNPTAB GNPTG NAGPA SLC17A5

Sources

GO Terms for Articulation Disorder

Cellular components related to Articulation Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Golgi apparatus	GO:0005794	9.02	AP4E1 CNTNAP2 GNPTAB GNPTG NAGPA
2	synaptic vesicle membrane	GO:0030672	8.96	DRD2 SLC17A5

Biological processes related to Articulation Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protein localization	GO:0008104	9.48	AP4E1 DRD2
2	cerebral cortex development	GO:0021987	9.46	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
3	forebrain development	GO:0030900	9.43	DRD2 FOXP2
4	lysosome organization	GO:0007040	9.4	GNPTAB NAGPA
5	adult behavior	GO:0030534	9.37	CNTNAP2 DRD2
6	carbohydrate phosphorylation	GO:0046835	9.32	GNPTAB GNPTG
7	striatum development	GO:0021756	9.26	CNTNAP2 DRD2
8	vocal learning	GO:0042297	9.16	CNTNAP2 FOXP2
9	secretion of lysosomal enzymes	GO:0033299	8.96	GNPTAB NAGPA
10	N-glycan processing to lysosome	GO:0016256	8.62	GNPTAB GNPTG

Molecular functions related to Articulation Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	UDP-N-acetylglucosamine-lysosomal-enzyme N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase activity	GO:0003976	8.62	GNPTAB GNPTG

Sources

Sources for Articulation Disorder

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia