Asthma (ASTHMA)

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Disease Ontology 11 DOID:0080826 DOID:2841 OMIM® 57 600807 ICD9CM 34 493 MeSH 43 D001249 NCIt 49 C28397 SNOMED-CT 68 187687003

ICD10 31 J45 J45.9 MedGen 40 C1833269 C1833270 C1869116 SNOMED-CT via HPO 69 195967001 991000119106 EFO 16 EFO_0009759 ICD11 33 1480952049 1656445230 2138913203 753457166 more UMLS 71 C0004096 C0004099 C0085129 C0155883 more

MedlinePlus: ⁴¹ What is asthma? Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease. It affects your airways, the tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs. When you have asthma, your airways can become inflamed and narrowed. This can cause wheezing, coughing, and tightness in your chest. When these symptoms get worse than usual, it is called an asthma attack or flare-up. What causes asthma? The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Genetics and your environment likely play a role in who gets asthma. An asthma attack can happen when you are exposed to an asthma trigger. An asthma trigger is something that can set off or worsen your asthma symptoms. Different triggers can cause different types of asthma: Allergic asthma is caused by allergens. Allergens are substances that cause an allergic reaction. They can include Dust mites Mold Pets Pollen from grass, trees, and weeds Waste from pests such as cockroaches and mice Nonallergic asthma is caused by triggers that are not allergens, such as Breathing in cold air Certain medicines Household chemicals Infections such as colds and the flu Outdoor air pollution Tobacco smoke Occupational asthma is caused by breathing in chemicals or industrial dusts at work Exercise-induced asthma happens during physical exercise, especially when the air is dry Asthma triggers may be different for each person and can change over time. Who is at risk for asthma? Asthma affects people of all ages, but it often starts during childhood. Certain factors can raise your risk of having asthma: Being exposed to secondhand smoke when your mother is pregnant with you or when you are a small child Being exposed to certain substances at work, such as chemical irritants or industrial dusts Genetics and family history. You are more likely to have asthma if one of your parents has it, especially if it's your mother. Race or ethnicity. Black and African Americans and Puerto Ricans are at higher risk of asthma than people of other races or ethnicities. Having other diseases or conditions such as obesity and allergies Often having viral respiratory infections as a young child Sex. In children, asthma is more common in boys. In teens and adults, it is more common in women. What are the symptoms of asthma? The symptoms of asthma include: Chest tightness Coughing, especially at night or early morning Shortness of breath Wheezing, which causes a whistling sound when you breathe out These symptoms can range from mild to severe. You may have them every day or only once in a while. When you are having an asthma attack, your symptoms get much worse. The attacks may come on gradually or suddenly. Sometimes they can be life-threatening. They are more common in people who have severe asthma. If you are having asthma attacks, you may need a change in your treatment. How is asthma diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to diagnose asthma: Physical exam Medical history Lung function tests, including spirometry, to test how well your lungs work Tests to measure how your airways react to specific exposures. During this test, you inhale different concentrations of allergens or medicines that may tighten the muscles in your airways. Spirometry is done before and after the test. Peak expiratory flow (PEF) tests to measure how fast you can blow air out using maximum effort Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) tests to measure levels of nitric oxide in your breath when you breathe out. High levels of nitric oxide may mean that your lungs are inflamed. Allergy skin or blood tests, if you have a history of allergies. These tests check which allergens cause a reaction from your immune system. What are the treatments for asthma? If you have asthma, you will work with your health care provider to create a treatment plan. The plan will include ways to manage your asthma symptoms and prevent asthma attacks. It will include: Strategies to avoid triggers. For example, if tobacco smoke is a trigger for you, you should not smoke or allow other people to smoke in your home or car. Short-term relief medicines, also called quick-relief medicines. They help prevent symptoms or relieve symptoms during an asthma attack. They include an inhaler to carry with you all the time. It may also include other types of medicines which work quickly to help open your airways. Control medicines. You take them every day to help prevent symptoms. They work by reducing airway inflammation and preventing narrowing of the airways. If you have a severe attack and the short-term relief medicines do not work, you will need emergency care. Your provider may adjust your treatment until asthma symptoms are controlled. Sometimes asthma is severe and cannot be controlled with other treatments. If you are an adult with uncontrolled asthma, in some cases your provider might suggest bronchial thermoplasty. This is a procedure that uses heat to shrink the smooth muscle in the lungs. Shrinking the muscle reduces your airway's ability to tighten and allows you to breathe more easily. The procedure has some risks, so it's important to discuss them with your provider.

MalaCards based summary: Asthma, also known as chronic obstructive asthma, is related to allergic asthma and childhood-onset asthma, and has symptoms including chest tightness, coughing and shortness of breath. An important gene associated with Asthma is IL13 (Interleukin 13), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Allograft rejection and Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling. The drugs Cathine and Guaifenesin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include Lung, smooth muscle and bone marrow, and related phenotypes are asthma and bronchoconstriction

Disease Ontology ¹¹ Asthma: A bronchial disease that is characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways, which is caused by a combination of environmental and genetic factors. The disease has symptom recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound while breathing), has symptom chest tightness, has symptom shortness of breath, has symptom mucus production and has symptom coughing.

Nocturnal asthma: A chronic asthma that is characterized by significant decline in pulmonary function and increase of airway inflammation at night. During sleep, recumbent posture causes a reduction in the lung volumes, respiratory muscle tone, and lung compliance. The overnight physiological abnormalities include: increased airway inflammation and decreased steroid responsiveness, increased pulmonary capillary blood volume, functional differences in blood/air volume ratios and mechanical coupling of the parenchyma to the airways.

GARD: ¹⁹ "Asthma is a breathing disorder that affects the airways. People with this condition experience recurrent swelling and narrowing of the airways of the lungs which is associated with wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Most affected people have episodes of symptoms (""Asthma attacks"") followed by symptom-free periods; however, some may experience persistent shortness of breath in between attacks. Asthma is considered a complex or multifactorial condition that is likely due to a combination of multiple genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Many people with Asthma have a personal or family history of allergies, such as hay fever or eczema. Having a family member with Asthma is associated with an increased risk of developing the condition."

Novus Biologicals: ⁵⁴ Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation, thickening and narrowing of airways, as well as an overproduction of mucus. More than 300 million people worldwide suffer from asthma. Asthma symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing and tightness of the chest. Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is the key effector cytokine in asthma. IL-13 stimulates airway fibrosis via action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on tumor transforming growth factor beta (TGN-beta), and also promotes epithelial damage, mucus production and an increased concentration of eosinophils. The inflammatory response characteristic of asthma is augmented by the production of IL-13 and other TH2 cytokines.

OMIM®: ⁵⁷ Bronchial asthma is the most common chronic disease affecting children and young adults. It is a complex genetic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions among many genes and between these genes and the environment. Asthma-related traits include clinical symptoms of asthma, such as coughing, wheezing, and dyspnea; bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) as assessed by methacholine challenge test; serum IgE levels; atopy; and atopic dermatitis (Laitinen et al., 2001; Illig and Wjst, 2002; Pillai et al., 2006). See 147050 for information on the asthma-associated phenotype atopy. (600807) (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

PubMed Health : ⁶³ Asthma: Asthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning. Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ⁷³ The most common chronic disease affecting children and young adults. It is a complex genetic disorder with a heterogeneous phenotype, largely attributed to the interactions among many genes and between these genes and the environment. It is characterized by recurrent attacks of paroxysmal dyspnea, with wheezing due to spasmodic contraction of the bronchi.

CDC: ² Asthma is a disease that affects your lungs. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing. Asthma can be controlled by taking medicine and avoiding the triggers that can cause an attack. You must also remove the triggers in your environment that can make your asthma worse.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Asthma is a long-term inflammatory disease of the airways of the lungs. It is characterized by variable... more...

Clinical features from OMIM®:

600807 (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

Asthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease. Good asthma control will: Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines (see below) Help you maintain good lung function Let you maintain your normal activity level and sleep through the night Prevent asthma attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay To control asthma , partner with your doctor to manage your asthma or your child's asthma. Children aged 10 or older—and younger children who are able—should take an active role in their asthma care. Taking an active role to control your asthma involves: Working with your doctor to treat other conditions that can interfere with asthma management. Avoiding things that worsen your asthma (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active. Working with your doctor and other health care providers to create and follow an asthma action plan. An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding asthma triggers (except physical activity), tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening symptoms, and seeking emergency care when needed. Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms . Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up. Your initial treatment will depend on the severity of your asthma . Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is controlling your symptoms and preventing asthma attacks. Your level of asthma control can vary over time and with changes in your home, school, or work environments. These changes can alter how often you're exposed to the factors that can worsen your asthma. Your doctor may need to increase your medicine if your asthma doesn't stay under control. On the other hand , if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary. Asthma treatment for certain groups of people—such as children, pregnant women, or those for whom exercise brings on asthma symptoms —will be adjusted to meet their special needs.

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Albuterol ALBUTEROL SO4 PWDR Albuterol Sulfate Aminophylline aminophylline dihydrate AMINOPHYLLINE PWDR ANTIASTHMA,ANTILEUKOTRIENES ANTIASTHMA,OTHER ANTIASTHMA/BRONCHODILATORS ANTI-INFLAMMATORIES,INHALATION bitolterol bitolterol mesylate BRONCHODILATORS,ANTICHOLINERGIC BRONCHODILATORS,SYMPATHOMIMETIC,INHALATION BRONCHODILATORS,SYMPATHOMIMETIC,ORAL BRONCHODILATORS,XANTHINE-DERIVATIVE Cromolyn Cromolyn Sodium Ephedra vulgaris preparation Ephedrine Ephedrine hydrochloride Ephedrine sulfate EPHEDRINE TANNATE formoterol formoterol fumarate

formoterol fumarate dihydrate iodinated glycerol Isoetharine Isoetharine hydrochloride Isoetharine Mesylate metaproterenol Metaproterenol Sulfate montelukast montelukast sodium oxtriphylline pirbuterol Pirbuterol acetate Pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride Pseudoephedrine sulfate salmeterol Salmeterol xinafoate Terbutaline Terbutaline Sulfate Theophylline Theophylline anhydrous Theophylline calcium salicylate Theophylline Sodium Glycinate zafirlukast zileuton