Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Disease Ontology 11 DOID:1094 OMIM® 57 143465 MeSH 43 D001289 SNOMED-CT 68 229713001 ICD10 31 F90 F90.0 F90.9

MedGen 40 C1263846 SNOMED-CT via HPO 69 406506008 44548000 7461003 EFO 16 EFO_0003888 ICD11 33 821852937 UMLS 71 C0041671 C0339002 C1263846

MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder that typically begins in childhood and is characterized by a short attention span (inattention), an inability to be calm and stay still (hyperactivity), and poor impulse control (impulsivity). Some people with ADHD have problems with only inattention or with hyperactivity and impulsivity, but most have problems related to all three features.In people with ADHD, the characteristic behaviors are frequent and severe enough to interfere with the activities of daily living such as school, work, and relationships with others. Because of an inability to stay focused on tasks, people with inattention may be easily distracted, forgetful, avoid tasks that require sustained attention, have difficulty organizing tasks, or frequently lose items.Hyperactivity is usually shown by frequent movement. Individuals with this feature often fidget or tap their foot when seated, leave their seat when it is inappropriate to do so (such as in the classroom), or talk a lot and interrupt others.Impulsivity can result in hasty actions without thought for the consequences. Individuals with poor impulse control may have difficulty waiting for their turn, deferring to others, or considering their actions before acting.More than two-thirds of all individuals with ADHD have additional conditions, including insomnia, mood or anxiety disorders, learning disorders, or substance use disorders. Affected individuals may also have autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interaction, or Tourette syndrome, which is a disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements or noises called tics.In most affected individuals, ADHD continues throughout life, but in about one-third of individuals, signs and symptoms of ADHD go away by adulthood.

MalaCards based summary: Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is related to oppositional defiant disorder and gilles de la tourette syndrome, and has symptoms including tremor, back pain and headache. An important gene associated with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder is DRD4 (Dopamine Receptor D4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Neurotransmitter clearance and Methylphenidate Pathway, Pharmacodynamics. The drugs Sertraline and Lithium carbonate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex, and related phenotypes are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and hyperactivity

PubMed Health : ⁶³ Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD, is a mental disorder in which children are especially inattentive, impulsive or hyperactive. “Inattentive” refers to children who have difficulties focusing and are easily distracted. Overly “impulsive” children act in a way that is extremely rash, inconsiderate, careless or impatient for their age. “Hyperactive” describes children who are restless or constantly fidgeting – for instance, they may not be able to sit still during school lessons, and get up and walk around the classroom a lot instead. Severe ADHD can cause major problems in the life and everyday routine of both the child and their parents and brothers and sisters: Because children with ADHD behave differently than expected, they often cause trouble. They need a lot of attention. They find it more difficult to learn because of their short attention span. ADHD may also be accompanied by other kinds of mental disorders. The number of children being diagnosed with ADHD has increased in recent years. Some people are wary of this development and doubt that ADHD is really that common. They are worried that a lot of children who are diagnosed with ADHD are simply a little overactive, but otherwise healthy. A wrong diagnosis may lead to unnecessary treatment. Being wrongly labelled as mentally ill may also affect a child’s self-esteem. But there are also children and teenagers who actually have ADHD but are not diagnosed with it. This can also have a negative effect, because they may not get treatment that could help them. So it is very important to take the time to look into things so ADHD can be ruled out or diagnosed.

MedlinePlus: ⁴¹ Is it hard for your child to sit still? Does your child act without thinking first? Does your child start but not finish things? If so, your child may have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Nearly everyone shows some of these behaviors at times, but ADHD lasts more than 6 months and causes problems in school, at home and in social situations. ADHD is more common in boys than girls. It affects 3 to 5% of all American children. The main features of ADHD are: Inattention Hyperactivity Impulsivity No one knows exactly what causes ADHD. It sometimes runs in families, so genetics may be a factor. There may also be environmental factors. A complete evaluation by a trained professional is the only way to know for sure if your child has ADHD. Treatment may include medicine to control symptoms, therapy, or both. Structure at home and at school is important. Parent training may also help. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health

NINDS: ⁵² Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral disorder that affects 3-5 percent of all American children. It interferes with a person's ability to stay on a task and to exercise age-appropriate inhibition (cognitive alone or both cognitive and behavioral). Some of the warning signs of ADHD include failure to listen to instructions, inability to organize oneself and school work, fidgeting with hands and feet, talking too much, leaving projects, chores and homework unfinished, and having trouble paying attention to and responding to details. There are several types of ADHD: a predominantly inattentive subtype, a predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype, and a combined subtype. ADHD is usually diagnosed in childhood, although the condition can continue into the adult years.

OMIM®: ⁵⁷ Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood-onset behavioral disorder, affecting approximately 5 to 10% of children and adolescents (Wolraich et al., 1996). In this condition, persistent inattention and/or hyperactive-impulsive behavior results in impaired social and/or academic functioning. Boys are affected about 8 times more frequently than girls (Zametkin et al., 1990). (143465) (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

CDC: ² ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ A specific developmental disorder that is characterized by co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone and symptoms starting before seven years of age.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by... more...

Clinical features from OMIM®:

143465 (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

Before any treatment is started, the doctor will talk about what ADHD is and how everyone can best cope with it. As well as the parents and their child, teachers and preschool teachers may also be there too. It may then turn out that there is no urgent need for treatment. When deciding whether or not treatment is necessary, it is important to consider how much of a problem the behavior is for the child and their parents, and whether things like their performance at school are suffering as a result. If a child only has a mild form of ADHD that does not affect his or her life too much, it might be enough to complete a parent training and education program on dealing with ADHD. These programs can be taken as a class with an instructor or done on your own using written material. If a child has moderate or severe ADHD that is causing problems at school and in their social environment, it may be helpful to try interventions at school or have family or behavioral therapy . The type of help that will be most effective will depend on the child’s age, whether they tend to be more inattentive or more hyperactive, and what areas of their life the ADHD has the greatest impact on. Medication can relieve ADHD symptoms. It is mainly considered for the treatment of more severe ADHD when psychological and educational approaches are not effective enough. Medicine containing the drug methylphenidate is the most commonly used medication. If methylphenidate does not work or cannot be used for other reasons, the drugs atomoxetine , dexamfetamine or lisdexamfetamine may be used instead. Treatment at a psychosomatic or psychiatric hospital for children and teenagers may be a good idea for children who are extremely hyperactive and impulsive and have great difficulty coping in daily life, or can no longer cope at all. Hospital treatment may also be needed if the child has other severe mental disorders too.

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