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MCID: CRB079
MIFTS: 38

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

Categories: Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak:

Name: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak 54 74
Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak 74
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea 74
Spinal Csf Leak 54
Csf Rhinorrhea 54
Csf Otorrhea 54
Csf Leak 54

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Neuronal diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 34


External Ids:

ICD10 34 G96.0
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Summaries for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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NIH Rare Diseases : 54 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) though the ear. It is a rare but very serious condition that requires rapid intervention. Symptoms include leak of clear fluid through the ear, inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain (meningitis), hearing loss, and seizures. The cause of a spinal fluid leak through the ear is a defect of the bone and meningeal layers covering the brain that separate the subarachnoid space of the brain from the middle ear and mastoid bone (located just behind the ear). The leaks occur after a surgery in the base of the skull, temporal bone fractures, congenital defects of the inner ear, trauma, or they may be spontaneous. Treatment depends on the cause and may include antibiotics, compression dressing and surgery. 

MalaCards based summary : Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak, also known as spinal cerebrospinal fluid leak, is related to spontaneous intracranial hypotension and intracranial hypotension, and has symptoms including seizures, vertigo and pain. An important gene associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak is PTGDS (Prostaglandin D2 Synthase). The drugs Thrombin and Ropivacaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include pituitary, bone and brain.

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Related Diseases for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Diseases related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 86)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 spontaneous intracranial hypotension 12.5
2 intracranial hypotension 11.7
3 acoustic neuroma 10.6
4 headache 10.5
5 intracranial hypertension 10.5
6 meningitis 10.5
7 neuroma 10.4
8 neurilemmoma 10.3
9 encephalocele 10.3
10 body mass index quantitative trait locus 1 10.2
11 pituitary adenoma 10.1
12 adenoma 10.1
13 ocular motor apraxia 10.1
14 allergic rhinitis 10.1
15 hydrocephalus 10.1
16 rhinitis 10.1
17 decubitus ulcer 10.1
18 bacterial meningitis 10.1
19 congenital hydrocephalus 10.1
20 meningoencephalocele 10.1
21 pituitary tumors 10.1
22 ear malformation 10.0
23 meningioma, familial 10.0
24 spinal meningioma 10.0
25 secretory meningioma 10.0
26 lymphangiomatosis 10.0
27 chiari malformation 9.9
28 hydrocephalus due to congenital stenosis of aqueduct of sylvius 9.9
29 papilloma of choroid plexus 9.9
30 pituitary adenoma, prolactin-secreting 9.9
31 squamous cell papilloma 9.9
32 papilloma 9.9
33 arachnoid cysts 9.9
34 perilymphatic fistula 9.9
35 glioma susceptibility 1 9.9
36 hypertension, essential 9.9
37 marfan syndrome 9.9
38 neural tube defects 9.9
39 lung cancer 9.9
40 dandy-walker syndrome 9.9
41 deafness, autosomal recessive 4, with enlarged vestibular aqueduct 9.9
42 breast reconstruction 9.9
43 spinal stenosis 9.9
44 myelomeningocele 9.9
45 cryptococcal meningitis 9.9
46 osteomyelitis 9.9
47 meningocele 9.9
48 intracranial aneurysm 9.9
49 glioblastoma multiforme 9.9
50 oligodendroglioma 9.9

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak:



Diseases related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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UMLS symptoms related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak:


seizures, vertigo, pain, meningism, reflex, abnormal, neurobehavioral manifestations, neuromuscular manifestations
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Drugs & Therapeutics for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Drugs for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 99)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Thrombin Approved, Investigational Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2
2
Ropivacaine Approved Phase 4 84057-95-4 175805 71273
3
Racepinephrine Approved Phase 4 329-65-7 838
4
Epinephrine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 51-43-4 5816
5 Anesthetics Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable
6 Central Nervous System Depressants Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable
7 Fibrin Tissue Adhesive Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable
8 Pharmaceutical Solutions Phase 4,Phase 3
9 Hemostatics Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable
10 Coagulants Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable
11 Anesthetics, Local Phase 4,Phase 3,Not Applicable
12 Peripheral Nervous System Agents Phase 4,Phase 3,Not Applicable
13 Epinephryl borate Phase 4
14
Bupivacaine Approved, Investigational Phase 3,Not Applicable 38396-39-3, 2180-92-9 2474
15
Loperamide Approved Phase 3 53179-11-6 3955
16
Hydromorphone Approved, Illicit Phase 3 466-99-9 5284570
17
Fentanyl Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved Phase 3,Not Applicable 437-38-7 3345
18 Anesthetics, Intravenous Phase 3,Phase 2
19 Adjuvants, Anesthesia Phase 3,Phase 2
20 Anesthetics, General Phase 3,Phase 2
21 Analgesics Phase 3,Not Applicable
22 Analgesics, Opioid Phase 3,Not Applicable
23 Narcotics Phase 3,Not Applicable
24 Antidiarrheals Phase 3
25 Antisecretory factor Phase 3
26 Gastrointestinal Agents Phase 3
27 Liver Extracts Phase 3
28
Acetazolamide Approved, Vet_approved Phase 2,Not Applicable 59-66-5 1986
29
Midazolam Approved, Illicit Phase 2 59467-70-8 4192
30
Acetylcysteine Approved, Investigational Phase 1, Phase 2 616-91-1 12035
31
Probenecid Approved, Investigational Phase 1, Phase 2 57-66-9 4911
32
Carmustine Approved, Investigational Phase 2 154-93-8 2578
33
Aminolevulinic acid Approved Phase 2 106-60-5 137
34
Temozolomide Approved, Investigational Phase 2 85622-93-1 5394
35
tannic acid Approved Phase 2 1401-55-4
36
Norepinephrine Approved Phase 2 51-41-2 439260
37
Benzocaine Approved, Investigational Phase 2 1994-09-7, 94-09-7 2337
38
Serine Approved, Nutraceutical Phase 2 56-45-1 5951
39
Levulinic acid Experimental Phase 2 123-76-2 11579
40 Natriuretic Agents Phase 2,Not Applicable
41 diuretics Phase 2,Not Applicable
42 Anticonvulsants Phase 2,Not Applicable
43 Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Phase 2,Not Applicable
44 Anti-Anxiety Agents Phase 2
45 GABA Modulators Phase 2
46 GABA Agents Phase 2
47 Tranquilizing Agents Phase 2
48 Neurotransmitter Agents Phase 2
49 Hypnotics and Sedatives Phase 2
50 Psychotropic Drugs Phase 2

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 73)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 Efficacy of Tachosil as Dural Sealant Compared to Standard Treatment Completed NCT00999999 Phase 4
2 The Paediatric EVICEL® Neuro Study Recruiting NCT02309645 Phase 4
3 Serratus Plane Versus Paravertebral Nerve Blocks for Breast Surgery Enrolling by invitation NCT03860974 Phase 4 Serratus Plane block (single injection);Paravertebral block (single injection)
4 Sphenopalatine Ganglion Nerve Block for Postdural Puncture Headache in Obstetrics Withdrawn NCT03181464 Phase 4 Lidocaine 4%;Placebo
5 The EVICEL® Neurosurgery Phase III Study Completed NCT02457546 Phase 3
6 TASALL - TachoSil® Against Liquor Leak Completed NCT01355627 Phase 3
7 Efficacy and Safety of FS VH S/D 500 S-apr (Tisseel) as an Adjunct to Sutured Dural Repair in Cranial Surgery Completed NCT02891070 Phase 3 FS VH S/D 500 s-apr
8 A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of EVICEL as an Adjunct to Sutured Dural Repair Completed NCT01174992 Phase 2, Phase 3
9 Safety and Effectiveness of the Adherus Dural Sealant System When Used as a Dural Sealant in Cranial Procedures Completed NCT01158378 Phase 3
10 Bioseal Dural Sealing Study BIOS-14-001 Recruiting NCT03110783 Phase 3
11 Effect of Antisecretory Factor, Given as a Food Supplement to Adult Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Recruiting NCT03339505 Phase 3
12 Thoracic Epidural Analgesia or Four-Quadrant Transversus Abdominus Plane Block in Reducing Pain in Patients Undergoing Liver Surgery Recruiting NCT03214510 Phase 3 Bupivacaine;Fentanyl;Hydromorphone Hydrochloride;Liposomal Bupivacaine
13 The Tilburg Vasospasm Study Terminated NCT01407614 Phase 2, Phase 3
14 Effect of Acetazolamide & Position in CSF Leakage and Collection and Wound Dehiscence Unknown status NCT01867268 Phase 2 Acetazolamide
15 Bedside Sedation for the Prevention of Post Dural Puncture Headache Unknown status NCT01503788 Phase 2 Midazolam
16 A Clinical Trial for Treatment of Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) Deficiency Using AAV2-hAADC - An Expansion Unknown status NCT02926066 Phase 2 AAV2-hAADC
17 Fibrin Sealant for the Sealing of Dura Sutures Completed NCT00681824 Phase 2
18 Overcoming Membrane Transporters to Improve CNS Drug Delivery - Improving Brain Antioxidants After Traumatic Brain Injury Completed NCT01322009 Phase 1, Phase 2 Probenecid and N-acetyl cysteine;Placebo
19 Lumbar Drainage in Subarachnoid Haemorrhage Completed NCT00842049 Phase 2
20 Gliadel Wafer and Fluorescence-Guided Surgery With 5-ALA Followed by Radiation Therapy And Temozolomide in Treating Patients With Primary Glioblastoma Completed NCT01310868 Phase 2 5-ALA;Gliadel wafers;Concomitant chemotherapy as normal based on standard clinical protocols determined by the neuro-oncologist;Adjuvant chemotherapy as normal based on standard clinical protocols determined by the neuro-oncologist
21 Pneumococci and Hib Vaccination After Neurotrauma or Neurosurgery Completed NCT02806284 Phase 2
22 A Randomized Trial of CT Fluoroscopy-guided Targeted Autologous Blood and Fibrin Glue Patching for Treatment Recruiting NCT03276975 Phase 2 TISSEEL
23 Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage (CSFD) in Acute Spinal Cord Injury Recruiting NCT02495545 Phase 2
24 A Phase I/II Clinical Trial for Treatment of Aromatic L-amino Acid Decarboxylase (AADC) Deficiency Using AAV2-hAADC Active, not recruiting NCT01395641 Phase 1, Phase 2 gene therapy
25 Patch vs. No Patch Fetoscopic Meningomyelocele Repair Study Recruiting NCT03794011 Phase 1
26 Mobilisation Algorithm After Incidental Durotomy Unknown status NCT02927782 Not Applicable
27 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dural Repair Patch in Neurosurgical Repairs Unknown status NCT02129114 Not Applicable
28 Value of Radionuclide Cisternography Completed NCT02876614
29 Performance and Safety of I-020805 in Prevention of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Leakage Following Elective Craniotomy Completed NCT01295619 Not Applicable
30 A New Cochlear Implant Electrode For Inner Ear Malformations Completed NCT02011867 Not Applicable
31 Study to Evaluate Safety & Effectiveness of Spinal Sealant Completed NCT00444067 Not Applicable
32 Monitoring Patient Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Drainage With an Ultrasonic Flow Sensor Completed NCT00652197
33 Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea After Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Completed NCT02382692
34 DuraSeal Exact Spine Sealant System Post-Approval Study Completed NCT01410864
35 Chitosan Scaffold for Sellar Floor Repair in Endoscopic Endonasal Transsphenoidal Surgery Completed NCT03280849 Not Applicable
36 Incidence of Headache Following an Unintentional Dural Puncture Completed NCT01977898 Not Applicable Morphine;Saline
37 A Comparison Between Two Techniques for Performing Decompressive Craniectomy Completed NCT02594137 Not Applicable
38 Estimating EC95 of Remifentanil for Cough Prevention During Emergence From Total Intravenous Anesthesia With Propofol and Remifentanil in Patients Undergoing Transsphenoidal Hypophysectomy Completed NCT01735019 Not Applicable Administration of remifentanil with TCI system
39 Body Mass Index and Post-dural Puncture Headache Completed NCT02999919 Not Applicable
40 Study of Shunt Flow Sensor Accuracy in Extra-ventricular Drains. Completed NCT01108965
41 Alteration in Hearing Following Accidental Dural Puncture. A Study in Parturients Completed NCT01682967
42 DuraSeal Sealant Post Market Study Completed NCT00704340 Not Applicable
43 Influence of Drainage on EVD ICP-signal Completed NCT03164434
44 Prediction of Post-dural Puncture Headache in Parturients Undergoing Elective Caesarean Section Completed NCT03464253
45 Olfactory Dysfunction of Rhinosinusitis - Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP)/Calcium Signaling Study Completed NCT00970190
46 Evaluate the Safety and Performance of Dura Sealant Patch in Reducing CSF Leakage Following Elective Cranial Surgery Recruiting NCT03566602 Not Applicable
47 Sonographic Monitoring of Weaning of Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainages Recruiting NCT02408757
48 The Efficacy and Safety of Lyoplant® Onlay in Repairing Cerebral Dura Mater Recruiting NCT03951272 Not Applicable
49 L-PRF in Cranial Surgery Recruiting NCT03812120 Not Applicable
50 Role of Leukocyte- and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Membranes in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Reconstruction Recruiting NCT03910374 Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Genetic Tests for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Anatomical Context for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak:

42
Pituitary, Bone, Brain, Breast, Liver, Spinal Cord, Testes
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Publications for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Articles related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak:

(show top 50) (show all 367)
# Title Authors Year
1
Disturbed Consciousness and Coma: Diagnosis and Management of Intracranial Hypotension Caused by a Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. ( 30292664 )
2019
2
Risk Factors for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion. ( 30379657 )
2019
3
Erratum to "Surgical outcomes in the treatment of temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A systematic review" [Auris Nasus Larynx 45 (2018) 903-910]. ( 30472083 )
2019
4
Management of spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A 30-year experience. ( 30472121 )
2019
5
Tension pneumocephalus - A rare complication of cerebrospinal fluid leak. ( 30581524 )
2019
6
Do Most Patients With a Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Have Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension? ( 30747786 )
2019
7
Proposal of Standardization of Closure Techniques After Endoscopic Pituitary and Skull Base Surgery Based on Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Risk Classification. ( 30908447 )
2019
8
Cryptococcal Meningitis in a HIV Seronegative Patient: A Rare Complication of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Detected with a New Cisternographic Technique. ( 30915245 )
2019
9
Intracranial Hypotension and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. ( 30926112 )
2019
10
Little Insights from Big Data: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Skull Base Surgery and the Limitations of Database Research. ( 30928599 )
2019
11
Chronic cough and pneumonitis secondary to cerebrospinal fluid leak: Resolution after repair. ( 31003737 )
2019
12
Utility of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differentiating Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak from Middle Ear Effusion. ( 31039071 )
2019
13
Middle Turbinate Friendly Technique for Cribriform Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair. ( 31039072 )
2019
14
Utilization of the Nasoseptal Flap for Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak after Endoscopic Endonasal Approach for Resection of Pituitary Tumors. ( 31062526 )
2019
15
Combined Endoscopic Transorbital and Endonasal Repair of High Flow Orbital Apex/Middle Fossa Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak with a Nasoseptal Flap. ( 29676403 )
2018
16
Penetrating trauma causing cerebrospinal fluid leak without nerve root damage. ( 29764819 )
2018
17
Posttraumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Associated with an Upper Cervical Meningeal Diverticulum. ( 29777885 )
2018
18
Horizontal lateral lamella as a risk factor for iatrogenic cerebrospinal fluid leak. Clinical retrospective evaluation of 24 cases. ( 29785412 )
2018
19
The Surgical Treatment of Posttraumatic Skull Base Defects with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. ( 29868329 )
2018
20
Excellent Outcomes of Large-Volume Epidural Blood Patch Using an Intravenous Catheter in 15 Consecutive Cases with Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. ( 29966793 )
2018
21
Corrigendum to "Paradoxical postural cerebrospinal fluid leak-induced headache: Report of two cases" [J Clin Anesth 20 (5) (2008 Aug) 383-5]. ( 29980004 )
2018
22
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak in Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma-Rare Sequelae of Flutamide-Induced Tumor Shrinkage. ( 30099189 )
2018
23
An Endoscopic Endonasal Repair of Spontaneous Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak. ( 30110523 )
2018
24
Visualized ethmoid roof cerebrospinal fluid leak during frontal balloon sinuplasty. ( 30138524 )
2018
25
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Symptomatic Pseudomeningocele After Intradural Spine Surgery. ( 30149160 )
2018
26
Fluoroscopy-Assisted Transnasal Onyx Occlusion of the Eustachian Tube for Lateral Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair. ( 30210977 )
2018
27
Corrigendum to "Reconstructive outcome of intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal surgery for tumors involving skull base" [J. Clin. Neurosci. 45 (2017) 227-231]. ( 30287251 )
2018
28
Unilateral rhinorrhoea associated with cerebrospinal fluid leak. ( 30301833 )
2018
29
Repair of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak in Cochlear Implantation. ( 30339594 )
2018
30
The Effect of lumbar drains on spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak repair. ( 30351284 )
2018
31
Does lumbar drainage reduce postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery? A prospective, randomized controlled trial. ( 30485224 )
2018
32
Intraoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak in Extradural Spinal Tumor Surgery. ( 30531655 )
2018
33
A case of delayed hydrocephalus from cerebrospinal fluid leak after resection of a cervical spinal schwannoma. ( 30587875 )
2018
34
Body mass index and the risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak following transsphenoidal surgery in an Asian population. ( 27653546 )
2018
35
Locating the site of cerebrospinal fluid leak in a patient with low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. ( 28427771 )
2018
36
Endoscopic Endonasal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Repair on the Ventral Midline Skull Base: A Single Neurosurgical Center Experience. ( 28481397 )
2018
37
Risk factors associated with postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery. ( 28598276 )
2018
38
Cranio-cervical junction cerebrospinal fluid leak after microdebrider-assisted adenoidectomy - A rare case report. ( 28802733 )
2018
39
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak at Percutaneous Exit of Ventricular Catheter as a Crucial Risk Factor for External Ventricular Drainage-Related Infection in Adult Neurosurgical Patients. ( 28989043 )
2018
40
Cerebrospinal fluid leak after bone marrow biopsy. ( 29048111 )
2018
41
Efficacy of intraoperative lumbar subarachnoid drainage for prevention of cerebrospinal fluid leak after spinal cord tumor resection. ( 29191390 )
2018
42
Multifaceted Adjunct for Prevention of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Following External Ventricular Drain Placement To Minimize Incidence of Infection. ( 29232806 )
2018
43
Lumbar Drains Decrease the Risk of Postoperative Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Following Endonasal Endoscopic Surgery for Suprasellar Meningiomas in Patients With High Body Mass Index. ( 29253284 )
2018
44
Meningoencephalocele and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak Complicating Orbital Decompression. ( 29342033 )
2018
45
The Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak After Anterior Cervical Decompression Surgery. ( 29451938 )
2018
46
Management of a posterior gunshot injury with a floating pedicle and cerebrospinal fluid leak. ( 29525911 )
2018
47
Expert's comment concerning Grand Rounds case entitled "Management of a posterior gunshot injury with a floating pedicle and cerebrospinal fluid leak" by A. Bourghli, S. Abouhashem, R. Abo Wali, I. Obeid, L. Boissiere, J. M. Vital, M. Al Sarawan (Eur Spine J; 2018. DOI 10.1007/s00586-018-5537-9). ( 29623493 )
2018
48
Surgical outcomes in the treatment of temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A systematic review. ( 29636204 )
2018
49
Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak after microvascular reconstruction of craniofacial defects with orbital exenteration. ( 27601262 )
2017
50
Sample-dependent diagnostic accuracy of prostaglandin D synthase in cerebrospinal fluid leak. ( 27614217 )
2017
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Variations for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Expression for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak.
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Pathways for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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GO Terms for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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Cellular components related to Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 perinuclear region of cytoplasm GO:0048471 8.62 PTGDS TPPP3
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Sources for Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
20 FMA
29 GO
30 GTR
31 HGMD
32 HMDB
33 HPO
34 ICD10
35 ICD10 via Orphanet
36 ICD9CM
37 IUPHAR
38 KEGG
39 LifeMap
41 LOVD
43 MedGen
45 MeSH
46 MESH via Orphanet
47 MGI
50 NCI
51 NCIt
52 NDF-RT
55 NINDS
56 Novoseek
58 OMIM
59 OMIM via Orphanet
63 PubMed
65 QIAGEN
70 SNOMED-CT via HPO
71 SNOMED-CT via Orphanet
72 TGDB
73 Tocris
74 UMLS
75 UMLS via Orphanet
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