Cervical Incompetence disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: CRV025 MIFTS: 37	Cervical Incompetence Categories: Reproductive diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Download Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Cervical Incompetence

MalaCards integrated aliases for Cervical Incompetence:

Name: Cervical Incompetence ¹² ¹⁵

Uterine Cervical Incompetence ⁴⁴ ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Reproductive diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³³

Diseases of the genitourinary system

Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract

Other noninflammatory disorders of cervix uteri

Incompetence of cervix uteri

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:9681

ICD10 ³³ N88.3

ICD9CM ³⁵ 622.5

MeSH ⁴⁴ D002581

NCIt ⁵⁰ C50607

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 156172008 157049000 17382005 more

UMLS ⁷³ C0007871

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Summaries for Cervical Incompetence

Disease Ontology : ¹² A cervix disease that is characterized by the beginning of dilation and effacement of a pregnant woman's cervix before her pregnancy has reached term.

MalaCards based summary : Cervical Incompetence, also known as uterine cervical incompetence, is related to vaginitis and placenta disease. An important gene associated with Cervical Incompetence is IL6 (Interleukin 6), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Collagen chain trimerization and Degradation of the extracellular matrix. The drugs Misoprostol and Dinoprostone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include cervix, testes and placenta, and related phenotypes are limbs/digits/tail and skeleton

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Related Diseases for Cervical Incompetence

Diseases related to Cervical Incompetence via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 26)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	vaginitis	30.5	IL6 SERPINH1
2	placenta disease	29.9	IL6 SERPINH1
3	ehlers-danlos syndrome	28.2	COL5A2 PLOD1
4	cervix disease	11.1
5	cervicitis	10.8
6	funisitis	10.4	IL6 SERPINH1
7	vaginal disease	10.4	IL6 SERPINH1
8	preterm premature rupture of the membranes	10.4	IL6 SERPINH1
9	endometrial disease	10.4	IL6 SERPINH1
10	encephalomalacia	10.3	IL6 SERPINH1
11	perinatal necrotizing enterocolitis	10.3	IL6 SERPINH1
12	uterine anomalies	10.3	IL6 SERPINH1
13	female reproductive system disease	10.1	IL6 SERPINH1
14	osteogenesis imperfecta, type viii	10.0	CRTAP P3H1
15	infertility	10.0
16	reproductive system disease	9.9	IL6 SERPINH1
17	dentinogenesis imperfecta	9.9	CRTAP P3H1
18	osteogenesis imperfecta, type ii	9.8	CRTAP P3H1
19	bone development disease	9.8	CRTAP P3H1
20	appendicitis	9.7
21	brittle bone disorder	9.6	CRTAP P3H1
22	collagen disease	9.6	COL5A2 PLOD1
23	osteogenesis imperfecta, type vi	9.5	CRTAP P3H1 SERPINH1
24	osteogenesis imperfecta, type iii	9.5	CRTAP P3H1 SERPINH1
25	connective tissue disease	9.3	IL6 P3H1 PLOD1 SERPINH1
26	bruck syndrome	9.0	CRTAP P3H1 PLOD1 SERPINH1

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Cervical Incompetence:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Cervical Incompetence

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Cervical Incompetence:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	limbs/digits/tail	MP:0005371	9.26	PLOD1 SERPINH1 HOXA11 P3H1
2	skeleton	MP:0005390	9.17	COL5A2 CRTAP HOXA11 IL6 P3H1 PLOD1

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Cervical Incompetence

Drugs for Cervical Incompetence (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 61)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Misoprostol

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

59122-46-2

5282381

Dinoprostone

Approved

Phase 4

363-24-6

5280360

Bupivacaine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

2180-92-9, 38396-39-3

2474

Procaine

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

59-46-1

4914

Fentanyl

Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Not Applicable

437-38-7

3345

Chloroprocaine

Approved

Phase 4

133-16-4

8612

Gastrointestinal Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3

Oxytocics

Phase 4,Phase 3

Antacids

Phase 4,Phase 3

Anti-Ulcer Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3

Analgesics

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Central Nervous System Depressants

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Narcotics

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Analgesics, Opioid

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Anesthetics

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, General

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, Local

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Phase 4

Progesterone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3,Phase 3,Not Applicable

57-83-0

5994

Mifepristone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

84371-65-3

55245

Silicon

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

7440-21-3

4082203

Contraceptive Agents

Phase 3

Contraceptives, Oral

Phase 3

Contraceptives, Postcoital

Phase 3

Hormone Antagonists

Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Hormones

Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists

Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Luteolytic Agents

Phase 3

Progestins

Phase 2, Phase 3,Phase 3,Not Applicable

Menthol

Approved

Not Applicable

2216-51-5

16666

Cefazolin

Approved

Not Applicable

25953-19-9

656510 33255

Indomethacin

Approved, Investigational

Not Applicable

53-86-1

3715

Clindamycin

Approved, Vet_approved

Not Applicable

18323-44-9

29029

Acetylcysteine

Approved, Investigational

Not Applicable

616-91-1

12035

Lidocaine

Approved, Vet_approved

Not Applicable

137-58-6

3676

Respiratory System Agents

Not Applicable

Clindamycin palmitate

Not Applicable

Clindamycin phosphate

Not Applicable

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Not Applicable

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Not Applicable

Tocolytic Agents

Not Applicable

N-monoacetylcystine

Not Applicable

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Not Applicable

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Not Applicable

Expectorants

Not Applicable

Antidotes

Not Applicable

Anti-Infective Agents

Not Applicable

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 24)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Intravaginal Misoprostol Versus Dinoprostone Before Diagnostik Hysteroscopy	Unknown status	NCT01620814	Phase 4	Dinoprostone;misoprostol;control
2	Intrathecal Chloroprocaine vs. Bupivacaine for Cervical Cerclage	Recruiting	NCT03305575	Phase 4	Chloroprocaine;Bupivacaine
3	Chloroprocaine Spinal Anesthesia for Cervical Cerclage (CP Spinal)	Recruiting	NCT02862912	Phase 4	Chloroprocaine;Bupivacaine;Fentanyl;Saline
4	Cervical Preparation for Surgical Abortion at 12-14 Weeks: a Prospective, Randomized, Evaluator-blinded, Multicenter, Controlled Comparison Between Mifepristone, Misoprostol and Their Combination	Unknown status	NCT01795599	Phase 3	Mifegyne ®;Gymiso®
5	Physical Examination-Indicated Pessary	Recruiting	NCT02967445	Phase 3
6	Cerclage for Twins With Short Cervix	Withdrawn	NCT03077633	Phase 2, Phase 3	Vaginal Progesterone
7	Vaginal Progesterone in Twins With Short Cervix	Withdrawn	NCT01812239	Phase 2, Phase 3	Vaginal Progesterone gel.;Placebo gel
8	The Effect of Adjunctive Use of Vaginal Progesterone After Cerclage on Prevention of 2nd Trimester Miscarriage	Recruiting	NCT02846909	Phase 2	Progesterone
9	Patient Attitudes Toward Ultrasound Measurement of Cervical Length	Unknown status	NCT01482039	Not Applicable
10	Preventing Preterm Birth With a Pessary	Unknown status	NCT01380158	Not Applicable
11	Multifactorial Approach to Emergent Cerclage	Completed	NCT01114516	Not Applicable	Indomethacin and antibiotics (cefazolin or clindamycin)
12	Dilapan-S Osmotic Dilator in Pre-induction of Labor	Completed	NCT02098382
13	N-Acetyl Cysteine After Cervical Cerclage	Completed	NCT00787813	Not Applicable	N-Acetyl Cysteine;Placebo
14	The Biomarker Study	Completed	NCT01148654
15	Amniotic Fluid Sludge in Cerclage Patients as an Indicator for Increased Risk of Preterm Delivery and Neonatal Outcome.	Completed	NCT00722085
16	Maternal Gut Microbiome (MGM) Study of Diet, the Gut Microbiome and Preterm Birth	Completed	NCT02560246
17	Cerclage vs Cervical Pessary in Women With Cervical Incompetence	Recruiting	NCT02405455	Not Applicable
18	Use of Pessary in Case of Cervical Insufficiency and Short Cervix	Recruiting	NCT03096691	Not Applicable
19	Prolene Versus Ethibond for Cervical Cerclage	Recruiting	NCT03311867	Not Applicable
20	CellulaR Injury and Preterm Birth	Recruiting	NCT02441335
21	Prevention of Preterm Birth in Singletons Using Pessary After Resolutive Threatened Preterm Labor	Recruiting	NCT02484820	Not Applicable
22	The Impact of Cervical Cerclage or Vaginal Progesterone on Vaginal Microbiome Distribution	Recruiting	NCT03253016	Not Applicable
23	Cervical Occlusion for the Prevention of Preterm Birth	Terminated	NCT01737788	Not Applicable
24	Determination of ED90 of Intrathecal Lidocaine for Adequate Anesthesia for Elective Cervical Cerclage Surgery	Terminated	NCT02574832	Not Applicable	Lidocaine Administration

Search NIH Clinical Center for Cervical Incompetence

Cochrane evidence based reviews: uterine cervical incompetence

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Genetic Tests for Cervical Incompetence

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Anatomical Context for Cervical Incompetence

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Cervical Incompetence:

⁴¹

Cervix, Testes, Placenta

Sources

Publications for Cervical Incompetence

Articles related to Cervical Incompetence:

(show top 50) (show all 160)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Don't be short-sighted: cervical incompetence in a pregnant patient with acute appendicitis. ( 29414522 )	Negrete L.M....Spalluto L.B.	2018
2	The place for prophylactic cerclage in the infertile patient with established cervical incompetence who conceived twins after septum reduction. ( 29209482 )	Deanna J....Abuzeid M.	2017
3	Co-morbidity of cervical incompetence with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) negatively impacts prognosis: A retrospective analysis of 178 patients. ( 27733131 )	Wang Y....Zhao Y.	2016
4	EP18.11: Prenatal diagnosis of caput succedaneum associated with cervical incompetence at 16 weeks. ( 27647484 )	Lau W.L....Chan Y.V.	2016
5	Role of Cervical Cerclage and Vaginal Progesterone in the Treatment of Cervical Incompetence with/without Preterm Birth History. ( 27823998 )	Wang S.W....Zhang J.R.	2016
6	Laparoscopic Cerclage for Prevention of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Due to Cervical Incompetence. ( 27679035 )	Xia E....Huang X.	2015
7	Successful delivery after transabdominal cerclage of uterine cervix for cervical incompetence after radical trachelectomy. ( 25944172 )	Ishioka S....Saito T.	2015
8	Successful treatment of cervical incompetence using a modified laparoscopic cervical cerclage technique: a cohort study. ( 24965992 )	Luo L....Yao S.Z.	2014
9	Effects of Maternal Cervical Incompetence on Morbidity and Mortality of Preterm Neonates with Birth weight Less than 2000g. ( 26019783 )	Hua W....Ping W.	2014
10	Use of cervical cerclage as a treatment option for cervical incompetence: patient characteristics, presentation and management over a 9 year period in a Kenyan centre. ( 24069746 )	Karau P.B....Karau G.M.	2013
11	Oxidative status shifts in uterine cervical incompetence patients. ( 24304328 )	Zolotukhin P....Shkurat T.	2013
12	Effective treatment of cervical incompetence in a monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy with a rescue cervical cerclage and pessary--a case report and review of literature. ( 23488300 )	KosiA8ska-KaczyA8ska K....WielgoA9 M.	2012
13	Cervical incompetence associated with congenital uterine malformations. ( 23700889 )	Chifan M....Zanoschi C.	2012
14	Cervical funneling after cerclage in cervical incompetence as a predictor of pregnancy outcome. ( 21463213 )	Song J.E....Jun H.A.	2012
15	Pregnancy outcome after cerclage for cervical incompetence at the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt. ( 23437511 )	Ikimalo J.I....Inimgba N.	2012
16	Laparoscopic cervicoisthmic cerclage for the treatment of cervical incompetence: case reports. ( 22519240 )	DaCosta V....Frederick-Johnston S.	2011
17	Effects of maternal cervical incompetence on morbidity and mortality of very low birthweight neonates. ( 20234141 )	Sung T.J....Ju Y.S.	2010
18	Pessary use for the treatment of cervical incompetence and prevention of preterm labour. ( 20334532 )	Kimber-Trojnar Z....Oleszczuk J.	2010
19	Ambispective study on Mac Donald suturing in pregnant ladies with cervical incompetence in Dhulikhel Hospital. ( 22610738 )	Tamrakar S.R....Chawla C.D.	2010
20	Association of very high Hungarian rate of preterm births with cervical incompetence in pregnant women. ( 20586224 )	BA!nhidy F....Czeizel A.E.	2010
21	Uterine Didelphys with Pregnancy and Cervical Incompetence. ( 27407898 )	Maiti G.D....Garg S.	2006
22	Noninvasive cerclage for the management of cervical incompetence: a prospective study. ( 16222537 )	Acharya G....Maltau J.M.	2006
23	A five century evolution of cervical incompetence as a clinical entity. ( 15777226 )	Althuisius S.M....Dekker G.A.	2005
24	Laparoscopic cervico-uterine cerclage using polypropylene mesh for the treatment of cervical incompetence. ( 16026416 )	KjA...EllstrAPm Engh M.A.	2005
25	Management of cervical incompetence in Aba, south-eastern Nigeria. ( 16353700 )	Feyi-Waboso P.A....Umezurike C.C.	2005
26	Cervical incompetence and the role of emergency cerclage. ( 15937588 )	Cockwell H.A....Smith G.N.	2005
27	Preterm deliveries among women with MacDonald cerclage performed due to cervical incompetence. ( 15192297 )	Sheiner E....Mazor M.	2004
28	Interleukin-6, but not relaxin, predicts outcome of rescue cerclage in women with cervical incompetence. ( 15467541 )	Lee K.Y....Kang S.W.	2004
29	Controversies regarding cervical incompetence, short cervix, and the need for cerclage. ( 15519424 )	Althuisius S....Dekker G.	2004
30	Cervical surveillance as an alternative to elective cervical cerclage for pregnancy management of suspected cervical incompetence. ( 15191447 )	Higgins S.P....Brennecke S.P.	2004
31	Cervical incompetence prevention randomized cerclage trial: emergency cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. ( 14586323 )	Althuisius S.M....van Geijn H.P.	2003
32	Elective and emergency transabdominal cervicoisthmic cerclage for cervical incompetence. ( 12971139 )	Hole J....Martinez F.	2003
33	Diagnostic features of cervical incompetence among women in Maiduguri. ( 12745553 )	Audu B.M....Kyari O.	2003
34	Complications of cervical cerclage in women with cervical incompetence. ( 14643041 )	Audu B.M....Kyari O.A.	2003
35	Vaginal sonography and cervical incompetence. ( 12592276 )	Owen J....Hauth J.C.	2003
36	Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): effect of therapeutic cerclage with bed rest vs. bed rest only on cervical length. ( 12153667 )	Althuisius S....van Geijn H.	2002
37	Cervical incompetence: a reappraisal of an obstetric controversy. ( 12140372 )	Althuisius S.M....van Geijn H.P.	2002
38	The value of transvaginal ultrasonography in diagnosis and management of cervical incompetence. ( 11838756 )	Kassanos D....Creatsas C.	2001
39	Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. ( 11717642 )	Althuisius S.M....van Geijn H.P.	2001
40	Cervical incompetence: the use of selective and emergency cerclage. ( 11234614 )	Matijevic R....Kurjak A.	2001
41	Cervical incompetence: the use of transvaginal sonography to provide an objective diagnosis. ( 11555448 )	MacDonald R....Vyas S.	2001
42	Hematometra after thermal balloon endometrial ablation in a patient with cervical incompetence. ( 11642669 )	Hubert S.R....Hurd W.W.	2001
43	Cervical incompetence prevention randomized cerclage trial (CIPRACT): study design and preliminary results. ( 11035320 )	Althuisius S.M....Hummel P.	2000
44	Can examination of the cervix provide useful information for prediction of cervical incompetence and following preterm labour? ( 10554937 )	Rocco B.P....Garrone C.	1999
45	MRI appearance of cervical incompetence in a pregnant patient. ( 10576725 )	Maldjian C....Pelosi M.	1999
46	The epidemiology of cervical incompetence in Ramathibodi Hospital between 1982-1997. ( 10511780 )	Chanrachakul B....Herabutya Y.	1999
47	Cervical incompetence: elective, emergent, or urgent cerclage. ( 10454663 )	Kurup M....Goldkrand J.W.	1999
48	Diagnostic imaging in cervical incompetence. ( 10191659 )	Campioni P....Vincenzoni M.	1998
49	The natural history of a positive response to transfundal pressure in women at risk for cervical incompetence. ( 9077619 )	Guzman E.R....Hanley M.L.	1997
50	Transvaginal ultrasound in the management of women with suspected cervical incompetence. ( 9091023 )	QUINN M.	1997

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Genes for Cervical Incompetence

Genes related to Cervical Incompetence (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	IL6	Interleukin 6	Protein Coding	16.87	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
2	SERPINH1	Serpin Family H Member 1	Protein Coding	16.49	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
3	PLOD1	Procollagen-Lysine,2-Oxoglutarate 5-Dioxygenase 1	Protein Coding	15.16	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
4	P3H1	Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 1	Protein Coding	15.1	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
5	CRTAP	Cartilage Associated Protein	Protein Coding	15.1	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
6	COL5A2	Collagen Type V Alpha 2 Chain	Protein Coding	15.02	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
7	HOXA11	Homeobox A11	Protein Coding	14.95	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)

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Variations for Cervical Incompetence

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Expression for Cervical Incompetence

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Cervical Incompetence.

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Pathways for Cervical Incompetence

Pathways related to Cervical Incompetence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Collagen chain trimerization ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Anchoring fibril formation ⁶⁶ Assembly of collagen fibrils and other multimeric structures ⁶⁶ Blood Coagulation Cascade ⁶⁴ Collagen biosynthesis and modifying enzymes ⁶⁶ Collagen formation ⁶⁶ Crosslinking of collagen fibrils ⁶⁶ Intrinsic Prothrombin Activation Pathway ⁶⁴ Protein digestion and absorption ³⁷	12.08	COL5A2 CRTAP P3H1 PLOD1 SERPINH1
2	Degradation of the extracellular matrix ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Collagen degradation ⁶⁶ Extracellular matrix organization ⁶⁶	11.68	COL5A2 CRTAP P3H1 PLOD1 SERPINH1

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GO Terms for Cervical Incompetence

Cellular components related to Cervical Incompetence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	endoplasmic reticulum	GO:0005783	9.46	CRTAP P3H1 PLOD1 SERPINH1
2	protein-containing complex	GO:0032991	9.43	CRTAP HOXA11 P3H1
3	endoplasmic reticulum lumen	GO:0005788	9.02	COL5A2 CRTAP IL6 P3H1 SERPINH1
4	collagen trimer	GO:0005581	8.96	COL5A2 SERPINH1

Biological processes related to Cervical Incompetence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	bone development	GO:0060348	9.26	HOXA11 P3H1
2	chaperone-mediated protein folding	GO:0061077	9.16	CRTAP P3H1
3	collagen fibril organization	GO:0030199	8.96	COL5A2 SERPINH1
4	negative regulation of post-translational protein modification	GO:1901874	8.62	CRTAP P3H1

Molecular functions related to Cervical Incompetence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	dioxygenase activity	GO:0051213	9.26	P3H1 PLOD1
2	oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen	GO:0016705	9.16	P3H1 PLOD1
3	collagen binding	GO:0005518	8.96	P3H1 SERPINH1
4	L-ascorbic acid binding	GO:0031418	8.62	P3H1 PLOD1

Sources

Sources for Cervical Incompetence

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia