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MCID: CLS049
MIFTS: 35

Classic Phenylketonuria

Categories: Metabolic diseases, Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Classic Phenylketonuria

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Classic Phenylketonuria:

Name: Classic Phenylketonuria 58
Phenylketonuria Classical 54
Classical Phenylketonuria 71
Classic Pku 58

Characteristics:

Orphanet epidemiological data:

58
classic phenylketonuria
Inheritance: Autosomal recessive; Age of onset: Infancy,Neonatal; Age of death: normal life expectancy;

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Metabolic diseases Rare diseases
Anatomical: Neuronal diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 33
Orphanet: 58  
Rare neurological diseases
Inborn errors of metabolism


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Summaries for Classic Phenylketonuria

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MalaCards based summary : Classic Phenylketonuria, also known as phenylketonuria classical, is related to phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia, bh4-deficient, a, and has symptoms including dry skin An important gene associated with Classic Phenylketonuria is PAH (Phenylalanine Hydroxylase), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, proline and tryptophan catabolism and Folate biosynthesis. The drugs Phenylalanine and lysine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, testes and brain, and related phenotypes are global developmental delay and intellectual disability, severe

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Related Diseases for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Diseases related to Classic Phenylketonuria via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 32)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 phenylketonuria 32.5 QDPR PTS PAH
2 hyperphenylalaninemia, bh4-deficient, a 30.7 QDPR PTS PAH
3 hyperphenylalaninemia 29.4 QDPR PTS PAH
4 mild hyperphenylalaninemia 28.6 QDPR PTS PAH
5 maternal hyperphenylalaninemia 11.3
6 disorder of phenylalanine metabolism 10.5
7 inherited metabolic disorder 10.0
8 friedreich ataxia 10.0
9 ataxia and polyneuropathy, adult-onset 10.0
10 cataract 10.0
11 strabismus 9.9
12 autism 9.9
13 homocysteinemia 9.9
14 abdominal obesity-metabolic syndrome 1 9.9
15 leukemia, acute lymphoblastic 9.9
16 congenital hypothyroidism 9.9
17 vitamin b12 deficiency 9.9
18 bone disease 9.9
19 rickets 9.9
20 microcephaly 9.9
21 hypothyroidism 9.9
22 holoprosencephaly 9.9
23 mechanical strabismus 9.9
24 47,xyy 9.9
25 lobar holoprosencephaly 9.9
26 hyperphenylalaninemia, bh4-deficient, b 9.5 QDPR PTS
27 argininemia 9.4 QDPR PAH
28 vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease susceptibility 1 9.3 QDPR PAH
29 maple syrup urine disease 9.2 QDPR PAH
30 tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency 9.1 QDPR PTS PAH
31 tyrosinemia 9.1 QDPR PTS PAH
32 dystonia 9.0 QDPR PTS PAH

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Classic Phenylketonuria:



Diseases related to Classic Phenylketonuria
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Human phenotypes related to Classic Phenylketonuria:

58 31 (show all 27)
# Description HPO Frequency Orphanet Frequency HPO Source Accession
1 global developmental delay 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0001263
2 intellectual disability, severe 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0010864
3 growth delay 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0001510
4 hypopigmentation of hair 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0005599
5 hypopigmentation of the skin 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0001010
6 hyperphenylalaninemia 58 31 hallmark (90%) Very frequent (99-80%) HP:0004923
7 microcephaly 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0000252
8 hypertonia 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0001276
9 tremor 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0001337
10 nausea and vomiting 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0002017
11 memory impairment 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0002354
12 autism 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0000717
13 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0007018
14 depressivity 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0000716
15 eczema 58 31 frequent (33%) Frequent (79-30%) HP:0000964
16 seizure 31 frequent (33%) HP:0001250
17 cataract 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0000518
18 hyperreflexia 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0001347
19 motor deterioration 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0002333
20 lack of skin elasticity 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0100679
21 self-injurious behavior 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0100716
22 cerebral calcification 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0002514
23 paraplegia 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0010550
24 hemiplegia 58 31 occasional (7.5%) Occasional (29-5%) HP:0002301
25 behavioral abnormality 58 Very frequent (99-80%)
26 seizures 58 Frequent (79-30%)
27 mental deterioration 58 Frequent (79-30%)

UMLS symptoms related to Classic Phenylketonuria:


dry skin

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Classic Phenylketonuria:

45
# Description MGI Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 pigmentation MP:0001186 8.62 PAH PTS
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Drugs & Therapeutics for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Drugs for Classic Phenylketonuria (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):


# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Phenylalanine Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical 63-91-2 6140
2 lysine

Interventional clinical trials:


# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 Nutrition Status of Adult and Adolescent Patients With Classical Phenylketonuria (PKU) and Hyperphenylalaninemia Completed NCT01879995
2 Biological Variation of Phenylalanine in Patients With Hyperphenylalaninemia Completed NCT01869972
3 Early Dietary Treated Patients With Phenylketonuria Can Achieve Normal Growth and Mental Development. Not yet recruiting NCT04302194
4 The Effects of an Acute Bout of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Plasma Amino Acids in Subjects With Phenylketonuria Terminated NCT01904708
5 The Effects of Sapropterin Dihydrochloride Supplementation on in Vivo Redox Status in Patients With Classical Phenylketonuria Withdrawn NCT01650909

Search NIH Clinical Center for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Genetic Tests for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Anatomical Context for Classic Phenylketonuria

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Classic Phenylketonuria:

40
Skin, Testes, Brain, Bone, Liver
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Publications for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Articles related to Classic Phenylketonuria:

(show top 50) (show all 106)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
[DNA analysis in classic phenylketonuria--screening for mutations and haplotype analysis in Slovak families]. 61 54
7812811 1994
2
White matter disturbances in phenylketonuria: Possible underlying mechanisms. 61
32141105 2020
3
Global prevalence of classic phenylketonuria based on Neonatal Screening Program Data: systematic review and meta-analysis. 61
32024337 2020
4
Mutational and phenotypic spectrum of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in Zhejiang Province, China. 61
30459323 2018
5
Melanoma cases demonstrate increased carrier frequency of phenylketonuria/hyperphenylalanemia mutations. 61
29473999 2018
6
"Mild" hyperphenylalaninemia? A case series of seven treated patients following newborn screening. 61
29102225 2017
7
A Novel Variant in the PAH Gene Causing Phenylketonuria in an Iranian Pedigree. 61
28706611 2017
8
Incidence of Neonatal Hyperphenylalaninemia Based on High-performance Liquid Chromatography Confirmatory Technique in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran (2007-2015). 61
29184644 2017
9
Co-existence of phenylketonuria either with maple syrup urine disease or Sandhoff disease in two patients from Iran: emphasizing the role of consanguinity. 61
27682710 2016
10
Unusual Case of Phenylketonuria With Atypical Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. 61
22965559 2013
11
The proportion of tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency and PAH gene deficiency variants among cases with hyperphenyalaninemia in Western Iran. 61
24497712 2013
12
Tetralogy of Fallot variant with pulmonary atresia (pseudotruncus arteriosus) in a case of maternal PKU syndrome. 61
22992535 2012
13
Blood phenylalanine clearance and BH(4)-responsiveness in classic phenylketonuria. 61
21592835 2011
14
Phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. 61
21555948 2011
15
A long-term study of bone mineral density in patients with phenylketonuria under diet therapy. 61
22295034 2011
16
Performance of children with phenylketonuria in the Developmental Screening Test--Denver II. 61
21103729 2010
17
A case of maternal PKU syndrome despite intensive patient counseling. 61
19898791 2009
18
Functional and structural characterization of novel mutations and genotype-phenotype correlation in 51 phenylalanine hydroxylase deficient families from Southern Italy. 61
19292873 2009
19
The activity of wild type and mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase with respect to the C-oxidation of phenylalanine and the S-oxidation of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine. 54
19036622 2009
20
Effects of phenylalanine and its metabolites on cytoplasmic free calcium in cortical neurons. 61
17401656 2007
21
[Study on tetrahydrobiopterin deficiency in Northern Chinese population]. 54
16767663 2006
22
Phenylalanine reduces synaptic density in mixed cortical cultures from mice. 54
16549526 2006
23
Cerebral glucose metabolism in adults with early treated classic phenylketonuria. 61
16343970 2006
24
The spectrum of phenylalanine variations under tetrahydrobiopterin load in subjects affected by phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. 61
16601866 2006
25
Long-term treatment with tetrahydrobiopterin increases phenylalanine tolerance in children with severe phenotype of phenylketonuria. 61
16051511 2005
26
Increased plasma adiponectin concentrations in poorly controlled patients with phenylketonuria normalize with a strict diet: evidence for catecholamine-mediated adiponectin regulation and a complex effect of phenylketonuria diet on atherogenesis risk factors. 61
16154435 2005
27
[Tetrahydrobiopterin loading test in differential diagnosis among hyperphenylalaninemia patients]. 61
16086286 2005
28
Cognitive functions in classic phenylketonuria and mild hyperphenylalaninaemia: experience in a paediatric population. 61
15991863 2005
29
[Screening and diagnosis of tetrahydrobiopterin responsive phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency with tetrahydrobiopterin loading test]. 61
15924746 2005
30
[Identification of novel mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene of classical phenylketonuria]. 54
15793771 2005
31
Adult phenylketonuria. 61
15465508 2004
32
A preliminary report on dopamine system reactivity in PKU: acute effects of haloperidol on neuropsychological, physiological, and neuroendocrine functions. 61
15024549 2004
33
Attitudes and psychosocial adjustment of unaffected siblings of patients with phenylketonuria. 61
15057980 2004
34
Hyperphenylalaninemia in a premature infant with heterozygosity for phenylketonuria. 61
15346830 2004
35
Discordant PKU phenotype in one family due to disparate genotypes and a novel mutation. 54
15159646 2004
36
Tetrahydrobiopterin as an alternative treatment for mild phenylketonuria. 61
12501224 2002
37
Hyperphenylalaninemia and birth weight. 61
12381438 2002
38
Phenylketonuria presenting in adulthood as progressive spastic paraparesis with dementia. 61
11723206 2001
39
Individual blood-brain barrier phenylalanine transport determines clinical outcome in phenylketonuria. 61
11601498 2001
40
Dental disease indices and caries related oral microflora in children with phenylketonuria. 61
11862879 2001
41
A phenylalanine hydroxylase amino acid polymorphism with implications for molecular diagnostics. 54
11461196 2001
42
Should newborn mutation scanning for hyperphenylalaninaemia and galactosaemia be implemented? A Polish experience. 61
11678552 2001
43
Large de novo deletion in chromosome 12 affecting the PAH, IGF1, ASCL1, and TRA1 genes. 54
11434725 2001
44
Lobar holoprosencephaly in an infant born to a mother with classic phenylketonuria. 61
11078575 2000
45
Wechsler subscale IQ and subtest profile in early treated phenylketonuria. 61
10685922 2000
46
[Importance of the diagnoses and treatment of phenylketonuria]. 61
10769367 2000
47
Nutrient intake and growth of infants with phenylketonuria undergoing therapy. 61
9740198 1998
48
Dietary treatment of destructive behavior associated with hyperphenylalaninemia. 61
9579281 1998
49
Mutation and haplotype analysis of phenylalanine hydroxylase alleles in classical PKU patients from the Czech Republic: identification of four novel mutations. 54
9391881 1997
50
Expression of human phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in T lymphocytes of classical phenylketonuria children by retroviral-mediated gene transfer. 54
9427141 1997
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Variations for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Expression for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Classic Phenylketonuria.
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Pathways for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Pathways related to Classic Phenylketonuria according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
Histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, proline and tryptophan catabolism 65
Show member pathways
 11.05 QDPR PAH
2
Folate biosynthesis 36
Show member pathways
 10.26 QDPR PTS PAH
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GO Terms for Classic Phenylketonuria

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Biological processes related to Classic Phenylketonuria according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 cellular amino acid metabolic process GO:0006520 9.16 QDPR PTS
2 L-phenylalanine catabolic process GO:0006559 8.96 QDPR PAH
3 tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process GO:0006729 8.62 QDPR PTS
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Sources for Classic Phenylketonuria

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HMDB
31 HPO
32 ICD10
33 ICD10 via Orphanet
34 ICD9CM
35 IUPHAR
36 KEGG
37 LifeMap
39 LOVD
41 MedGen
43 MeSH
44 MESH via Orphanet
45 MGI
48 NCI
49 NCIt
50 NDF-RT
53 NINDS
54 Novoseek
56 OMIM
57 OMIM via Orphanet
61 PubMed
63 QIAGEN
68 SNOMED-CT via HPO
69 TGDB
70 Tocris
71 UMLS
72 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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