Donohue Syndrome (LEPRCH)

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MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Donohue syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by severe insulin resistance, a condition in which the body's tissues and organs do not respond properly to the hormone insulin. Insulin normally helps regulate blood sugar levels by controlling how much sugar (in the form of glucose) is passed from the bloodstream into cells to be used as energy. Severe insulin resistance leads to problems with regulating blood sugar levels and affects the development and function of organs and tissues throughout the body.Severe insulin resistance underlies the varied signs and symptoms of Donohue syndrome. Individuals with Donohue syndrome are unusually small starting before birth, and affected infants experience failure to thrive, which means they do not grow and gain weight at the expected rate. Additional features that become apparent soon after birth include a lack of fatty tissue under the skin (subcutaneous fat); wasting (atrophy) of muscles; excessive body hair growth (hirsutism); multiple cysts on the ovaries in females; and enlargement of the nipples, genitalia, kidneys, heart, and other organs. Most affected individuals also have a skin condition called acanthosis nigricans, in which the skin in body folds and creases becomes thick, dark, and velvety. Distinctive facial features in people with Donohue syndrome include bulging eyes, thick lips, upturned nostrils, and low-set ears. Affected individuals develop recurrent, life-threatening infections beginning in infancy.Donohue syndrome is one of a group of related conditions described as inherited severe insulin resistance syndromes. These disorders, which also include Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome and type A insulin resistance syndrome, are considered part of a spectrum. Donohue syndrome represents the most severe end of the spectrum; most children with this condition do not survive beyond age 2.

MalaCards based summary: Donohue Syndrome, also known as leprechaunism, is related to pineal hyperplasia, insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, and somatic abnormalities and hypertrichosis, and has symptoms including elfin facies and female breast hyperplasia. An important gene associated with Donohue Syndrome is INSR (Insulin Receptor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are ERK Signaling and Signal Transduction. Affiliated tissues include skin, heart and pancreatic islet, and related phenotypes are hyperkeratosis and postnatal growth retardation

GARD: ¹⁹ Leprechaunism is a congenital (present from birth) condition characterized by extreme insulin resistance, pre- and postnatal growth delays, characteristic facial features, skin abnormalities, muscular hypotrophy (reduced muscle mass) and enlarged external genitalia in both males and females. The condition is caused by genetic changes in the insulin receptor gene (INSR) gene. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.

Orphanet: ⁵⁸ Leprechaunism is a congenital form of extreme insulin resistance (a group of syndromes that also includes Rabson-Mensenhall syndrome, type A insulin-resistance syndrome, and acquired type B insulin-resistance syndrome; see these terms) characterized by intrauterine and mainly postnatal severe growth retardation.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ A syndrome that is characterized by protuberant and low-set ears, flaring nostrils, thick lips, enlarged secondary sex organs and overwhelming insulin resistance and has material basis in mutation within the INSR gene causing abnormalities in the insulin receptor.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ⁷³ Represents the most severe form of insulin resistance syndrome, characterized by intrauterine and postnatal growth retardation and death in early infancy. Inheritance is autosomal recessive.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Donohue syndrome (also known as leprechaunism) is an extremely rare and severe genetic disorder.... more...

Clinical features from OMIM®:

Search Clinical Trials, NIH Clinical Center for Donohue Syndrome