Drug Dependence disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: DRG003 MIFTS: 51	Drug Dependence Categories: Mental diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Download Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Drug Dependence

MalaCards integrated aliases for Drug Dependence:

Name: Drug Dependence ¹² ⁵⁵ ¹⁵ ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:9974

ICD9CM ³⁵ 304.6 304.60

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 191859004 191860009 191864000 more

UMLS ⁷³ C0029792 C1510472

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Summaries for Drug Dependence

Disease Ontology : ¹² A substance dependence that involves the continued use of drugs despite problems related to use of the substance.

MalaCards based summary : Drug Dependence is related to polysubstance abuse and hallucinogen dependence. An important gene associated with Drug Dependence is OPRM1 (Opioid Receptor Mu 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Nicotine and Cocaine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, breast and myeloid, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism

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Related Diseases for Drug Dependence

Diseases related to Drug Dependence via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 100)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	polysubstance abuse	32.0	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3
2	hallucinogen dependence	31.2	CNR1 PENK
3	chronic pain	30.4	CNR1 OPRM1
4	neonatal abstinence syndrome	30.3	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
5	opioid abuse	30.2	DRD2 OPRM1 PDYN
6	depression	30.1	BDNF CRH SLC6A4
7	social phobia	30.0	DRD2 SLC6A4
8	antisocial personality disorder	30.0	ANKK1 DRD2 SLC6A4
9	opiate dependence	29.6	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1 PDYN
10	personality disorder	29.5	BDNF DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
11	cocaine dependence	29.2	CHRNB3 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
12	substance dependence	28.9	BDNF CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1
13	obsessive-compulsive disorder	28.9	BDNF DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
14	anorexia nervosa	28.8	BDNF CRH POMC SLC6A4
15	withdrawal disorder	28.8	CNR1 CRH OPRM1 PDYN POMC
16	post-traumatic stress disorder	28.6	BDNF CNR1 CRH DRD2 SLC6A4
17	anxiety	28.4	BDNF CNR1 CRH OPRL1 SLC6A4
18	attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder	28.1	ANKK1 BDNF DRD2 DRD3 OPRM1 SLC6A4
19	tobacco addiction	27.8	ANKK1 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 DRD2 OPRM1
20	disease of mental health	26.6	BDNF CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 OPRM1
21	alcohol dependence	23.5	ANKK1 BDNF CHRM2 CHRNA6 CNR1 DRD2
22	alcohol-induced mental disorder	10.8	DRD2 SLC6A4
23	atypical depressive disorder	10.7	CRH SLC6A4
24	malaria	10.7
25	cannabis dependence	10.7
26	barbiturate dependence	10.7
27	cyclic vomiting syndrome	10.6	CNR1 OPRM1
28	obsessive-compulsive personality disorder	10.6	DRD3 SLC6A4
29	morphine dependence	10.6	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
30	hypothalamic disease	10.6	CRH POMC
31	delusional disorder	10.6	DRD2 DRD3
32	alexithymia	10.6	ANKK1 DRD2 SLC6A4
33	pituitary carcinoma	10.6	CRH POMC
34	alcoholic psychosis	10.5	DRD2 SLC6A4
35	retrograde amnesia	10.5	PDYN POMC SLC6A4
36	uremic pruritus	10.5	CNR1 OPRK1
37	tardive dyskinesia	10.5	DRD2 DRD3
38	acth deficiency, isolated	10.5	CRH POMC
39	phobic disorder	10.5	OPRK1 SLC6A4
40	pathological gambling	10.5	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
41	nelson syndrome	10.4	CRH POMC
42	impulse control disorder	10.4	ANKK1 DRD2 DRD3
43	opioid addiction	10.4	DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
44	migraine without aura	10.4	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
45	sheehan syndrome	10.4	CRH POMC
46	hypoadrenalism	10.4	CRH POMC
47	chronic fatigue syndrome	10.3	CRH POMC SLC6A4
48	restless legs syndrome	10.2	DRD2 DRD3 POMC
49	generalized anxiety disorder	10.2	BDNF DRD2 SLC6A4
50	childhood disintegrative disease	10.2	BDNF POMC

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Drug Dependence:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Drug Dependence

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Drug Dependence:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.33	CHRNB3 DRD3 CNR1 OPRD1 CRH BDNF
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.2	DRD3 CNR1 OPRD1 ACKR1 CRH BDNF
3	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.11	DRD3 CNR1 CRH BDNF DRD2 CHRM2
4	integument	MP:0010771	10.07	CNR1 OPRD1 CRH BDNF DRD2 CHRM2
5	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	10.02	DRD3 CNR1 CRH DRD2 OPRM1 PDYN
6	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.01	DRD2 CRH BDNF OPRM1 SLC6A4 OPRK1
7	nervous system	MP:0003631	10	CHRNA6 DRD3 CNR1 OPRD1 CRH BDNF
8	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	9.98	DRD3 CNR1 BDNF DRD2 OPRM1 PDYN
9	no phenotypic analysis	MP:0003012	9.61	CNR1 OPRD1 CRH BDNF DRD2 PDYN
10	normal	MP:0002873	9.23	CNR1 CRH BDNF DRD2 OPRM1 SLC6A4

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Drug Dependence

Drugs for Drug Dependence (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 409)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Nicotine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

54-11-5

942 89594

Cocaine

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

50-36-2

5760 446220

Buprenorphine

Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

52485-79-7

40400 644073

Heroin

Approved, Illicit, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

561-27-3

5462328

Methadone

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

76-99-3

4095

Naloxone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

465-65-6

5284596

Ethanol

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

64-17-5

702

Methamphetamine

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

537-46-2

10836

Dextromethorphan

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

125-71-3

5360696 5362449

Guaifenesin

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

93-14-1

3516

Dasatinib

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1

302962-49-8

3062316

Metformin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1,Phase 2

657-24-9

14219 4091

Famotidine

Approved

Phase 4

76824-35-6

3325

Abatacept

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1

332348-12-6

10237

Ritonavir

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1

155213-67-5

392622

Losartan

Approved

Phase 4

114798-26-4

3961

Lamivudine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 1

134678-17-4

60825

Dopamine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

51-61-6, 62-31-7

681

Omeprazole

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

73590-58-6

4594

Midazolam

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4

59467-70-8

4192

Lamotrigine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

84057-84-1

3878

Dexmedetomidine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

113775-47-6

68602 5311068

Valproic Acid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

99-66-1

3121

Aripiprazole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

129722-12-9

60795

Propofol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Not Applicable

2078-54-8

4943

Histamine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 2

75614-87-8, 51-45-6

774

Entecavir

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1,Phase 2

142217-69-4

153941

Naltrexone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

16590-41-3

5360515

Emtricitabine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1,Phase 2

143491-57-0

60877

Angiotensin II

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

68521-88-0, 4474-91-3, 11128-99-7

172198 65143

Oxytocin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

50-56-6

439302 53477758

Thrombin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1

Adefovir Dipivoxil

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

142340-99-6

60871

Caffeine

Approved, Nutraceutical

Phase 4

58-08-2

2519

Creatine

Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 4

57-00-1

586

Adefovir

Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

106941-25-7

Analgesics

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Central Nervous System Depressants

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Chlorpheniramine, phenylpropanolamine drug combination

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Cholinergic Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Narcotic Antagonists

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Narcotics

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Analgesics, Opioid

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Nicotinic Agonists

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Opiate Alkaloids

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Not Applicable

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1

Excitatory Amino Acids

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 419)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Buprenorphine and Integrated HIV Care Evaluation	Unknown status	NCT00124358	Phase 4	Buprenorphine
2	Intensive Outpatient Versus Outpatient Treatment With Buprenorphine Among African Americans	Completed	NCT01096550	Phase 4
3	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of the Transfer From Subutex to Suboxone in Opioid- Dependent Subjects (Study P04843)(COMPLETED)	Completed	NCT00605033	Phase 4	Suboxone, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride + Naloxone, SCH 484;Subutex, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, SCH 28444
4	HIV, Buprenorphine, and the Criminal Justice System (STRIDE2)	Completed	NCT03583138	Phase 4	buprenorphine
5	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of Suboxone Induction in Heroin Users (P05042)(COMPLETED)	Completed	NCT00604188	Phase 4	Suboxone (SCH 000484);Subutex (SCH 028444)
6	Treatment of Polydrug-Using Opiate Dependents During Withdrawal	Completed	NCT00367874	Phase 4	Buprenorphine;Valproate
7	Abilify Therapy for Reducing Comorbid Substance Abuse	Completed	NCT00208169	Phase 4	Aripiprazole
8	Dexmedetomidine Versus Placebo in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Sedation	Completed	NCT01070680	Phase 4	Precedex;sodium chlorid 0,9%
9	Intervention of HIV, Drug Use and the Criminal Justice System in Malaysia	Completed	NCT02396979	Phase 4	Methadone
10	Association of Functional COMT Val108/Met Polymorphism With Smoking Cessation in Nicotine Replacement Therapy	Completed	NCT01980550	Phase 4	sublingual nicotine
11	Integration of Buprenorphine Into HIV Clinical Settings - Primary Care Model (PCM)	Completed	NCT00798538	Phase 4
12	Buprenorphine and Integrated HIV Care	Completed	NCT00317460	Phase 4
13	Dexmedetomidine for Sepsis in ICU Randomized Evaluation Trial	Completed	NCT01760967	Phase 4	Dexmedetomidine
14	Buprenorphine and Methadone for Opioid Dependent Chronic Pain Patients	Completed	NCT00879996	Phase 4	Methadone;Buprenorphine/naloxone
15	Phase 4: Investigational Study to Evaluate Metformin XR Monotherapy Versus Metformin IR Monotherapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes	Completed	NCT01864174	Phase 4	Metformin XR;Metformin IR;Placebo matching with Metformin XR;Placebo matching with Metformin IR
16	Phase IV Long-term Maintenance Study of Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Irritability Associated With Autistic Disorder	Completed	NCT01227668	Phase 4	Aripiprazole;Placebo
17	The Whole Day First Grade Program	Completed	NCT00257088	Phase 4
18	Immunogenicity and Safety Study of rThrombin in Surgical Hemostasis	Completed	NCT00813904	Phase 4
19	Safety Sudy of Atazanavir Boosted With Ritonavir in the Treatment of HIV Infection in Pediatric Patients	Completed	NCT01691794	Phase 4	Atazanavir;Ritonavir
20	Effects of Famotidine on the Pharmacokinetics of Atazanavir When Coadministered to Participants With HIV Infection	Completed	NCT01232127	Phase 4	Atazanavir;Atazanavir;Ritonavir;Ritonavir;Tenofovir (TDF);Tenofovir (TDF);Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI);Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI);Famotidine (FAM);Famotidine (FAM)
21	Phase IV, Open-label, Multicenter Study of Dasatinib in Chronic-Phase Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CP-CML) Patients With Chronic, Low-grade Non-Hematologic Toxicity to Imatinib	Completed	NCT01660906	Phase 4	Dasatinib
22	Suboptimal Responders to Adefovir Switching to Entecavir	Completed	NCT00718887	Phase 4	Entecavir;Adefovir/Entecavir
23	A Study of Aripiprazole (Abilify) in Patients With Bipolar Mania	Completed	NCT00261443	Phase 4	Lithium or Valproate with placebo (PBO);Lithium or Valproate with Aripiprazole
24	A Study in Korea of Entecavir Versus Lamivudine in Adults With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection	Completed	NCT00393484	Phase 4	Entecavir;Lamivudine Placebo;Lamivudine;Entecavir Placebo
25	Safety and Immunogenicity Study of Recombinant Thrombin (rThrombin) in Pediatric Participants	Completed	NCT00859547	Phase 4
26	Atazanavir/Ritonavir, Once Daily + Raltegravir, Twice Daily, Switch Study in HIV-1—Infected Patients	Completed	NCT01332227	Phase 4	Atazanavir;Ritonavir (heat-stable);Raltegravir;Tenofovir/Emtricitabine
27	A Phase IV Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Aripiprazole in Combination With Lamotrigine in the Long-Term Maintenance Treatment of Patients With Bipolar I Disorder With A Recent Manic or Mixed Episode	Completed	NCT00277212	Phase 4	Lamotrigine + Aripiprazole;Lamotrigine + Placebo
28	Study of Reyataz in HIV-infected Patients With Lipodystrophy Syndrome	Completed	NCT00135356	Phase 4	Atazanavir (ATV) + ritonavir (RTV), continuation of backbone 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs);continuation of current HAART (boosted protease inhibitor [PI] combination + 2 NRTIs)
29	Study to Evaluate Effect of Belatacept on Pharmacokinetics of Inje Cocktail in Healthy Volunteers	Completed	NCT01766050	Phase 4	Caffeine;Losartan;Omeprazole;Dextromethorphan;Midazolam
30	Induction-Maintenance With Atazanavir in HIV Naïve Patients (The INDUMA Study)	Completed	NCT00207142	Phase 4	Atazanavir + 2 NRTIs;Atazanavir + Ritonavir + 2 NRTIs
31	A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial of Creatine in Female Methamphetamine Users	Recruiting	NCT02192931	Phase 4	Creatine monohydrate
32	Effects of Intranasal Oxytocin on Cigarette Smoking	Recruiting	NCT02595749	Phase 4	Oxytocin;Placebo
33	Extended Release Naltrexone for Opioid-Dependent Youth	Active, not recruiting	NCT01843023	Phase 4	Extended Release Naltrexone;Buprenorphine
34	Oxytocin and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Drug Dependence	Terminated	NCT00975416	Phase 4	Intranasal Oxytocin;Placebo
35	Long-Acting Injectable Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Dependence in Primary Care vs. in Specialized Chemical Dependence Treatment: A Pilot Trial	Terminated	NCT00461890	Phase 4	Injectable Naltrexone
36	Anxiety in Recovering Opiate Dependence	Terminated	NCT00668265	Phase 4	Quetiapine
37	Buprenorphine as a Treatment in Opiate Dependent Pain Patients	Terminated	NCT00552578	Phase 4	buprenorphine/naloxone;buprenorphine/naloxone
38	Comparison of Buprenorphine/Naloxone With Naltrexone in Opioid Dependent Adolescents	Withdrawn	NCT01015066	Phase 4	Buprenorphine/naloxone;Naltrexone
39	Comparing Acute and Continuous Drug Abuse Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial	Unknown status	NCT01003496	Phase 3
40	Tobacco Intervention in Buprenorphine Treatment	Unknown status	NCT01350011	Phase 3
41	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Forsteo (Teriparatide, 1-34-rh-PTH) in Anorexia Nervosa Patients With Low Bone Mineral Density and Increased Bone Fagility (FAN-Trial)	Unknown status	NCT01801397	Phase 3	osteoanabolic therapy
42	Combined Therapy of Methadone and Dextromethrophan	Unknown status	NCT01189097	Phase 3	Dextromethorphan;Dextromethorphan
43	Job-Seekers Training for Patients With Drug Dependence - 1	Completed	NCT00102362	Phase 3
44	Cocaine/Crack and Reduction of Compulsion With Biperiden	Completed	NCT01251393	Phase 3	Biperiden;Placebo
45	Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier	Completed	NCT01382316	Phase 3
46	Prometa Pharmacotherapy for Methamphetamine Dependence	Completed	NCT00260481	Phase 2, Phase 3	Prometa;Placebo
47	Recovery Housing For Drug Dependent Pregnant Women	Completed	NCT00497302	Phase 2, Phase 3
48	Treating the Partners of Drug Using Pregnant Women: Stage II	Completed	NCT00496990	Phase 2, Phase 3
49	Addiction Health Evaluation And Disease Management (AHEAD) Study	Completed	NCT00278447	Phase 3
50	Assessing Screening Plus Brief Intervention's Resulting Efficacy (ASPIRE) to Stop Drug Use	Completed	NCT00876941	Phase 3

Search NIH Clinical Center for Drug Dependence

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Genetic Tests for Drug Dependence

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Anatomical Context for Drug Dependence

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Drug Dependence:

⁴¹

Brain, Breast, Myeloid, Testes, Lung, Prostate, Kidney

Sources

Publications for Drug Dependence

Articles related to Drug Dependence:

(show top 50) (show all 594)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	A Case of Drug Dependence Syndrome to Baclofen Following High-Dose Therapy. ( 29621092 )	Hamel SAcnAccal L....Le Boisselier R.	2018
2	The Role of Aging, Drug Dependence, and Hepatitis C Comorbidity in Alcoholism Cortical Compromise. ( 29541774 )	Sullivan E.V....Pfefferbaum A.	2018
3	Patients treated with oxaliplatin are at risk for thrombocytopenia caused by multiple drug-dependent antibodies. ( 29439950 )	Curtis B.R....Aster R.H.	2018
4	Predictors of Inpatient Treatment Completion among Females with Opioid Use Disorder: Findings from a Tertiary Care Drug Dependence Treatment Centre of India. ( 28852241 )	Dayal P....Balhara Y.P.S.	2017
5	Association of the PLCB1 gene with drug dependence. ( 28860459 )	Cabana-DomA-nguez J....Cormand B.	2017
6	Hospitalizations for Endocarditis and Associated Health Care Costs Among Persons with Diagnosed Drug Dependence - North Carolina, 2010-2015. ( 28594786 )	Fleischauer A.T....Barnes E.	2017
7	Identifying Life-Threatening Admissions for Drug Dependence or Abuse (ILIADDA): Derivation and Validation of a Model. ( 28290530 )	Nguyen T.L....Landais P.	2017
8	Comparisons of Alcohol and Drug Dependence in Terms of Attachments and Clinical Issues. ( 28742416 )	Zeid D....Lindberg M.A.	2017
9	Patients with Infectious Endocarditis and Drug Dependence Have Worse Clinical Outcomes after Valvular Surgery. ( 28099093 )	Lemaire A....Lee L.Y.	2017
10	Association between severity of illicit drug dependence and quality of life in a psychosocial care center in BRAZIL: cross-sectional study. ( 29149893 )	CampA-lo S.R....Porto C.C.	2017
11	Prescribed drug dependence services for long-term BZD use: treating the problem while ignoring its causes. ( 29074682 )	Siriwardena A.N.	2017
12	Pharmacovigilance in drugs used in the treatment of drug dependence. ( 29085108 )	Thota A....Singh G.N.	2017
13	The relationship between fear extinction and resilience to drug-dependence in rats. ( 28322983 )	Ueno M....Ichitani Y.	2017
14	Drug-dependent functionalization of wild-type and mutant p53 in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian tumor cells. ( 28038466 )	Bhatt M....Siddik Z.H.	2017
15	Acute pain management in patients with drug dependence syndrome. ( 29392226 )	Quinlan J....Cox F.	2017
16	Does the choice of thrombotic prophylactic drug depend on the known risk factors of patients with multiple myeloma in clinical practice? ( 27208979 )	Chalayer E....Tardy B.	2016
17	Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans. ( 27230395 )	Nunes A.A....Hallak J.E.	2016
18	Evidence of Shared Genome-Wide Additive Genetic Effects on Interpersonal Trauma Exposure and Generalized Vulnerability to Drug Dependence in a Population of Substance Users. ( 27214850 )	Palmer R.H....Knopik V.S.	2016
19	Excess of NPM-ALK oncogenic signaling promotes cellular apoptosis and drug dependency. ( 26657151 )	Ceccon M....Voena C.	2016
20	Profile of female patients seeking in-patient treatment for prescription opioid abuse from a tertiary care drug dependence treatment centre from India. ( 26997020 )	Dayal P....Balhara Y.P.	2016
21	Barriers to community-based drug dependence treatment: implications for police roles, collaborations and performance indicators. ( 27435714 )	Ma Y....Zhang C.	2016
22	Abstinence From Drug Dependence After Bilateral Globus Pallidus Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury. ( 27311800 )	Moussawi K....Lee J.W.	2016
23	Three Types of Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Alcohol and Drug Dependence Among Adults: An Investigation Using Population-Based Data. ( 27326749 )	Fuller-Thomson E....Brennenstuhl S.	2016
24	Estimated probability of becoming a case of drug dependence in relation to duration of drug-taking experience: a functional analysis approach. ( 27356948 )	Vsevolozhskaya O.A....Anthony J.C.	2016
25	Synthetic cannabinoids to avoid urine drug screens: Implications for contingency management and other treatments for drug dependence. ( 27424166 )	Ninnemann A.L....Lejuez C.W.	2016
26	Barriers in Access to the Treatment for People with Gambling Disorders. Are They Different from Those Experienced by People with Alcohol and/or Drug Dependence? ( 27832520 )	DA8browska K....Wieczorek A.8.	2016
27	Ibogaine for treating drug dependence. What is a safe dose? ( 27426011 )	Schep L.J....Newcombe D.	2016
28	Illicit Drug Dependence ( 27227249 )	Patel V....Medina-Mora M.E.	2016
29	A Retrospective Chart Review of Treatment Completers Versus Noncompleters Among In-patients at a Tertiary Care Drug Dependence Treatment Centre in India. ( 27570339 )	Sarkar S....Singh J.	2016
30	Drug Dependence Treatment Awareness among Japanese Female Stimulant Drug Offenders. ( 27845738 )	Yatsugi S....Eboshida A.	2016
31	Mortality and illicit drug dependence among hemodialysis patients in the United States: a retrospective cohort analysis. ( 27278934 )	Grubbs V....Johansen K.L.	2016
32	Stressful Events and Other Predictors of Remission from Drug Dependence in the United States: Longitudinal Results from a National Survey. ( 27776676 )	McCabe S.E....Boyd C.J.	2016
33	Tryptophan for the sleeping disorder and mental symptom of new-type drug dependence: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( 27428201 )	Wang D....Wang Z.	2016
34	Severe Psychosis, Drug Dependence, and Hepatitis C Related to Slamming Mephedrone. ( 27247820 )	Dolengevich-Segal H....SA!nchez-Mateos D.	2016
35	Evidence for Association Between Low Frequency Variants in CHRNA6/CHRNB3 and Antisocial Drug Dependence. ( 27085880 )	Kamens H.M....Ehringer M.A.	2016
36	Distinct transcriptome profiles differentiate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-dependent from nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-independent food-induced anaphylaxis. ( 26194548 )	MuA+oz-Cano R....Olivera A.	2016
37	Patterns of drug dependence in a Queensland (Australia) sample of Indigenous and non-Indigenous people who inject drugs. ( 27241554 )	Smirnov A....Najman J.M.	2016
38	Psychosocial functioning, quality of life and clinical correlates of comorbid alcohol and drug dependence syndromes in people with schizophrenia across Europe. ( 27046394 )	Carra G....Bebbington P.E.	2016
39	The Two Faces of Social Interaction Reward in Animal Models of Drug Dependence. ( 26088685 )	El Rawas R....Saria A.	2015
40	[Role of intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in the development of drug dependence--Participation of Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors]. ( 26255430 )	Kurokawa K....Ohkuma S.	2015
41	Testing for drugs in exhaled breath collected with ExaBreathAr in a drug dependence population: comparison with data obtained in urine after LC-MS/MS analyses. ( 26222873 )	Kintz P....Gaulier J.M.	2015
42	Patterns of Methylphenidate Use and Assessment of Its Abuse among the General Population and Individuals with Drug Dependence. ( 26491869 )	Frauger E....Micallef J.	2015
43	Stress and Drug Dependence Differentially Modulate Norepinephrine Signaling in Animals with Varied HPA Axis Function. ( 25601230 )	Fox M.E....Wightman R.M.	2015
44	Association between DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and common illicit drug dependence: evidence from a meta-analysis. ( 25500252 )	Deng X.D....Liu Y.	2015
45	WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence. Thirty-sixth report. ( 26062388 )		2015
46	Examining the role of common genetic variants on alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and illicit drug dependence: genetics of vulnerability to drug dependence. ( 25424661 )	Palmer R.H....Keller M.C.	2015
47	Salutogenesis: Contextualising place and space in the policies and politics of recovery from drug dependence (UK). ( 26616849 )	Parkin S.	2015
48	Association between experience of child abuse and severity of drug addiction measured by the Addiction Severity Index among Japanese drug-dependent patients. ( 25741639 )	Ogai Y....Ikeda K.	2015
49	Negative mood reverses devaluation of goal-directed drug-seeking favouring an incentive learning account of drug dependence. ( 26041336 )	Hogarth L....Hitsman B.	2015
50	Facilitating a transition from compulsory detention of people who use drugs towards voluntary community-based drug dependence treatment and support services in Asia. ( 26470779 )	Tanguay P....Chabungbam A.	2015

Sources

Genes for Drug Dependence

Genes related to Drug Dependence (0 elite genes):

(show all 18)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubmedIds
1	OPRM1	Opioid Receptor Mu 1	Protein Coding	31.33	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9756053 16476706 9399694 (more) 19430912 15925706 17503481 9415709
2	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	30.06	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11054774 18828801 7550364 (more) 7485259 8845863
3	PDYN	Prodynorphin	Protein Coding	29.43	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	12786988 18614026
4	DRD3	Dopamine Receptor D3	Protein Coding	28.15	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15963538 9702742 17155853
5	CNR1	Cannabinoid Receptor 1	Protein Coding	27.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19359525 19052543 19897083 (more) 11526463 17015906
6	OPRK1	Opioid Receptor Kappa 1	Protein Coding	27.29	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15542743
7	SLC6A4	Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4	Protein Coding	27.2	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9693390
8	OPRL1	Opioid Related Nociceptin Receptor 1	Protein Coding	27.05	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17910740
9	OPRD1	Opioid Receptor Delta 1	Protein Coding	25.9	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17503481
10	ANKK1	Ankyrin Repeat And Kinase Domain Containing 1	Protein Coding	22.56	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
11	CHRM2	Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 2	Protein Coding	22.09	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	16000316 19644963 17567401
12	CRH	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	22.04	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
13	CHRNB3	Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 3 Subunit	Protein Coding	22.02	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
14	PENK	Proenkephalin	Protein Coding	21.99	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
15	CHRNA6	Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 6 Subunit	Protein Coding	21.87	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
16	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	21.66	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
17	BDNF	Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor	Protein Coding	21.61	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
18	ACKR1	Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1 (Duffy Blood Group)	Protein Coding	21.57	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17037343 11019561 15160890

Sources

Variations for Drug Dependence

Sources

Expression for Drug Dependence

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Drug Dependence.

Sources

Pathways for Drug Dependence

Pathways related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Signaling by GPCR ⁶⁶ Show member pathways GPCR downstream signaling ⁶⁶ Signal Transduction ⁶⁶	13.77	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3
2	Peptide ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) ⁶⁶ Defective AVP causes neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (NDI) ⁶⁶ Formyl peptide receptors bind formyl peptides and many other ligands ⁶⁶ G alpha (i) signalling events ⁶⁶ GPCR ligand binding ⁶⁶ GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like ¹ Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction ³⁷ Orexin and neuropeptides FF and QRFP bind to their respective receptors ⁶⁶ Peptide GPCRs ¹ Tachykinin receptors bind tachykinins ⁶⁶ Vasopressin-like receptors ⁶⁶	12.77	ACKR1 CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CNR1 CRH
3	Amphetamine addiction ³⁷ Show member pathways Cocaine addiction ³⁷	11.7	BDNF DRD2 PDYN
4	Monoamine GPCRs ¹ Show member pathways Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ⁶⁶ Adrenoceptors ⁶⁶ Amine ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶ Dopamine receptors ⁶⁶ Histamine receptors ⁶⁶ Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ⁶⁶ Serotonin receptors ⁶⁶	11.67	CHRM2 DRD2 DRD3
5	Circadian rythm related genes ¹	11.67	CRH DRD2 DRD3 OPRL1 SLC6A4
6	Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling ⁶⁶	11.64	OPRD1 OPRM1 POMC
7	Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron), Pharmacodynamics ⁶¹ Show member pathways Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons ¹ SNARE interactions in vesicular transport ³⁷	11.55	CHRNA6 DRD2 DRD3
8	GPCRs, Other ¹	11.47	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD3
9	DARPP-32 Phosphorylation ⁶⁵	10.82	DRD2 DRD3
10	Glucocorticoid Pathway (HPA Axis), Pharmacodynamics ⁶¹	10.17	CRH POMC

Sources

GO Terms for Drug Dependence

Cellular components related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 13)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	neuronal cell body	GO:0043025	9.85	CHRM2 CRH OPRK1 PDYN PENK
2	postsynaptic membrane	GO:0045211	9.8	CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 OPRD1
3	axon	GO:0030424	9.8	BDNF CNR1 DRD2 OPRM1 PENK
4	dendrite	GO:0030425	9.8	BDNF CHRM2 DRD2 OPRK1 OPRM1 PDYN
5	membrane raft	GO:0045121	9.78	CNR1 OPRD1 OPRM1 SLC6A4
6	perikaryon	GO:0043204	9.72	CRH DRD2 OPRK1 OPRM1 PENK
7	neuron projection	GO:0043005	9.7	CHRNA6 CHRNB3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
8	integral component of plasma membrane	GO:0005887	9.7	CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3
9	acetylcholine-gated channel complex	GO:0005892	9.51	CHRNA6 CHRNB3
10	symmetric synapse	GO:0032280	9.43	CHRM2 PENK
11	axon terminus	GO:0043679	9.1	CHRM2 DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 PDYN PENK
12	integral component of membrane	GO:0016021	10.3	ACKR1 CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CNR1 DRD2
13	plasma membrane	GO:0005886	10.21	ACKR1 CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CNR1 DRD2

Biological processes related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 57)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	GO:0007187	9.95	CHRM2 CNR1 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
2	response to ethanol	GO:0045471	9.95	CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1
3	locomotory behavior	GO:0007626	9.93	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1 PENK
4	response to nicotine	GO:0035094	9.91	CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CNR1 DRD2 PENK
5	sensory perception of pain	GO:0019233	9.91	CNR1 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PENK
6	neuropeptide signaling pathway	GO:0007218	9.91	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PDYN PENK
7	response to toxic substance	GO:0009636	9.89	DRD2 PENK SLC6A4
8	response to estradiol	GO:0032355	9.88	OPRL1 PENK SLC6A4
9	excitatory postsynaptic potential	GO:0060079	9.88	CHRNA6 CHRNB3 DRD2 OPRM1
10	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007193	9.87	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
11	negative regulation of blood pressure	GO:0045776	9.86	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRL1
12	memory	GO:0007613	9.85	BDNF CNR1 SLC6A4
13	phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007200	9.85	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
14	adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007188	9.85	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2
15	regulation of sensory perception of pain	GO:0051930	9.85	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
16	learning or memory	GO:0007611	9.84	CNR1 CRH DRD3
17	response to radiation	GO:0009314	9.83	OPRK1 OPRM1 PENK
18	eating behavior	GO:0042755	9.83	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
19	chemical synaptic transmission	GO:0007268	9.81	CHRNA6 CHRNB3 CRH OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1
20	synaptic transmission, cholinergic	GO:0007271	9.8	CHRM2 CHRNA6 CHRNB3
21	opioid receptor signaling pathway	GO:0038003	9.8	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
22	behavioral response to cocaine	GO:0048148	9.78	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1
23	regulation of dopamine secretion	GO:0014059	9.77	CHRNA6 DRD2 DRD3
24	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	GO:0001963	9.77	CRH DRD2 DRD3
25	estrous cycle	GO:0044849	9.75	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
26	response to cocaine	GO:0042220	9.73	CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1
27	dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007212	9.72	DRD2 DRD3
28	negative regulation of protein secretion	GO:0050709	9.72	DRD2 DRD3
29	regulation of NMDA receptor activity	GO:2000310	9.72	CRH OPRM1
30	sensory perception	GO:0007600	9.72	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PDYN PENK
31	behavioral response to ethanol	GO:0048149	9.71	DRD2 OPRM1
32	startle response	GO:0001964	9.71	DRD2 PENK
33	dopamine metabolic process	GO:0042417	9.71	DRD2 DRD3
34	positive regulation of renal sodium excretion	GO:0035815	9.71	DRD2 DRD3
35	negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	GO:1901386	9.7	DRD2 OPRL1
36	positive regulation of urine volume	GO:0035810	9.7	DRD2 OPRL1
37	locomotory exploration behavior	GO:0035641	9.7	CRH PENK
38	regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	GO:0032228	9.69	CNR1 DRD2
39	prepulse inhibition	GO:0060134	9.69	DRD2 DRD3
40	G-protein coupled receptor internalization	GO:0002031	9.69	DRD2 DRD3
41	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007195	9.68	DRD2 DRD3
42	adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007191	9.68	DRD3 OPRM1
43	behavior	GO:0007610	9.68	OPRK1 OPRL1
44	negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0106072	9.66	OPRL1 OPRM1
45	positive regulation of behavioral fear response	GO:2000987	9.66	CRH PENK
46	regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051584	9.65	DRD2 DRD3
47	acid secretion	GO:0046717	9.65	DRD2 DRD3
48	negative regulation of dopamine secretion	GO:0033602	9.64	CNR1 DRD2
49	negative regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion	GO:0033685	9.64	CRH OPRK1
50	negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0060160	9.63	DRD2 DRD3

Molecular functions related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 15)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G-protein coupled receptor activity	GO:0004930	9.81	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1
2	obsolete signal transducer activity	GO:0004871	9.8	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRL1 OPRM1
3	peptide binding	GO:0042277	9.71	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
4	drug binding	GO:0008144	9.67	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3
5	neuropeptide hormone activity	GO:0005184	9.56	CRH PDYN PENK POMC
6	acetylcholine binding	GO:0042166	9.55	CHRNA6 CHRNB3
7	acetylcholine-gated cation-selective channel activity	GO:0022848	9.54	CHRNA6 CHRNB3
8	acetylcholine receptor activity	GO:0015464	9.52	CHRNA6 CHRNB3
9	dopamine binding	GO:0035240	9.51	DRD2 DRD3
10	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	GO:0001591	9.49	DRD2 DRD3
11	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity	GO:0004952	9.48	DRD2 DRD3
12	opioid peptide activity	GO:0001515	9.46	PDYN PENK
13	opioid receptor binding	GO:0031628	9.43	PDYN PENK
14	neuropeptide binding	GO:0042923	9.26	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
15	opioid receptor activity	GO:0004985	8.92	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1

Sources

Sources for Drug Dependence

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia