Drug Dependence disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: DRG003 MIFTS: 45	Drug Dependence Categories: Mental diseases	Data Licensing For inquiries, contact: [email protected]
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Aliases & Classifications for Drug Dependence

MalaCards integrated aliases for Drug Dependence:

Name: Drug Dependence ¹¹ ⁵³ ¹⁴ ¹⁶ ⁷¹

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹¹ DOID:9974

ICD9CM ³⁴ 304.60

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 191860009

EFO ¹⁶ EFO_0003890

UMLS ⁷¹ C0029792 C1510472

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Summaries for Drug Dependence

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ A substance dependence that involves the continued use of drugs despite problems related to use of the substance.

MalaCards based summary: Drug Dependence is related to polysubstance abuse and cannabis dependence. An important gene associated with Drug Dependence is OPRM1 (Opioid Receptor Mu 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signal Transduction and GPCR downstream signalling. The drugs Buprenorphine and Valproic acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include prefrontal cortex, brain and cortex, and related phenotypes are nervous system and homeostasis/metabolism

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Related Diseases for Drug Dependence

Diseases related to Drug Dependence via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 214)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	polysubstance abuse	32.4	DRD3 DRD2 CNR1
2	cannabis dependence	32.1	TTC12 DRD2 CNR1 ANKK1
3	hallucinogen dependence	32.0	TTC12 DRD2 CNR1 ANKK1
4	cocaine dependence	31.1	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1
5	chronic pain	31.0	OPRM1 CNR1
6	opiate dependence	30.8	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PENK
7	substance dependence	30.7	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1
8	alcohol use disorder	30.7	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1 NPY
9	conduct disorder	30.7	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC DRD2
10	antisocial personality disorder	30.5	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD2 ANKK1
11	personality disorder	30.5	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2 CRH ANKK1
12	morphine dependence	30.5	PENK PDYN OPRM1 OPRK1 OPRD1
13	acute stress disorder	30.3	SLC6A4 POMC CRH
14	generalized anxiety disorder	30.2	SLC6A4 POMC DRD2 CRH
15	social phobia	30.2	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC DRD2 CRH
16	cannabis abuse	30.2	SLC6A4 DRD2 CNR1 ANKK1
17	borderline personality disorder	30.1	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD2 CRH
18	sleep disorder	30.1	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC NPY CRH
19	tobacco addiction	30.1	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 PDYN OPRM1 DRD3
20	substance abuse	30.1	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1 OPRK1
21	amenorrhea	30.0	POMC NPY CRH
22	migraine without aura	30.0	SLC6A4 DRD3 DRD2
23	cocaine abuse	30.0	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 PDYN OPRM1 OPRK1 DRD3
24	post-traumatic stress disorder	30.0	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC NPY DRD2 CRH
25	opioid abuse	30.0	POMC PNOC PENK PDYN OPRM1 OPRL1
26	withdrawal disorder	30.0	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PENK PDYN
27	somatoform disorder	30.0	SLC6A4 POMC OPRM1 CRH
28	panic disorder	29.9	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC NPY DRD3 DRD2
29	endogenous depression	29.8	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC DRD2 CRH
30	epilepsy	29.8	SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1 NPY CNR1
31	psychotic disorder	29.8	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 PDYN OPRM1 NPY DRD3
32	body mass index quantitative trait locus 11	29.8	SLC6A3 POMC NPY DRD2 CRH CNR1
33	oppositional defiant disorder	29.8	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2 ANKK1
34	bulimia nervosa	29.7	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 NPY DRD2 CNR1
35	alcohol dependence	29.7	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PDYN
36	mood disorder	29.7	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN NPY DRD3
37	anorexia nervosa	29.7	SLC6A4 POMC NPY DRD2 CRH CNR1
38	major depressive disorder	29.6	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1 NPY
39	heroin dependence	29.4	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 PDYN OPRM1 OPRD1
40	attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder	29.4	TTC12 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1
41	obsessive-compulsive disorder	29.4	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN NPY DRD3
42	pain agnosia	29.4	POMC PNOC PENK PDYN OPRM1 OPRL1
43	anxiety	29.3	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PDYN OPRM1
44	disease of mental health	29.3	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PDYN OPRM1 NPY
45	migraine with or without aura 1	29.3	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PDYN OPRM1
46	alzheimer disease, familial, 1	29.1	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 PDYN OPRM1 NPY DRD3
47	schizophrenia	28.6	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 POMC PNOC PDYN OPRM1
48	barbiturate dependence	11.1
49	prolactin producing pituitary tumor	10.4	POMC DRD2
50	barbiturate abuse	10.4	POMC OPRM1

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Drug Dependence:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Drug Dependence

GenomeRNAi Phenotypes related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

²⁵

#	Description	GenomeRNAi Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	no effect	GR00402-S-1	10.19	ACKR1 ANKK1 CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2
2	no effect	GR00402-S-2	10.19	ACKR1 ANKK1 CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Drug Dependence:

⁴⁵

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	nervous system	MP:0003631	10.28	CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 NCAM1
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.22	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3
3	normal	MP:0002873	10.11	CNR1 CRH DRD2 NPY OPRL1 OPRM1
4	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.07	CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 NPY
5	no phenotypic analysis	MP:0003012	10.03	CNR1 CRH DRD2 OPRD1 OPRM1 PDYN
6	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	10.02	CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 NPY OPRM1
7	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	9.89	CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 NCAM1
8	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	9.76	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 NPY OPRK1 OPRM1
9	integument	MP:0010771	9.47	CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Drug Dependence

Drugs for Drug Dependence (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 93)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Buprenorphine

Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

52485-79-7, 53152-21-9

644073 40400

Valproic acid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

99-66-1

3121

Naloxone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

465-65-6

5284596

Cathine

Approved, Experimental, Illicit, Vet_approved, Withdrawn

Phase 4

14838-15-4, 492-39-7

131954576 4786 26934

Guaifenesin

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

93-14-1

3516

Cocaine

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4

50-36-2

446220 5760

Methadone

Approved

Phase 4

76-99-3, 1095-90-5

4095

Diamorphine

Approved, Illicit, Investigational

Phase 4

561-27-3

5462328

Oxytocin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-56-6

439302 53477758

Sodium Channel Blockers

Phase 4

Anesthetics, Local

Phase 4

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Phase 4

Anesthetics, General

Phase 4

Anesthetics, Dissociative

Phase 4

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Phase 4

Diuretics, Potassium Sparing

Phase 4

Analgesics, Opioid

Phase 4

Analgesics

Phase 4

Anticonvulsants

Phase 4

Opiate Alkaloids

Phase 4

Narcotic Antagonists

Phase 4

Narcotics

Phase 4

Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination

Phase 4

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 4

Antitussive Agents

Phase 4

Chlorpheniramine, phenylpropanolamine drug combination

Phase 4

Ethanol

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

64-17-5

702

Naltrexone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

16590-41-3

5360515

Gabapentin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2, Phase 3

60142-96-3

3446

Clonidine

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

4205-91-8, 4205-90-7

2803 20179

Flumazenil

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

78755-81-4

3373

Metamfetamine

Approved, Illicit, Withdrawn

Phase 2, Phase 3

537-46-2

10836

Hydroxyzine

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

68-88-2

3658

Lidocaine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

137-58-6

3676

Ketamine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

6740-88-1, 1867-66-9

3821

Rocuronium

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

119302-91-9, 143558-00-3

441290

Dexamethasone acetate

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

1177-87-3

3680

Dexamethasone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

50-02-2

3003 5743

Acetaminophen

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

103-90-2

1983

Ketorolac

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

74103-06-3, 66635-83-4

3826

Sevoflurane

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

28523-86-6

5206

Ondansetron

Approved, Withdrawn

Phase 2, Phase 3

99614-02-5

4595

Succinylcholine

Approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

306-40-1, 71-27-2

5314

Propofol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

2078-54-8

4943

Probenecid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2, Phase 3

57-66-9

4911

Benzoic acid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2, Phase 3

65-85-0

243

Miconazole

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

22916-47-8

4189

Clotrimazole

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2, Phase 3

23593-75-1

2812

Anti-Anxiety Agents

Phase 2, Phase 3

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists

Phase 2, Phase 3

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 65)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Intravenous Lidocaine for Perioperative and Postoperative Analgesia	Unknown status	NCT03921567	Phase 4	Lidocaine Hydrochloride;Lidocaine Hydrochloride and Ketamine;Placebo
2	Treatment of Polydrug-Using Opiate Dependents During Withdrawal	Completed	NCT00367874	Phase 4	Buprenorphine;Valproate
3	Health Services Research: Extended Release Naltrexone for Opioid-Dependent Youth	Completed	NCT01843023	Phase 4	Extended Release Naltrexone;Buprenorphine
4	Integration of Buprenorphine Into HIV Clinical Settings - Primary Care Model (PCM)	Completed	NCT00798538	Phase 4
5	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of the Transfer From Subutex to Suboxone in Opioid- Dependent Subjects	Completed	NCT00605033	Phase 4	Suboxone, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride + Naloxone, SCH 484;Subutex, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, SCH 28444
6	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of Suboxone Induction in Heroin Users	Completed	NCT00604188	Phase 4	Suboxone (SCH 000484);Subutex (SCH 028444)
7	Intervention of HIV, Drug Use and the Criminal Justice System in Malaysia	Completed	NCT02396979	Phase 4	Methadone
8	Oxytocin and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Drug Dependence	Terminated	NCT00975416	Phase 4	Intranasal Oxytocin;Placebo
9	Efficacy/Effectiveness of Unhealthy Drug Use Screening/Brief Intervention Models	Completed	NCT00876941	Phase 3
10	Improving Treatment Outcomes for Prescription Opioid Dependence	Completed	NCT02543944	Phase 2, Phase 3	Gabapentin;Buprenorphine;Clonidine;Naltrexone (oral);Naltrexone (depot);Placebo
11	Linkage of Alcohol Abusers to Primary Care	Completed	NCT00278447	Phase 3
12	Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Prometa Pharmacotherapy for the Treatment of Methamphetamine Abuse	Completed	NCT00260481	Phase 2, Phase 3	Prometa;Placebo
13	Making Alcoholics Anonymous Easier: A Group TSF Approach	Completed	NCT01382316	Phase 3
14	Job Seekers Training for Patients With Drug Dependence	Completed	NCT00102362	Phase 3
15	Effect of Intraoperative and Post-operative Opioids on Persistent Opioid Use in the Surgical Patient	Recruiting	NCT03367988	Phase 2, Phase 3	Opioid Anesthesia;Opioid-free Anesthesia
16	Novel Use of Probenecid to Alleviate Symptoms of Opioid Withdrawal in People With Chronic Pain Undergoing Voluntary Opioid Tapering: a Pilot Study	Not yet recruiting	NCT04939623	Phase 2, Phase 3	Probenecid
17	HIV Prevention Partnership in Russian Alcohol Treatment	Completed	NCT00183118	Phase 1, Phase 2
18	Naltrexone for Opioid Dependent Released Human Immunodeficiency Virus Positive (HIV+) Criminal Justice Populations	Completed	NCT01246401	Phase 1, Phase 2	Extended-Release Naltrexone
19	Effectiveness of Extended Treatment for Drug Dependence - City Supplement	Completed	NCT01153464	Phase 2
20	Preliminar Efficacy and Safety of Ibogaine in the Treatment of Methadone	Recruiting	NCT04003948	Phase 2	Ibogaine Hydrochloride
21	Drug Discrimination in Methadone-Maintained Humans Study 1	Completed	NCT00593463	Phase 1	Cycloserine;Diltiazem;Gabapentin;Isradipine;Naloxone;Nifedipine;Placebo;Verapamil
22	Drug Discrimination in Methadone-Maintained Humans Study 3	Completed	NCT01068847	Phase 1	2-4 of the drugs listed below
23	Cognitive Therapy for Suicide Attempters With Drug Dependence Disorder	Completed	NCT00218725	Phase 1
24	Cracking Addiction: Does BRAIN Stimulation-induced Neuroplasticity Reverse Prefrontal Cortex Hypoactivity in Cocaine and neW stImulanTs addiCtion in Humans? (BRAIN SWITCH)	Unknown status	NCT03333460
25	Impact of Group Motivational Interviewing for Dually Diagnosed Veterans	Completed	NCT00706901
26	The Effectiveness of a Novel Psychosocial Intervention "Programme d'Aide au Succès du Sevrage " (PASSE-65+) Designed to Help Older Benzodiazepine Users to Gradually Wean Their Medication	Completed	NCT02281175
27	Clinical Trial of an Innovative Digital Therapeutic for Smoking Cessation With Biochemical Verification	Completed	NCT03694327
28	The Use of Chemsex (Drug Use in a Sexual Context) Among MSM (Men Who Have Sex With Men) and Transgender People in France, Whether or Not Taking PrEP, and Its Impact on PrEP Adherence	Completed	NCT04709016
29	Enhancing the Role of Commune Health Workers in HIV and Drug Control: A Randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT02130921
30	Collaborative Care Intervention to Improve Providers' Opioid Prescribing for HIV-infected Patients - Intervention Component	Completed	NCT02564341
31	Automated Recovery Line for Medication Assisted Treatment	Completed	NCT02124980
32	A Randomized Trial of CBT4CBT for Women in Residential Treatment for Substance Use Disorders	Completed	NCT03678051
33	Clinical Trial of Mobile-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation	Completed	NCT02656745
34	Intensive Outpatient v. Outpatient Treatment With Buprenorphine Among African Americans	Completed	NCT01096550
35	Pharmacological, Clinical and Statistical Assessment of a New Tool Available for Pharmacodependence Report Evaluation	Completed	NCT01052675
36	Automatic Versus Evaluative Components of Cue Reactivity	Completed	NCT01036126
37	Brain Activation in Response to Motivational and Affective Stimuli: Pharmacological Manipulations	Completed	NCT00047866
38	Reliability and Validity of the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID)	Completed	NCT00579267
39	Behavioral Economics of Human Drug Self-Administration	Completed	NCT00005765		nicotine;alcohol
40	The Effect of Fetal Gender on Maternal Substance Abuse Treatment	Completed	NCT00882648
41	Project STRIDE2 - Seek/Test/Retain: PLWHA and Opioid Users in Washington, DC	Completed	NCT03583138		buprenorphine
42	Collaborative Care Intervention to Improve Providers' Opioid Prescribing for HIV-infected Patients - Patient Cohort Component	Completed	NCT02525731
43	Improving Longterm SUD Outcomes With Telephone Case Monitoring	Completed	NCT00265512
44	A Prospective Assessment of Opioid Utilization Post-operatively in Sports Orthopaedic Surgeries	Completed	NCT03422211
45	Evaluation of the Effects of a Drug With Fiscalized Substances Dispensation, Health Education and Pharmacovigilance Continuing Education Program in Community Pharmacies: Study Protocol for a Multicenter, Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT03388567
46	Impact of Exercise and Affirmations (IntenSati) on Addiction-related Cognitive and Psychosocial Deficits	Completed	NCT01171677
47	HIV, Buprenorphine, and the Criminal Justice System	Completed	NCT01550341		Buprenorphine/naloxone;Placebo Oral Tablet
48	Integrated Treatment of Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders	Completed	NCT01338506
49	Evaluation of a Health Plan Initiative to Mitigate Chronic Opioid Therapy Risks	Completed	NCT02224508
50	Impact of Prevention Awareness Group (PAG) on Treatment Attendance and Drug Abstinence Among Substance User: Results of the Randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT02173041

Search NIH Clinical Center for Drug Dependence

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Genetic Tests for Drug Dependence

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Anatomical Context for Drug Dependence

Organs/tissues related to Drug Dependence:

MalaCards : Prefrontal Cortex, Brain, Cortex, Amygdala, Subthalamic Nucleus, Cingulate Cortex, Spinal Cord

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Publications for Drug Dependence

Articles related to Drug Dependence:

(show top 50) (show all 4001)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Association of a variant in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 gene (CHRM2) with nicotine addiction. ⁵³ ⁶²	Mobascher A...Winterer G	19644963	2010
2	The dietary polyphenols trans-resveratrol and curcumin selectively bind human CB1 cannabinoid receptors with nanomolar affinities and function as antagonists/inverse agonists. ⁵³ ⁶²	Seely KA...Prather PL	19359525	2009
3	Peptide kappa opioid receptor ligands: potential for drug development. ⁵³ ⁶²	Aldrich JV...McLaughlin JP	19430912	2009
4	Interaction between two independent CNR1 variants increases risk for cocaine dependence in European Americans: a replication study in family-based sample and population-based sample. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zuo L...Gelernter J	19052543	2009
5	Haplotypic variants in DRD2, ANKK1, TTC12, and NCAM1 are associated with comorbid alcohol and drug dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Yang BZ...Gelernter J	18828801	2008
6	A role for brain stress systems in addiction. ⁵³ ⁶²	Koob GF	18614026	2008
7	Association analysis of genes encoding the nociceptin receptor (OPRL1) and its endogenous ligand (PNOC) with alcohol or illicit drug dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Xuei X...Edenberg HJ	17910740	2008
8	The opioid system in alcohol and drug dependence: family-based association study. ⁵³ ⁶²	Xuei X...Edenberg HJ	17503481	2007
9	Alcohol dependence with comorbid drug dependence: genetic and phenotypic associations suggest a more severe form of the disorder with stronger genetic contribution to risk. ⁵³ ⁶²	Dick DM...Bierut LJ	17567401	2007
10	Dopamine D3 receptor ligands for the treatment of tobacco dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Le Foll B...Sokoloff P	17155853	2007
11	11C-JHU75528: a radiotracer for PET imaging of CB1 cannabinoid receptors. ⁵³ ⁶²	Horti AG...Dannals RF	17015906	2006
12	[How do self-help agencies work for recovery of drug dependence in Japan?]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Morita N...Okasaka Y	17037343	2006
13	Association between two mu-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) haplotype blocks and drug or alcohol dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zhang H...Gelernter J	16476706	2006
14	The dopamine D3 receptor and drug dependence: effects on reward or beyond? ⁵³ ⁶²	Le Foll B...Sokoloff P	15963538	2005
15	Allelic association of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism with antisocial behaviour in heroin-dependent patients. ⁵³ ⁶²	Gerra G...Donnini C	16109590	2005
16	CHRM2 gene predisposes to alcohol dependence, drug dependence and affective disorders: results from an extended case-control structured association study. ⁵³ ⁶²	Luo X...Gelernter J	16000316	2005
17	How individual sensitivity to opiates can be predicted by gene analyses. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ikeda K...Sora I	15925706	2005
18	Possible pharmacotherapy of the opioid kappa receptor agonist for drug dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hasebe K...Suzuki T	15542743	2004
19	Analysis of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) promoter polymorphism in male heroin-dependent subjects: behavioural and personality correlates. ⁵³ ⁶²	Gerra G...Donnini C	15088154	2004
20	[A study on effectiveness of recovery from drug dependence by participates with "DARC"]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Kondo C...Wada K	15160890	2004
21	Temporal upregulation of prodynorphin mRNA in the primate striatum after cocaine self-administration. ⁵³ ⁶²	Fagergren P...Hurd YL	12786988	2003
22	Association study of cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) alleles and drug dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Covault J...Kranzler H	11526463	2001
23	Family-based study of DRD2 alleles in alcohol and drug dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Blomqvist O...Kranzler HR	11054774	2000
24	[A study of recovery factor about drug addiction recovery center "DARC"]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Kondo C...Munakata T	11019561	2000
25	Association of alcohol or other drug dependence with alleles of the mu opioid receptor gene (OPRM1). ⁵³ ⁶²	Kranzler HR...Kaufman D	9756053	1998
26	Genetically driven variation in serotonin uptake: is there a link to affective spectrum, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders? ⁵³ ⁶²	Lesch KP...Mossner R	9693390	1998
27	Homozygosity at the dopamine D3 receptor gene is associated with opiate dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Duaux E...Poirier MF	9702742	1998
28	Enhanced stimulatory adenylyl cyclase signaling during opioid dependence is associated with a reduction in palmitoylated Gs alpha. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ammer H...Schulz R	9415709	1997
29	Mu opioid receptor gene variants: lack of association with alcohol dependence. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bergen AW...Goldman D	9399694	1997
30	The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene: a genetic risk factor in smoking. ⁵³ ⁶²	Comings DE...Muhleman D	8845863	1996
31	Association and linkage studies of the TAQI A1 allele at the dopamine D2 receptor gene in samples of female and male alcoholics. ⁵³ ⁶²	Neiswanger K...Kaplan BB	7485259	1995
32	Genetic variation in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH): Associations with early drinking and smoking behaviors. ⁶²	Alsaafin A...Tyndale RF	36403489	2023
33	Compulsive drug-taking is associated with habenula-frontal cortex connectivity. ⁶²	Duan Y...Yang Y	36469769	2022
34	Effect of Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid in attenuating Pregabalin-induced Condition Place Preference. ⁶²	Hammad AM...Al-Trad B	36470419	2022
35	[Burnout and dependence among medical personnel timeless and during the COVID-19 pandemic, using surgery and anesthesia as examples]. ⁶²	Rozani S...Papadakis M	35737018	2022
36	Assessment of dependence potential and abuse liability of Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice. ⁶²	Vanegas SO...Kinsey SG	36179506	2022
37	Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Markers of Brain Injury in Methamphetamine-Dependent Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ⁶²	Zhu Z...Li X	36358447	2022
38	Neural signaling of methamphetamine craving and seeking intensified by bupropion in the ventral tegmental area-cortico-accumbens circuitry in mice. ⁶²	Nukitram J...Kumarnsit E	36301216	2022
39	A high-fat diet has sex-specific effects on nicotine vapor self-administration in mice. ⁶²	Henderson BJ...Cooper SY	36402049	2022
40	Sustained reduction of attentional bias to smoking cues by smartphone-delivered attentional bias modification training for smokers. ⁶²	Robinson JD...Cinciripini PM	35025555	2022
41	Twenty-year trends in pharmaceutical fentanyl and illicit fentanyl deaths, Australia 2001-2021. ⁶²	Roxburgh A...Nielsen S	36150355	2022
42	Astroglial Knockout of Glucocorticoid Receptor Attenuates Morphine Withdrawal Symptoms, but Not Antinociception and Tolerance in Mice. ⁶²	Tertil M...Przewlocki R	33821329	2022
43	Ultrasound-augmented anti-inflammatory exosomes for targeted therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. ⁶²	Tang Y...Qiu L	36070446	2022
44	Green Light Exposure Elicits Anti-inflammation, Endogenous Opioid Release and Dampens Synaptic Potentiation to Relieve Post-surgical Pain. ⁶²	Martin LF...Ibrahim MM	36283655	2022
45	α2δ-1 protein drives opioid-induced conditioned reward and synaptic NMDA receptor hyperactivity in the nucleus accumbens. ⁶²	Jin D...Pan HL	36222452	2022
46	The potent α2-adrenoceptor antagonist RS 79948 also inhibits dopamine D2 -receptors: Comparison with atipamezole and raclopride. ⁶²	Frau R...Gessa GL	35850212	2022
47	Analytical strategies in neurotransmitter measurements: A mini literature review. ⁶²	Zhu M...Zhang Y	36251619	2022
48	Preparedness for healthy ageing and polysubstance use in long-term cannabis users: a population-representative longitudinal study. ⁶²	Meier MH...Moffitt TE	36202130	2022
49	Is IIIG9 a New Protein with Exclusive Ciliary Function? Analysis of Its Potential Role in Cancer and Other Pathologies. ⁶²	Oviedo MJ...Salazar K	36291193	2022
50	Leukocyte telomere length is not shortened in methamphetamine dependence or methamphetamine-induced psychosis but is increased following traumatic events. ⁶²	Rungnirundorn T...Maes M	34895035	2022

Sources

Genes for Drug Dependence

Genes related to Drug Dependence (0 elite genes):

(show all 33)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubMed IDs
1	OPRM1	Opioid Receptor Mu 1	Protein Coding	23.27	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9756053 16476706 9399694 (more) 19430912 15925706 17503481 9415709
2	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	21.33	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11054774 18828801 7550364 (more) 7485259 8845863
3	PDYN	Prodynorphin	Protein Coding	21.01	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	12786988 18614026
4	OPRL1	Opioid Related Nociceptin Receptor 1	Protein Coding	19.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17910740
5	DRD3	Dopamine Receptor D3	Protein Coding	19.29	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15963538 9702742 17155853
6	PNOC	Prepronociceptin	Protein Coding	19.24	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	18614026 17910740
7	OPRK1	Opioid Receptor Kappa 1	Protein Coding	19.2	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15542743
8	CHRM2	Cholinergic Receptor Muscarinic 2	Protein Coding	18.42	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	16000316 19644963 17567401
9	CNR1	Cannabinoid Receptor 1	Protein Coding	18.29	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19359525 19052543 19897083 (more) 11526463 17015906
10	OPRD1	Opioid Receptor Delta 1	Protein Coding	17.54	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17503481
11	ANKK1	Ankyrin Repeat And Kinase Domain Containing 1	Protein Coding	14.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
12	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	13.9	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
13	TTC12	Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain 12	Protein Coding	13.8	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
14	PENK	Proenkephalin	Protein Coding	13.71	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
15	CRH	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	13.6	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
16	SLC6A3	Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 3	Protein Coding	12.29	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³	16109590
17	NPY	Neuropeptide Y	Protein Coding	12.05	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
18	ACKR1	Atypical Chemokine Receptor 1 (Duffy Blood Group)	Protein Coding	11.89	Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17037343 11019561 15160890
19	SLC6A4	Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4	Protein Coding	11.77	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³	9693390
20	NCAM1	Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1	Protein Coding	11.15	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
21	MAOA	Monoamine Oxidase A	Protein Coding	8.79	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³	15088154
22	CHRNA5	Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Alpha 5 Subunit	Protein Coding	7.32	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
23	GABRA2	Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Subunit Alpha2	Protein Coding	7.2	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
24	MIR124-1	MicroRNA 124-1	RNA Gene	7.1	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ ¹⁴
25	DRD4	Dopamine Receptor D4	Protein Coding	6.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
26	COMT	Catechol-O-Methyltransferase	Protein Coding	6.85	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
27	CHRNB4	Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 4 Subunit	Protein Coding	6.83	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
28	FAAH	Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase	Protein Coding	6.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
29	FOS	Fos Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit	Protein Coding	6.77	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
30	CHRNB3	Cholinergic Receptor Nicotinic Beta 3 Subunit	Protein Coding	6.71	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
31	BDNF	Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor	Protein Coding	6.69	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
32	DRD1	Dopamine Receptor D1	Protein Coding	6.66	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
33	DBH	Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase	Protein Coding	6.55	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴

Sources

Variations for Drug Dependence

Sources

Expression for Drug Dependence

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Drug Dependence.

Sources

Pathways for Drug Dependence

Pathways related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Signal Transduction ⁶⁶	13.47	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3
2	GPCR downstream signalling ⁶⁶ Show member pathways G alpha (i) signalling events ⁶⁶ G alpha (q) signalling events ⁶⁶ Signaling by GPCR ⁶⁶	13.11	POMC PNOC PENK PDYN OPRM1 OPRL1
3	Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) ⁶⁶ Show member pathways GPCR ligand binding ⁶⁶ GPCRs, class A rhodopsin-like ⁷⁴ Peptide GPCRs ⁷⁴ Peptide ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶	12.63	POMC PNOC PENK PDYN OPRM1 OPRL1
4	Neuroscience ³	12.33	POMC OPRM1 NPY NCAM1 CNR1
5	Monoamine GPCRs ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ⁶⁶ Adrenoceptors ⁶⁶ Amine ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶ Histamine receptors ⁶⁶ Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ⁶⁶ Serotonin receptors ⁶⁶	11.69	DRD3 DRD2 CHRM2
6	Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling ⁶⁶	11.67	POMC OPRM1 OPRD1
7	GPCRs, other ⁷⁴	11.67	DRD3 CNR1 CHRM2 ACKR1
8	Methylphenidate Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰ Show member pathways Dopamine receptors ⁶⁶	10.98	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2
9	Antipsychotics Pathway (Metabolic Side Effects), Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	10.86	POMC NPY DRD2 ANKK1
10	Glucocorticoid Pathway (HPA Axis), Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	10.28	POMC CRH

Sources

GO Terms for Drug Dependence

Cellular components related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 19)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	membrane	GO:0016021	10.71	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 NCAM1
2	membrane	GO:0016020	10.71	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 NCAM1
3	plasma membrane	GO:0005887	10.54	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1
4	plasma membrane	GO:0005886	10.54	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1
5	dendrite	GO:0030425	10.32	CHRM2 DRD2 OPRK1 OPRM1 PDYN PENK
6	neuron projection	GO:0043005	10.28	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1
7	neuronal cell body	GO:0043025	10.27	SLC6A3 PNOC PENK PDYN OPRK1 CRH
8	membrane raft	GO:0045121	10.25	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 OPRM1 OPRD1 CNR1
9	perikaryon	GO:0043204	10.21	PENK OPRM1 OPRK1 NPY DRD2
10	synapse	GO:0045202	10.21	CHRM2 CNR1 CRH DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1
11	GABA-ergic synapse	GO:0098982	10.07	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 NPY
12	postsynaptic membrane	GO:0045211	9.92	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 OPRM1 OPRK1 OPRD1 DRD2
13	neuronal dense core vesicle	GO:0098992	9.89	PDYN OPRD1 NPY
14	symmetric synapse	GO:0032280	9.86	PENK CHRM2
15	axon terminus	GO:0043679	9.86	SLC6A3 PNOC PENK PDYN OPRK1 OPRD1
16	presynaptic membrane	GO:0042734	9.85	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
17	spine apparatus	GO:0097444	9.84	OPRM1 OPRD1
18	obsolete integral component of postsynaptic membrane	GO:0099055	9.73	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 OPRM1 OPRK1 DRD2 CHRM2
19	obsolete integral component of presynaptic membrane	GO:0099056	9.23	SLC6A4 SLC6A3 OPRM1 OPRK1 OPRD1 DRD2

Biological processes related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 54)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007186	10.43	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1
2	signal transduction	GO:0007165	10.41	POMC PNOC PENK OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1
3	chemical synaptic transmission	GO:0007268	10.36	CHRM2 CRH NPY OPRK1 PDYN PENK
4	aging	GO:0007568	10.29	CNR1 NPY PENK SLC6A3
5	locomotory behavior	GO:0007626	10.2	SLC6A3 PENK OPRK1 DRD3 DRD2
6	phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007200	10.19	OPRM1 OPRK1 OPRD1
7	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	GO:0007187	10.19	OPRM1 OPRD1 NPY CNR1 CHRM2
8	response to nicotine	GO:0035094	10.16	SLC6A3 PENK DRD2 CNR1
9	sensory perception of pain	GO:0019233	10.16	CNR1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PENK
10	response to radiation	GO:0009314	10.13	PENK OPRM1 OPRK1
11	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007193	10.13	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1
12	eating behavior	GO:0042755	10.13	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1
13	positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration involved in phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled signaling pathway	GO:0051482	10.12	OPRL1 DRD3 DRD2
14	adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007188	10.1	CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2
15	negative regulation of blood pressure	GO:0045776	10.1	OPRL1 NPY DRD3 DRD2 CNR1
16	negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	GO:1901386	10.09	OPRL1 DRD3 DRD2
17	estrous cycle	GO:0044849	10.08	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1
18	behavioral response to cocaine	GO:0048148	10.08	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1
19	regulation of sensory perception of pain	GO:0051930	10.08	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
20	response to ethanol	GO:0045471	10.06	SLC6A3 PENK OPRM1 OPRK1 DRD3 DRD2
21	prepulse inhibition	GO:0060134	10.05	SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2
22	negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic	GO:0051967	10.01	DRD3 DRD2
23	negative regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	GO:0051481	10.01	DRD3 DRD2
24	behavioral response to ethanol	GO:0048149	10.01	OPRM1 DRD2
25	monoamine transport	GO:0015844	10	SLC6A4 SLC6A3
26	phospholipase C-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0060158	10	DRD3 DRD2
27	adenohypophysis development	GO:0021984	10	SLC6A3 DRD2
28	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007197	10	OPRM1 CHRM2
29	response to cocaine	GO:0042220	10	CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1 SLC6A3
30	hyaloid vascular plexus regression	GO:1990384	9.99	SLC6A3 DRD2
31	negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0106072	9.99	OPRM1 OPRL1
32	dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051583	9.98	SLC6A3 DRD2
33	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007195	9.98	DRD2 DRD3
34	negative regulation of dopamine secretion	GO:0033602	9.97	CNR1 DRD2
35	regulation of potassium ion transport	GO:0043266	9.97	DRD2 DRD3
36	regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051584	9.97	DRD2 DRD3
37	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	GO:0001963	9.97	CRH DRD2 DRD3
38	G protein-coupled opioid receptor signaling pathway	GO:0038003	9.97	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
39	positive regulation of appetite	GO:0032100	9.96	NPY OPRM1
40	positive regulation of eating behavior	GO:1904000	9.96	NPY OPRK1
41	conditioned place preference	GO:1990708	9.96	OPRK1 OPRL1
42	response to histamine	GO:0034776	9.94	DRD2 DRD3
43	acid secretion	GO:0046717	9.94	DRD2 DRD3
44	regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior	GO:0090325	9.93	DRD3 DRD2
45	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting opioid receptor signaling pathway	GO:0031635	9.92	OPRM1 OPRK1
46	neuropeptide signaling pathway	GO:0007218	9.91	NPY OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PDYN
47	response to morphine	GO:0043278	9.9	PENK OPRM1 OPRK1 DRD3 DRD2 CNR1
48	regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis	GO:2000300	9.85	NPY DRD2 CHRM2
49	synaptic signaling via neuropeptide	GO:0099538	9.81	PENK NPY
50	regulation of biological quality	GO:0065008	9.71	DRD3 DRD2

Molecular functions related to Drug Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 12)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	peptide binding	GO:0042277	10.01	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1
2	neuropeptide binding	GO:0042923	9.97	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1
3	G protein-coupled receptor activity	GO:0004930	9.93	ACKR1 CHRM2 CNR1 DRD2 DRD3 NPY
4	neuropeptide hormone activity	GO:0005184	9.92	CRH NPY PENK PNOC
5	monoamine transmembrane transporter activity	GO:0008504	9.81	SLC6A4 SLC6A3
6	dopamine binding	GO:0035240	9.8	SLC6A3 DRD2
7	receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	GO:0033612	9.78	OPRK1 OPRD1
8	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	GO:0001591	9.73	DRD3 DRD2
9	opioid receptor binding	GO:0031628	9.73	PNOC PENK PDYN
10	opioid peptide activity	GO:0001515	9.63	PNOC PENK PDYN
11	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity	GO:0004952	9.46	DRD3 DRD2
12	G protein-coupled opioid receptor activity	GO:0004985	9.1	OPRM1 OPRL1 OPRK1 OPRD1