Galactorrhea disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: GLC096 MIFTS: 40	Galactorrhea
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Aliases & Classifications for Galactorrhea

MalaCards integrated aliases for Galactorrhea:

Name: Galactorrhea ⁵⁷ ⁷³ ³⁶ ²⁹ ⁷⁰

Galactorrhea Not Associated with Childbirth ⁷⁰

Galactorrhea Associated with Childbirth ⁷⁰

Characteristics:

OMIM®:

⁵⁷ (Updated 20-May-2021)

Inheritance:
autosomal recessive

HPO:

³¹

galactorrhea:
Inheritance autosomal recessive inheritance

External Ids:

OMIM® ⁵⁷ 230300

KEGG ³⁶ H01607

MedGen ⁴¹ C3665358

SNOMED-CT via HPO ⁶⁸ 258211005 287085006 42030000

UMLS ⁷⁰ C0235660 C0269995 C3665358

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Summaries for Galactorrhea

KEGG : ³⁶ Galactorrhea is a discharge of milk or a milk-like secretion from the breast in the absence of parturition or beyond six months' post-partum in a nonbreastfeeding woman. The condition is more common in women who are 20 to 35 years of age and in previously parous women. It is less common in children and nulligravid women. Galactorrhea also can occur in men. After infancy, galactorrhea usually is medication-induced. The most common pathologic cause of galactorrhea is a pituitary tumor. Other causes include hypothalamic and pituitary stalk lesions, neurogenic stimulation, thyroid disorders, and chronic renal failure. Tests for pregnancy, serum prolactin level and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone level, and magnetic resonance imaging are important diagnostic tools that should be employed when clinically indicated. The decision to treat patients with galactorrhea is based on the serum prolactin level, the severity of galactorrhea, and the patient's fertility desires. Dopamine agonists are the treatment of choice in most patients with hyperprolactinemic disorders. Medications causing hyperprolactinemia should be discontinued or replaced with a medication from a similar class with lower potential for causing hyperprolactinemia. For women who cannot breastfeed after childbirth for some reasons, various pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions have been used to suppress lactation and relieve associated symptoms. Pharmacological options mainly involve dopamine agonist medications.

MalaCards based summary : Galactorrhea, also known as galactorrhea not associated with childbirth, is related to amenorrhea and hyperprolactinemia, and has symptoms including nipple discharge, signs and symptoms in breast and female endocrine problem. An important gene associated with Galactorrhea is PRL (Prolactin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and ErbB4 Pathway. The drugs Zinc and Radiopharmaceuticals have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include pituitary, thyroid and breast, and related phenotypes are galactorrhea and abnormality of the genitourinary system

Wikipedia : ⁷³ Galactorrhea (also spelled galactorrhoea) (galacto- + -rrhea) or lactorrhea (lacto- + -rrhea) is the... more...

More information from OMIM: 230300

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Related Diseases for Galactorrhea

Diseases related to Galactorrhea via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 244)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	amenorrhea	31.5	PRL IGF1
2	hyperprolactinemia	31.2	PRLR PRL IGF1 DRD2
3	pituitary adenoma, prolactin-secreting	31.2	PRL IGF1 DRD2
4	pituitary tumors	31.0	PRL IGF1
5	chromophobe adenoma	30.4	PRLR PRL
6	empty sella syndrome	30.4	PRL IGF1
7	pituitary adenoma	30.3	PRL IGF1 DRD2
8	acromegaly	30.2	PRLR PRL IGF1
9	pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 2	30.1	PRL IGF1
10	anovulation	30.1	PRL IGF1
11	hypopituitarism	30.1	PRL IGF1
12	craniopharyngioma	30.1	PRL IGF1
13	pituitary apoplexy	30.0	PRL IGF1
14	hyperpituitarism	30.0	PRL IGF1
15	hyperthyroidism	29.9	PRL IGF1
16	goiter	29.8	PRL IGF1
17	mental depression	29.7	DRD2 CYP2D6
18	growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma	29.7	PRL IGF1
19	prolactin producing pituitary tumor	29.7	PRL DRD2
20	mccune-albright syndrome	29.6	PRL IGF1
21	pituitary gland disease	29.6	PRL IGF1 DRD2
22	neuroleptic malignant syndrome	29.3	DRD2 CYP2D6
23	premature menopause	29.3	PRLR PRL IGF1
24	sexual disorder	29.1	PRL IGF1 CYP2D6
25	bipolar disorder	29.1	PRL IGF1 DRD2
26	migraine with or without aura 1	29.0	PRL DRD2 CYP2D6
27	major depressive disorder	28.9	PRL DRD2 CYP2D6
28	obsessive-compulsive disorder	28.8	PRL IGF1 DRD2 CYP2D6
29	dystonia	28.8	PRL DRD2 CYP2D6
30	galactorrhoea-hyperprolactinaemia	11.1
31	amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome	11.1
32	ahumada del castillo syndrome	11.1
33	hypothyroidism	10.6
34	adenoma	10.5
35	infant gynecomastia	10.4
36	gynecomastia	10.4
37	infertility	10.2
38	diabetes insipidus	10.2
39	hypoglycemia	10.1
40	lipid-rich breast carcinoma	10.1	PRLR PRL
41	sarcoidosis 1	10.1
42	hypogonadism	10.1
43	acidophil adenoma	10.1	PRL IGF1
44	breast adenoma	10.1	PRLR PRL
45	pituitary infarct	10.1	PRL IGF1
46	sheehan syndrome	10.1	PRL IGF1
47	hormone producing pituitary cancer	10.1	PRL IGF1
48	partial third-nerve palsy	10.1	PRL IGF1
49	pituitary adenoma 1, multiple types	10.1	PRL IGF1
50	androgenic alopecia	10.1	PRL IGF1

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Galactorrhea:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Galactorrhea

Human phenotypes related to Galactorrhea:

³¹

#	Description	HPO Source Accession
1	galactorrhea ³¹	HP:0100829
2	abnormality of the genitourinary system ³¹	HP:0000119
3	abnormal thorax morphology ³¹	HP:0000765

Symptoms via clinical synopsis from OMIM®:

⁵⁷ (Updated 20-May-2021)

Thorax:
nonpuerperal galactorrhea

G U:
oligoovulation

Clinical features from OMIM®:

230300 (Updated 20-May-2021)

UMLS symptoms related to Galactorrhea:

nipple discharge; signs and symptoms in breast; female endocrine problem; discharge, nipple, female

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Galactorrhea:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	neoplasm	MP:0002006	8.92	DRD2 IGF1 PRL PRLR

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Galactorrhea

Drugs for Galactorrhea (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Zinc

Approved, Investigational

7440-66-6

32051

Synonyms:

alpha D Mannosidase

alpha D Mannoside mannohydrolase

alpha Mannosidase

alpha Mannosidase b

alpha-D-Mannosidase

alpha-D-Mannoside mannohydrolase

alpha-Mannosidase

alpha-Mannosidase, lysosomal

alpha-Mannosidase, neutral

Dietary zinc

LAMAN

Lysosomal alpha mannosidase

Lysosomal alpha-mannosidase

Mannohydrolase, alpha-D-mannoside

Mannosidase b, alpha

Neutral alpha mannosidase

Neutral alpha-mannosidase

Topostin b

Zinc cation

ZINC ion

Zinc, chelated

Zinc, elemental

Zinc, ion (ZN2+)

Zincum metallicum

ZN(2+)

ZN(II)

ZN2+

Radiopharmaceuticals

Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Phase 2 Study of Recombinant Human Prolactin Efficacy and Safety	Completed	NCT00438490	Phase 2	Recombinant Human Prolactin
2	Benefit of a Diagnostic MRI in Case of Pathological Nipple Discharge With Normal Mammography / Ultrasound.	Unknown status	NCT02819362
3	Enhancing Breastfeeding Initiation, Exclusivity, and Duration: Effects of Prenatal Lactation-Focused Motivational Interviewing	Unknown status	NCT03033459
4	Molecular Breast Imaging: Evaluation of a New Technique Using Scintimammography as an Additional Diagnostic Tool for Women Presenting With a History of Bloody Nipple Discharge and Negative Routine Imaging Studies - A Pilot Study	Completed	NCT00566280
5	Feasibility and Therapeutic Efficacy of Ductoscopic Papilloma Extraction in Patients With Pathologic Nipple Discharge	Active, not recruiting	NCT01901562
6	Role of Contrast Enhanced Digital Mammography in Female Patients With Pathological Nipple Discharge	Not yet recruiting	NCT04651257
7	Diagnostic Utility of MRI in Female Patients With Nipple Discharge: A Prospective Trial	Terminated	NCT02818946

Search NIH Clinical Center for Galactorrhea

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Genetic Tests for Galactorrhea

Genetic tests related to Galactorrhea:

#	Genetic test	Affiliating Genes
1	Galactorrhea ²⁹

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Anatomical Context for Galactorrhea

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Galactorrhea:

⁴⁰

Pituitary, Thyroid, Breast, Ovary, Brain, Kidney, Myeloid

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Publications for Galactorrhea

Articles related to Galactorrhea:

(show top 50) (show all 1708)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Familial galactorrhea in three sisters with oligo-ovulation. ⁵⁷ ⁶¹	Wider JA...Ross GT	5819452	1969
2	Galactorrhea during antipsychotic treatment: results from AMSP, a drug surveillance program, between 1993 and 2015. ⁶¹	Glocker C...Schule C	33768297	2021
3	Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 revealed by a hip pathologic fracture. ⁶¹	Slouma M...Louzir B	32666178	2021
4	Galactorrhea/Galactocele After Breast Augmentation: A Systematic Review. ⁶¹	Sharma SC...Basu NN	32079808	2021
5	Prolactin and Estrogen Levels in Postmenopausal Women Receiving Aripiprazole Augmentation Treatment for Depression. ⁶¹	Rahman T...Lenze EJ	33347020	2021
6	Ophthalmic Manifestations of Rathke's Cleft Cyst and Its Association to Radiological Characteristics. ⁶¹	Jeon H...Choi HY	33305644	2020
7	Hyperprolactinemic Galactorrhea Associated With Cefpodoxime in a Patient With Recurrent Depressive Disorder on Venlafaxine Monotherapy: A Case Report. ⁶¹	Das N...Chadda RK	33065718	2020
8	Pituitary Gangliocytoma Producing TSH and TRH: A Review of "Gangliocytomas of the Sellar Region". ⁶¹	Sakata K...Morioka M	32706866	2020
9	Role of hypothyroidism and associated pathways in pregnancy and infertility: Clinical insights. ⁶¹	Koyyada A...Orsu P	33163375	2020
10	Serial prolactin sampling as a confirmatory test for true hyperprolactinemia. ⁶¹	Frances C...Gomez-Garcia JM	32113859	2020
11	[BREAST PLASTIC SURGERY - CHALLENGES AND INNOVATIONS BREAST SURGERY EDITORIAL]. ⁶¹	Shilo Yaacobi D...Ad-El DD	32955814	2020
12	Very late recurrence of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia masquerading as a pituitary tumor. ⁶¹	Fridlyand DM...Wechsler DS	32299275	2020
13	Risks associated with vortioxetine in the established therapeutic indication. ⁶¹	Verma A...Kumar A	32811416	2020
14	Clinical validation of the self-reported Glasgow Antipsychotic Side-effect Scale using the clinician-rated UKU side-effect scale as gold standard reference. ⁶¹	Schouby Bock M...Kolbak P	32500804	2020
15	Incidentally detected sellar spine in a patient with Cushing's syndrome: a case report. ⁶¹	Lee HJ...Kim SK	32672486	2020
16	Rapid and Sustained Resolution of Risperidone Associated Hyperprolactinemia and Galactorrhea With Low-Dose Lurasidone. ⁶¹	Agapoff JR...Huynh V	32555004	2020
17	Comprehensive treatment of rare multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1: A case report. ⁶¹	Ma CH...Zhang WX	32607345	2020
18	Recurring Primary Xanthomatous Hypophysitis Behaving Like Pituitary Adenoma: Additional Case and Literature Review. ⁶¹	Mathkour M...Ware M	32081821	2020
19	Do nothing but observe microprolactinomas: when and how to replace sex hormones? ⁶¹	Bonert V	32274622	2020
20	Non-functioning pituitary adenomas and pregnancy: one-center experience and review of the literature. ⁶¹	Rosmino J...Guitelman M	32267360	2020
21	A 30-year-old woman with galactorrhea. ⁶¹	Ray I...Jones RM	32392501	2020
22	Ectopic Prolactin Secretion From a Uterine Leiomyoma. ⁶¹	Sachdev S...Snyder PJ	32296740	2020
23	Galactorrhea Following Minimally Invasive Reoperative Mitral Valve Replacement: An Unexpected Complication. ⁶¹	Hemli JM...Patel NC	32352899	2020
24	Pathology of prolactinomas: any predictive value? ⁶¹	Lopes MBS	31641970	2020
25	Gender differences and temporal trends over two decades in acromegaly: a single center study in 112 patients. ⁶¹	Ioachimescu AG...Oyesiku NM	31677093	2020
26	Pituitary inflammatory pseudotumor with amenorrhea, polyuria, and impaired vision: case report and review of the literature. ⁶¹	Du Y...Jiang Z	32355527	2020
27	Clinical, Hormonal, and Neuroradiological Characteristics and Therapeutic Outcomes of Prolactinomas in Children and Adolescents at a Single Center. ⁶¹	Yang A...Jin DK	32849307	2020
28	[Duloxetine Associated Galactorrhea and Hyperprolactinemia: A Case Report]. ⁶¹	Ozkan HM	33454942	2020
29	Bucillamine-induced gigantomastia with galactorrhea and hyperprolactinaemia. ⁶¹	Mori T...Sugii S	33086961	2020
30	Ranitidine-induced galactorrhea: Exploring the intricacies. ⁶¹	Ray A...Sadasivam B	32110639	2020
31	Fluvoxamine-Associated Galactorrhea: A Case Report. ⁶¹	Chakladar A...Sagar R	31804454	2020
32	Proton Pump Inhibitor-Induced Galactorrhea in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: A Friend or Foe? ⁶¹	Prikis M...Narasimhadevara N	32566351	2020
33	Galactorrhea Induced by Risperidone. ⁶¹	Sakaguchi S...Aizawa K	31366801	2019
34	Probable Galactorrhea Associated with Sequential Trials of Escitalopram and Duloxetine in an Adolescent Female. ⁶¹	McGrane IR...Aytes KL	31339744	2019
35	Acidophil stem cell pituitary adenoma: a case report and literature review. ⁶¹	Annapurni A...Rathi M	31721135	2019
36	Spontaneously Regressed Rathke's Cleft Cyst. ⁶¹	Lee C...Park SH	31064038	2019
37	Idiopathic granulomatous hypophysitis presenting with galactorrhea, headache, and nausea in a woman: a case report and review of the literature. ⁶¹	Sharifi G...Valeh T	31731892	2019
38	Bromocriptine as a Potential Glucose-lowering Agent for the Treatment of Prolactinoma with Type 2 Diabetes. ⁶¹	Oshige T...Nomura M	31243214	2019
39	Fetal Death Associated With Premature Mammary Gland Development and Lactation in a Mare Treated With Weekly Injections of Long-Acting Progesterone. ⁶¹	McAfoos JL...Canisso IF	31668309	2019
40	Extraordinary case presentations in pediatric pituitary adenoma: report of 6 cases. ⁶¹	Meyer J...Meyer FB	31604323	2019
41	VENUS BY BOTTICELLI AND HER PITUITARY ADENOMA. ⁶¹	Pozzilli P...Colao AM	31170360	2019
42	A registry of acromegaly patients and one year following up in Taiwan. ⁶¹	Tseng FY...Acromegaly Registry Study Group	30612883	2019
43	AN UNEXPECTED COMBINATION OF PROLACTINOMA AND SEPTO-OPTIC DYSPLASIA. ⁶¹	Rahhal MN...Kassem LS	31967053	2019
44	Ranitidine-induced galactorrhea in a postmenopausal female. ⁶¹	Agrawal P...Singh B	31681696	2019
45	Galactorrhea Following Silicone Breast Implant Placement ⁶¹	Zolotykh VG...Churilov LP	31474012	2019
46	Factors associated with spontaneous abortion following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ⁶¹	Basirat Z...Mirabi P	31056891	2019
47	Amenorrhea: A Systematic Approach to Diagnosis and Management. ⁶¹	Klein DA...Reeder RM	31259490	2019
48	Euprolactinemic Galactorrhea with Paroxetine: Exploring the Missing Link. ⁶¹	Mishra S...Pattnaik JI	31391677	2019
49	Prolactin and human weight disturbances: A puzzling and neglected association. ⁶¹	Sobrinho LG...Horseman ND	31062250	2019
50	The Intriguing Case of a Double Pituitary Adenoma. ⁶¹	Gonzalez A...Ioachimescu AG	30898745	2019

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Genes for Galactorrhea

Genes related to Galactorrhea (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	PRL	Prolactin	Protein Coding	7.62	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
2	PRLR	Prolactin Receptor	Protein Coding	7.08	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
3	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	6.87	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	CYP2D6	Cytochrome P450 Family 2 Subfamily D Member 6	Protein Coding	6.52	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
5	IGF1	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1	Protein Coding	6.52	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

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Variations for Galactorrhea

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Expression for Galactorrhea

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Galactorrhea.

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Pathways for Galactorrhea

Pathways related to Galactorrhea according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ³⁶ Show member pathways Human papillomavirus infection ³⁶	12.38	PRLR PRL IGF1
2	ErbB4 Pathway ⁶³ Show member pathways ErbB Family Pathway ⁶³ ErbB2-ErbB3 Heterodimers ⁶³ Growth Hormone Signaling ⁶³ IL-4 Pathway ⁶³ Prolactin Signaling ⁶³ Thrombopoietin Pathway ⁶³ UVC-Induced MAPK Signaling ⁶³	12.13	PRLR PRL IGF1
3	Signaling by ERBB4 ⁶⁵ Show member pathways Downregulation of ERBB4 signaling ⁶⁵ ErbB4 signaling events ¹ Nuclear signaling by ERBB4 ⁶⁵	11.36	PRLR PRL
4	Signaling events mediated by PTP1B ¹	10.85	PRLR PRL
5	Growth hormone receptor signaling ⁶⁵ Show member pathways Prolactin receptor signaling ⁶⁵	10.57	PRLR PRL
6	Antipsychotics Pathway (Metabolic Side Effects), Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	9.92	PRL DRD2

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GO Terms for Galactorrhea

Cellular components related to Galactorrhea according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	endosome lumen	GO:0031904	8.62	PRLR PRL

Biological processes related to Galactorrhea according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	positive regulation of cell proliferation	GO:0008284	9.43	PRLR PRL IGF1
2	lactation	GO:0007595	9.16	PRLR PRL
3	regulation of multicellular organism growth	GO:0040014	8.96	PRL IGF1
4	JAK-STAT cascade involved in growth hormone signaling pathway	GO:0060397	8.62	PRLR PRL

Molecular functions related to Galactorrhea according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	hormone activity	GO:0005179	8.62	PRL IGF1

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Sources for Galactorrhea

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GARD

²¹ GeneAnalytics

²² GeneCards

²³ GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²⁴ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁵ GeneReviews

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HMDB

³¹ HPO

³² ICD10

³³ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁴ ICD9CM

³⁵ IUPHAR

³⁶ KEGG

³⁷ LifeMap

³⁸ LncRNADisease

³⁹ LOVD

⁴⁰ MalaCards

⁴¹ MedGen

⁴² MedlinePlus

⁴³ MedlinePlus Genetics

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NINDS

⁵⁴ Novoseek

⁵⁵ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁶ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁷ OMIM® (Updated 20-May-2021)

⁵⁸ Orphanet

⁵⁹ PathCards

⁶⁰ PharmGKB

⁶¹ PubMed

⁶² PubMed Health

⁶³ QIAGEN

⁶⁴ R&D Systems

⁶⁵ Reactome

⁶⁶ Sino Biological

⁶⁷ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁶⁹ Tocris

⁷⁰ UMLS

⁷¹ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷² UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷³ Wikipedia