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MCID: GNG003
MIFTS: 44

Gingival Recession

Categories: Gastrointestinal diseases, Oral diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Gingival Recession

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Gingival Recession:

Name: Gingival Recession 38 12 55 44 15 73
Localized Gingival Recession 12 73
Gingival Recession, Localized 12
Moderate Gingival Recession 12
Gingival Recession, Minimal 73
Minimal Gingival Recession 12
Gingival Recession, Severe 73
Severe Gingival Recession 12

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Gastrointestinal diseases Oral diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 33


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:1134
MeSH 44 D005889
NCIt 50 C82068
SNOMED-CT 68 4356008 59898000
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Summaries for Gingival Recession

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MalaCards based summary : Gingival Recession, also known as localized gingival recession, is related to ehlers-danlos syndrome, periodontal type, 1 and ehlers-danlos syndrome, periodontal type, 2. An important gene associated with Gingival Recession is C1R (Complement C1r), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Overview and Complement Pathway. The drugs Chlorhexidine and Acetaminophen have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, tongue and testes.

Wikipedia : 76 Gingival recession, also known as receding gums, is the exposure in the roots of the teeth caused by a... more...

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Related Diseases for Gingival Recession

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Diseases related to Gingival Recession via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 21)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 ehlers-danlos syndrome, periodontal type, 1 31.4 C1R C1S
2 ehlers-danlos syndrome, periodontal type, 2 10.9
3 gingivitis 10.2
4 periodontal ehlers-danlos syndrome 10.1 C1R C1S
5 periodontitis 10.1
6 cleft lip 10.1
7 cleft lip/palate 10.1
8 immunodeficiency due to a classical component pathway complement deficiency 10.0 C1R C1S
9 tooth size 10.0
10 aggressive periodontitis 10.0
11 periodontal disease 10.0
12 localized scleroderma 10.0
13 retinitis pigmentosa 43 9.9 C1R C1S
14 colorectal cancer 9.8
15 osteoporosis 9.8
16 hutchinson-gilford progeria syndrome 9.8
17 tropical calcific pancreatitis 9.8
18 graft-versus-host disease 9.8
19 root caries 9.8
20 root resorption 9.8
21 chronic graft versus host disease 9.8

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Gingival Recession:



Diseases related to Gingival Recession
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Gingival Recession

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Gingival Recession

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Drugs for Gingival Recession (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 146)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Chlorhexidine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4,Not Applicable 55-56-1 2713 9552079
2
Acetaminophen Approved Phase 4,Not Applicable 103-90-2 1983
3
Epinephrine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1 51-43-4 5816
4
Racepinephrine Approved Phase 4,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1 329-65-7 838
5
Dexamethasone acetate Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved Phase 4 1177-87-3
6
Mepivacaine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 96-88-8 4062
7
Dexamethasone Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved Phase 4 50-02-2 5743
8
Minocycline Approved, Investigational Phase 4,Phase 3 10118-90-8 5281021
9
Amoxicillin Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4,Not Applicable 26787-78-0 33613
10 tannic acid Approved Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable
11
Benzocaine Approved, Investigational Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable 94-09-7, 1994-09-7 2337
12
Lidocaine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4,Early Phase 1 137-58-6 3676
13
Imidacloprid Vet_approved Phase 4,Not Applicable 105827-78-9 86418
14 Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable Phase 4
15 Coagulants Phase 4,Not Applicable
16 Hemostatics Phase 4,Not Applicable
17 Analgesics, Non-Narcotic Phase 4,Not Applicable
18 Analgesics Phase 4,Not Applicable
19 Peripheral Nervous System Agents Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable
20 Antipyretics Phase 4,Not Applicable
21 Anesthetics Phase 4,Phase 3,Early Phase 1,Not Applicable
22 Anti-Inflammatory Agents Phase 4,Not Applicable
23 Dermatologic Agents Phase 4,Not Applicable
24 Disinfectants Phase 4,Not Applicable
25 Chlorhexidine gluconate Phase 4,Not Applicable
26 Anti-Infective Agents, Local Phase 4,Not Applicable
27 Anti-Infective Agents Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable
28 Neurotransmitter Agents Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable
29 Sympathomimetics Phase 4
30 Anesthetics, Local Phase 4
31 Anti-Asthmatic Agents Phase 4
32 Autonomic Agents Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable
33 BB 1101 Phase 4
34 Adrenergic Agonists Phase 4
35 Hormones Phase 4
36
protease inhibitors Phase 4
37 Vasoconstrictor Agents Phase 4
38 Mydriatics Phase 4
39 Adrenergic beta-Agonists Phase 4
40 Central Nervous System Depressants Phase 4,Not Applicable
41 HIV Protease Inhibitors Phase 4
42 Adrenergic Agents Phase 4
43 Respiratory System Agents Phase 4,Phase 2
44 Antiemetics Phase 4
45 Bronchodilator Agents Phase 4
46 Adrenergic alpha-Agonists Phase 4
47 Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal Phase 4
48 Hormone Antagonists Phase 4
49 Epinephryl borate Phase 4,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1
50 glucocorticoids Phase 4

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 223)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 Pinhole Surgical Technique With And Without Use Of Buttons For Treatment Of Multiple Gingival Recessions: RCT Unknown status NCT02632968 Phase 4
2 Laser De-epithelialization for Epithelial Exclusion in Root Coverage Procedure: a Clinical Study Unknown status NCT02626117 Phase 4
3 Platelet Rich Fibrin in the Treatment of Palatal Wounds Unknown status NCT02438046 Phase 4
4 Semilunar Coronally Positioned Flap With or Without Enamel Matrix Derivative for the Treatment of Gingival Recessions Completed NCT02459704 Phase 4
5 Treatment of Multiple Gingival Recessions Completed NCT02818855 Phase 4 Collagen Matrix
6 Xenogenous Collagen Matrix Graft With or Without Enamel Matrix Proteins Derivative for Root Coverage Completed NCT02456337 Phase 4
7 Clinical Evaluation of Single-stage Advanced Versus Rotated Flaps in the Treatment of Gingival Recessions Completed NCT02433912 Phase 4 750 mg paracetamol;chlorhexidine gluconate
8 Gingival Recession Coverage With and Without Emdogain Completed NCT02230787 Phase 4
9 Coronally Advanced Flap With or Without Porcine Collagen Matrix for Root Coverage Completed NCT02242500 Phase 4
10 Connective Tissue Graft Versus Mucograft Collagen Matrix for Coverage of Multiple Gingival Recession Defects Completed NCT01440426 Phase 4
11 Coronally Advanced Flap and PRF With or Without Demineralized Freeze-dried Bone Allograft in Gingival Recession Completed NCT02835430 Phase 4
12 Coronally Advanced Flap in Combination With Acellular Dermal Matrix and Enamel Matrix Derivatives for Root Coverage Completed NCT00720707 Phase 4
13 Effect of Low-level Laser Therapy on Palatal Wound Healing Completed NCT02239042 Phase 4
14 Evaluation of the Inflammatory and Healing Profile After Root Coverage With Emdogain® Completed NCT03059966 Phase 4
15 Tunnel With and Without Intramucosal Vertical Incisions Completed NCT02486991 Phase 4
16 Microsurgical Versus Conventional Semilunar Coronally Advanced Flap Completed NCT02433899 Phase 4 Dexamethasone;Chlorhexidine gluconate;2.0% Mepivacaine + 1:100.000 epinephrine
17 Local Minocycline to Reduce Future Inflammation and Bone Loss in Periodontal Maintenance Patients Completed NCT01647282 Phase 4 locally-applied minocycline HCl (1 mg)
18 Impact of Soft Tissue Grafts on Tissue Alterations After Immediate Tooth Replacement Completed NCT02922075 Phase 4 Post operative medication
19 Conventional or Minimally Invasive Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Furcation Defects Using Enamel Matrix Derivative and Anorganic Bovine Bone - a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Completed NCT02102360 Phase 4
20 Regenerative Surgical Treatment of Peri-implantitis Completed NCT02500654 Phase 4
21 A Clinical Trial Testing Root Coverage With Acellular Dermal Matrix in Thin and Thick Gingival Biotypes Recruiting NCT03057730 Phase 4
22 Amnion-Chorion Allograft Barrier Used for Root Surface and Guided Tissue Regeneration for Periodontal Intrabony Defects and Grade II Furcation Defects. Recruiting NCT03095976 Phase 4
23 Root Coverage With Connective Tissue Graft Associated With VISTA Versus Tunnel Technique Not yet recruiting NCT03690635 Phase 4
24 Estimation of MMP-8 Levels in GCF and Serum and Its Correlation With Wound Healing and Clinical Outcomes After Coronally Advanced Flap and Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft for Root Coverage in Recession Defects: A CLINICO-BIOCHEMICAL STUDY Suspended NCT02863744 Phase 4
25 Coronally Advanced Flap With Connective Tissue Graft and PRF for Recession Coverage Completed NCT03023995 Phase 3
26 Effect of Low-Level Laser on Pain and Healing of Donor Site Following Free Gingival Graft Completed NCT02896283 Phase 2, Phase 3
27 Safety and Efficacy of Gintuit(TM)for Oral Soft Tissue Regeneration Completed NCT00587834 Phase 3
28 Cervical Restorations Placed Under Two Isolation Methods Completed NCT01506830 Phase 2, Phase 3
29 Efficacy and Safety of PERIOGEN in the Treatment of Periodontal Bone Defect Completed NCT00496847 Phase 3 PERIOGEN;Beta TCP alone
30 Impact of Periodontal Intervention on Vascular Dysfunction Completed NCT01917292 Phase 3
31 Comparison Between Two Coronally Positioned Flap With Connective Tissue Unknown status NCT01814592 Phase 2
32 Root Coverage in Smokers With Acellular Dermal Matrix Graft and Enamel Matrix Derivative Completed NCT02135471 Phase 2 acellular dermal matrix graft;enamel matrix derivative
33 Regeneration of Human Intrabony Defects With rhFGF-2/HA Completed NCT02337166 Phase 1, Phase 2
34 Comparison Of Clinical Efficacy Of A Herbal And A Non-Herbal Mouthwash On Dentinal Hypersensitivity Completed NCT02008500 Phase 2
35 Short-term Effect of 2% Atorvastatin Dentifrice in Periodontal Status. Completed NCT01929135 Phase 2 Medicated 2% atorvastatin dentifrice;Non-medicated dentifrice
36 Effectiveness of Using Tobacco Free Snuff in Reducing Negative Effects of Smokeless Tobacco Use Completed NCT00218270 Phase 2 Tobacco free snuff
37 Periodontal Dressing After Surgical Crown Lengthening Completed NCT01986959 Phase 2
38 A Phase II Clinical Trial of YH23537 in Patients With Chronic Periodontal Disease. Completed NCT02585596 Phase 2 YH23537 1000mg/day;YH23537 2000mg/day;YH23537 3000mg/day;placebo
39 A Clinical Trial of YH14642 in Patients With Chronic Periodontal Disease Completed NCT01499225 Phase 2 YH14642 500mg Tab;YH14642 500mg Tab;YH14642 500mg Tab;INSADOL[Zea mays L. extract] 35mg Tab;DENTISTA[Doxycycline hyclate] 20mg Cap;Placebo
40 Comparison of Root Coverage of Gingival Recessions Not yet recruiting NCT02980055 Phase 2
41 MEBO Ointment and Hyaluronic Acid Gel in the Management of Pain After Free Gingival Graft Harvesting Not yet recruiting NCT03728244 Phase 1, Phase 2 MEBO ointment;Hyaluronic Acid gel
42 Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Papain Gel on Peri-Implantitis Lesions Not yet recruiting NCT03753958 Phase 2
43 A Pilot Study of CelTx(TM) (Apligraf®) in the Treatment of Gingival Recession Requiring Root Coverage Terminated NCT00679081 Phase 1, Phase 2
44 Root Coverage Using a Xenograph for Treatment of Gingival Recession Completed NCT02657395 Phase 1
45 Use of a Collagen Membrane for Soft Tissue Grafting Completed NCT02206009 Phase 1
46 Does Hyaluronic Acid Affect Periodontal Treatment? Completed NCT03754010 Phase 1 Hyaluronic acid gel (HA) and SRP;HA mouthrinse and SRP;HA mouthrinse+gel and SRP
47 A Modified Tunnel Approach in Treatment of Gingival Recession Unknown status NCT02642887 Not Applicable
48 Evaluation of Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft Versus Acellular Dermal Matrix With Tunnel Technique in Treatment of Multiple Gingival Recessions Unknown status NCT02916186 Not Applicable
49 Comparison of Coronally Advanced Flap and Semilunar Incision Vestibular Technique for Multiple Gingival Recessions in Maxillary Teeth - A Randomized Controlled Trial Unknown status NCT03037320 Not Applicable
50 Electrical Stimulation Effect on Coronally Advanced Flap Unknown status NCT02987231 Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Gingival Recession

Cell-based therapeutics:


LifeMap Discovery
Data from LifeMap, the Embryonic Development and Stem Cells Database
Read about Gingival Recession cell therapies at LifeMap Discovery.
Stem-cell-based therapeutic approaches for Gingival Recession:
Adipose-derived vascular fraction cells for gingival gum regeneration
GINTUIT�, allogeneic keratinocytes and fibroblasts for oral soft tissue regeneration
Embryonic/Adult Cultured Cells Related to Gingival Recession:
Bilayered cell therapy PMIDs: 22678374 18834238

Cochrane evidence based reviews: gingival recession

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Genetic Tests for Gingival Recession

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Anatomical Context for Gingival Recession

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Gingival Recession:

41
Bone, Tongue, Testes
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Publications for Gingival Recession

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Articles related to Gingival Recession:

(show top 50) (show all 539)
# Title Authors Year
1
Treatment of single maxillary gingival recession associated with non-carious cervical lesion: Randomized clinical trial comparing connective tissue graft alone to graft plus partial restoration. ( 29681059 )
2018
2
Treatment of gingival recession using a coronally-advanced flap procedure with or without placental membrane. ( 29607631 )
2018
3
Evaluation of periosteum eversion and coronally advanced flap techniques in the treatment of isolated Miller's Class I/II gingival recession: A comparative clinical study. ( 29769769 )
2018
4
Evaluation of the effect of dose-dependent platelet-rich fibrin membrane on treatment of gingival recession: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. ( 29768524 )
2018
5
Comparative Evaluation of Coronally Advanced Flap Using Amniotic Membrane and Platelet-rich Fibrin Membrane in Gingival Recession: An 18-Month Clinical Study. ( 29875559 )
2018
6
Quantitative measures of gingival recession and the influence of gender, race, and attrition. ( 29376198 )
2018
7
Exploring the Gingival Recession Surgical Treatment Modalities: A Literature Review. ( 29731944 )
2018
8
Treatment of gingival recession in 2 surgical stages: free gingival graft plus coronally positioned flap. ( 29303764 )
2018
9
Coronally advanced flap and connective tissue graft with or without plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) in treatment of gingival recession. ( 29849966 )
2018
10
Clinical evaluation of Class II and Class III gingival recession defects of maxillary posterior teeth treated with pedicled buccal fat pad: A pilot study. ( 29497442 )
2018
11
Xenogenic collagen matrix or autologous connective tissue graft as adjunct to coronally advanced flaps for coverage of multiple adjacent gingival recession: Randomized trial assessing non-inferiority in root coverage and superiority in oral health-related quality of life. ( 29087001 )
2018
12
Microbiome at sites of gingival recession in children with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. ( 29520806 )
2018
13
A novel approach to treat gingival recession and non-caries cervical lesion combined defects: Restoration guided creeping attachment (RGCA) technique. A case report. ( 29662973 )
2018
14
Relationship between noncarious cervical lesions, cervical dentin hypersensitivity, gingival recession, and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study. ( 29940290 )
2018
15
Definitive abutments probably result in minimal decrease in bone loss and buccal gingival recession compared with traditional implants. ( 29150019 )
2018
16
Fifteen-Year Follow-Up of a Case of Surgical Retreatment of a Single Gingival Recession. ( 29796319 )
2018
17
Sub-epithelial connective tissue graft for the management of Miller's class I and class II isolated gingival recession defect: A systematic review of the factors influencing the outcome. ( 29424485 )
2018
18
Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements. ( 29706207 )
2018
19
Gingival recession in orthodontic patients 10 to 15A years posttreatment: A retrospective cohort study. ( 29706212 )
2018
20
Post-orthodontic lower incisor inclination and gingival recession-a systematic review. ( 29911278 )
2018
21
Effectiveness of laser adjunctive therapy for surgical treatment of gingival recession with flap graft techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ( 29374364 )
2018
22
Effectiveness of adjunctive hyaluronic acid application in coronally advanced flap in Miller class I single gingival recession sites: a randomized controlled clinical trial. ( 29961138 )
2018
23
Classification systems for gingival recession and suggestion of a new classification system. ( 29652020 )
2018
24
Treatment of gingival recession by coronally advanced flap in conjunction with platelet-rich fibrin or resin-modified glass-ionomer restoration: A clinical study. ( 29568172 )
2018
25
Low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to connective tissue graft procedure in the treatment of gingival recession defects: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ( 29582585 )
2018
26
Prevalence of gingival recession and study of associated related factors in young UK adults. ( 29933005 )
2018
27
Gingival Recession and Localized Aggressive Periodontitis Among HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. ( 30096098 )
2018
28
Correction to: Effectiveness of adjunctive hyaluronic acid application in coronally advanced flap in Miller class I single gingival recession sites: a randomized controlled clinical trial. ( 30027355 )
2018
29
Efficacy of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to button anchored coronally advanced flap for gingival recession: A Doppler study. ( 30131632 )
2018
30
Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic treatment of infraversion and open bite. ( 30242441 )
2018
31
Low-intensity laser for harvesting palatal graft for the treatment of gingival recession: A systematic review. ( 30353707 )
2018
32
Risk factors contributing to gingival recession among patients undergoing different orthodontic treatment modalities. ( 30363373 )
2018
33
Comparison of minimally invasive coronally advanced flap and modified coronally advanced flap for the management of multiple adjacent gingival recession defects: A split mouth randomized control trial. ( 30370632 )
2018
34
Split-mouth evaluation of connective tissue graft with or without enamel matrix derivative for the treatment of isolated gingival recession defects in dogs. ( 30506228 )
2018
35
Preservation of Natural Gingival Pigmentation When Treating Multiple Gingival Recession Defects. ( 29493250 )
2018
36
Gingival recession and root caries in the ageing population: a critical evaluation of treatments. ( 28266119 )
2017
37
Comparison of enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain) and subepithelial connective tissue graft for root coverage in patients with multiple gingival recession defects: A randomized controlled clinical study. ( 28396887 )
2017
38
Coronally Advanced Flap Technique to Treat Class I and II Gingival Recession in Combination with Connective Tissue Graft or Equine Collagen Matrix: A Retrospective Study. ( 28609501 )
2017
39
Multiple Gingival Recession Coverage Treated with Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access Approach with or without Platelet-Rich Fibrin - A Case Series. ( 29042736 )
2017
40
Platelet-rich fibrin membrane does not improve clinical outcomes compared with otherA treatment modalities in the treatment of gingival recession. ( 28550846 )
2017
41
Prevalence of gingival recession after orthodontic tooth movements. ( 28457262 )
2017
42
Histologic and Clinical Study of Gingival Recession Treated with Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft: A Case Report. ( 27977823 )
2017
43
Comparative Evaluation of Platelet Rich Fibrin and Dehydrated Amniotic Membrane for the Treatment of Gingival Recession- A Clinical Study. ( 28969268 )
2017
44
Tackle gingival recession head on. ( 28684804 )
2017
45
Long-term influence of fixed lingual retainers on the development of gingival recession: A retrospective, longitudinal cohort study. ( 28686089 )
2017
46
Post-orthodontic position of lower incisors and gingival recession: A retrospective study. ( 29410758 )
2017
47
Use of Allograft with Platelet Concentrate in the Treatment of Multiple Miller Class III Gingival Recession Defects: Report of Three Cases. ( 28402343 )
2017
48
Connective Tissue Graft and Crown-Resin Composite Restoration for the Treatment of Gingival Recession Associated with Noncarious Cervical Lesions: Case Series. ( 28609509 )
2017
49
Patient-centered Microsurgical Management of Gingival Recession using Coronally Advanced Flap with Either Platelet-rich Fibrin or Connective Tissue Graft: A Comparative Analysis. ( 28839418 )
2017
50
Two-Year Clinical Evaluation of Pedicled Buccal Fat Pad Alone and with Emdogain for Root Coverage of Severe Gingival Recession Defects: A Case Series. ( 29023624 )
2017
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Variations for Gingival Recession

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Expression for Gingival Recession

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Gingival Recession.
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Pathways for Gingival Recession

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Pathways related to Gingival Recession according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Overview 65
Show member pathways
 11.42 C1R C1S
2
Complement Pathway 64
Show member pathways
 11.28 C1R C1S
3
Pertussis 37
11.04 C1R C1S
4
Complement and coagulation cascades 1 37
10.94 C1R C1S SERPINF2
5
Staphylococcus aureus infection 37
10.7 C1R C1S
Sources

GO Terms for Gingival Recession

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Cellular components related to Gingival Recession according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 blood microparticle GO:0072562 8.8 C1R C1S SERPINF2

Biological processes related to Gingival Recession according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 regulation of complement activation GO:0030449 9.16 C1R C1S
2 complement activation GO:0006956 8.96 C1R C1S
3 zymogen activation GO:0031638 8.62 C1R VSIR
Sources

Sources for Gingival Recession

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HGMD
31 HMDB
32 HPO
33 ICD10
34 ICD10 via Orphanet
35 ICD9CM
36 IUPHAR
37 KEGG
38 LifeMap
40 LOVD
42 MedGen
44 MeSH
45 MESH via Orphanet
46 MGI
49 NCI
50 NCIt
51 NDF-RT
54 NINDS
55 Novoseek
57 OMIM
58 OMIM via Orphanet
62 PubMed
64 QIAGEN
69 SNOMED-CT via HPO
70 SNOMED-CT via Orphanet
71 TGDB
72 Tocris
73 UMLS
74 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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