Gorham's Disease disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: GRH001 MIFTS: 39	Gorham's Disease Categories: Blood diseases, Bone diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Gorham's Disease

MalaCards integrated aliases for Gorham's Disease:

Name: Gorham's Disease ¹² ⁷³ ²⁰ ¹⁵

Gorham-Stout Syndrome ¹² ²⁰

Osteolysis, Essential ⁴⁴ ⁷⁰

Cystic Angiomatosis of Bone Diffuse ²⁰

Disappearing Bone Disease ¹²

Vanishing Bone Disease ²⁰

Gorham-Stout Disease ²⁰

Essential Osteolysis ¹²

Phantom Bone Disease ¹²

Massive Osteolysis ¹²

Osteolysis Massive ²⁰

Massive Osteolyses ⁷⁰

Gorham Disease ¹²

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Bone diseases Blood diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:4837

MeSH ⁴⁴ D010015

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁷ 240161003

UMLS ⁷⁰ C0029436 C0029438

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Summaries for Gorham's Disease

GARD : ²⁰ Gorham's disease is a rare bone disorder characterized by bone loss (osteolysis), often associated abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous proliferation). Bone loss can occur in just one bone, or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bones. Symtoms may include pain, swelling, and increased risk of fracture. It may affect any part of the skeleton, but most commonly involves the skull, collarbone (clavicle), pelvis, ribs, spine, and/or jaw. Depending on the bones affected, various complications may occur. The cause of Gorham's disease is currently unknown. Most cases occur sporadically. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms in each affected person, and most commonly involves surgery and/or radiation therapy. In some cases, Gorham's disease improves without treatment (spontaneous remission ).

MalaCards based summary : Gorham's Disease, also known as gorham-stout syndrome, is related to aneurysmal bone cysts and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. An important gene associated with Gorham's Disease is IFNA2 (Interferon Alpha 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Pathways in cancer. The drugs Anesthetics and Mitogens have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, endothelial and spinal cord, and related phenotypes are cardiovascular system and homeostasis/metabolism

Disease Ontology : ¹² A syndrome that is characterized by bone loss (osteolysis) which is often associated with swelling or abnormal blood vessel growth (angiomatous proliferation). Bone loss can occur in just one bone or spread to soft tissue and adjacent bones.

Wikipedia : ⁷³ Gorham's disease (pronounced GOR-amz), also known as Gorham vanishing bone disease and phantom bone... more...

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Related Diseases for Gorham's Disease

Diseases related to Gorham's Disease via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 265)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	aneurysmal bone cysts	30.6	TNFSF11 CALCA
2	lymphangioleiomyomatosis	30.4	VEGFC VEGFA PDPN
3	bone disease	30.3	VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH IL6 CALCA
4	primary lymphedema	30.3	VEGFC FLT4
5	osteomyelitis	30.3	TNFSF11 IL6 CALCA
6	bone resorption disease	30.2	TNFSF11 PTH IL6 CALCA
7	osteonecrosis	30.1	VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH
8	hyperparathyroidism	30.0	TNFSF11 PTH CALCA
9	hereditary lymphedema i	29.9	VEGFC PDPN FLT4
10	enthesopathy	29.8	PTH GALNT3
11	decubitus ulcer	29.7	VEGFA PECAM1 IL6 CALCA
12	osteoporosis	29.3	VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH IL6 CALCA
13	lymphangioma	29.2	VEGFC VEGFA PECAM1 PDPN LYVE1 IFNA2
14	hemangioma	28.9	VEGFA PECAM1 PDPN LYVE1 IL6 IFNA2
15	capillary hemangioma	28.9	VEGFA PECAM1 PDPN LYVE1 FLT4
16	multicentric osteolysis, nodulosis, and arthropathy	11.1
17	lymphangiomatosis	10.4
18	intracranial hypotension	10.4
19	kaposiform lymphangiomatosis	10.4
20	bullous impetigo	10.3	IL6 CALCA
21	lymphocele	10.3	VEGFC LYVE1
22	rare lymphatic malformation	10.3
23	acute cholangitis	10.3	IL6 CALCA
24	kummell's disease	10.3	TNFSF11 CALCA
25	paget disease of bone 5, juvenile-onset	10.3	TNFSF11 CALCA
26	hemopericardium	10.3
27	pericardial effusion	10.3
28	papilledema	10.3
29	chiari malformation	10.3
30	mollaret meningitis	10.3
31	overgrowth syndrome	10.3
32	bursitis	10.3	IL6 CALCA
33	lymphatic malformation 1	10.3	VEGFC FLT4
34	periodontitis, chronic	10.3	TNFSF11 IL6
35	plantar fasciitis	10.3	VEGFA CALCA
36	substernal goiter	10.3	PTH CALCA
37	bone giant cell sarcoma	10.2	TNFSF11 FLT4
38	primary cutaneous b-cell lymphoma	10.2	VEGFA IFNA2
39	osteosclerotic myeloma	10.2	VEGFA IL6
40	hemifacial spasm	10.2	VEGFA FLT4
41	infiltrating angiolipoma	10.2	VEGFC VEGFA
42	ulcer of lower limbs	10.2	VEGFA IL6
43	elephantiasis	10.2	VEGFC FLT4
44	endemic goiter	10.2	PTH CALCA
45	hypercalcemia, infantile, 1	10.2	PTH CALCA
46	mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas	10.2	VEGFC PDPN
47	hypopyon	10.2	VEGFA IL6
48	gingival recession	10.2	TNFSF11 IL6
49	eales disease	10.2	VEGFA IL6
50	scleral disease	10.2	VEGFA IL6

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Gorham's Disease:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Gorham's Disease

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Gorham's Disease:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cardiovascular system	MP:0005385	10.02	FLT4 GALNT3 GLMN IL6 LYVE1 PDPN
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	9.85	FLT4 GALNT3 GLMN IL6 PDPN PECAM1
3	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	9.73	FLT4 GALNT3 IL6 PDPN PECAM1 VEGFA
4	immune system	MP:0005387	9.65	FLT4 GALNT3 IL6 LYVE1 PDPN PECAM1
5	muscle	MP:0005369	9.17	FLT4 GALNT3 IL6 PDPN PECAM1 TNFSF11

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Gorham's Disease

Drugs for Gorham's Disease (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

#	Name	Status	Phase	Clinical Trials	Cas Number	PubChem Id
1	Anesthetics
2	Mitogens
3	Endothelial Growth Factors

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID
1	Dynamic Contrast Enhanced MR Lymphangiogram Imaging of Lymphatic Anomalies (LA)	Completed	NCT02744027
2	Identification of Biomarkers for Patients With Vascular Anomalies	Recruiting	NCT03001180
3	Lymphatic Anomalies Registry for the Assessment of Outcome Data	Recruiting	NCT02399527

Search NIH Clinical Center for Gorham's Disease

Cochrane evidence based reviews: osteolysis, essential

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Genetic Tests for Gorham's Disease

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Anatomical Context for Gorham's Disease

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Gorham's Disease:

⁴⁰

Bone, Endothelial, Spinal Cord

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Publications for Gorham's Disease

Articles related to Gorham's Disease:

(show top 50) (show all 151)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Gorham-Stout Disease: a Clinical Case Report and Immunological Mechanisms in Bone Erosion. ²⁰	Franco-Barrera MJ...Roa-Encarnacion CM	28004375	2017
2	Gorham-Stout disease with parietal bone osteolysis: a case series and review of literature. ⁶¹	Takaya K...Kishi K	32216589	2021
3	'Vanishing carpal bones' in a patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia - A diagnostic dilemma. ⁶¹	Siddarth Kamath K...Bhat AK	33100741	2020
4	Gorham's disease: treatment with an autologous iliac bone graft and a reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. ⁶¹	Feng L...Zhao W	30760279	2019
5	Gorham's disease of the mandible: radiological features. ⁶¹	Soh HY...Ramli R	30484126	2018
6	Cerebrospinal fluid leakage and Chiari I malformation with Gorham's disease of the skull base: A case report. ⁶¹	Nagashima H...Kohmura E	28743389	2017
7	A case of vanishing skull: Gorham's disease. ⁶¹	Zhao S...Nair JR	28854618	2017
8	[Management of postoperative complications in cases of Gorham's disease with cervical spine involvement: A case report]. ⁶¹	Gbaguidi A...Peltier J	28502565	2017
9	Gorham's disease in humerus treated with autogenous vascularized fibular graft. ⁶¹	Kim JW...Shin CH	28400670	2017
10	Gorham's Disease of the Maxilla and Mandible With Distinctive Cone Beam Computerized Tomographic Features. ⁶¹	Sinha R...Ramani D	29531559	2017
11	Painful sporadic osteolysis of the parietal bone 'Gorham's disease'. ⁶¹	Amirjamshidi A...Pourrashidi-Boshrabadi A	27331246	2016
12	Gorham's disease of mandible--a rare case presentation in pediatric patient. ⁶¹	Mukhopadhyay S...Roy U	27080971	2016
13	Novel approach of treating Gorham-Stout disease in the humerus--Case report and review of literature. ⁶¹	Ellati R...Shehadeh A	26914115	2016
14	Gorham's disease-vanishing bone of the cervical spine. ⁶¹	Demir MK...Konya D	26334233	2016
15	Gorham's Disease in a Patient with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: Case Report and Review of the Literature. ⁶¹	Seidel B...Kupfer M	29398896	2016
16	Gorham's disease of the proximal tibia successfully treated with local administration of OK-432, followed by reconstruction with distraction osteogenesis: a case report. ⁶¹	Yamagishi E...Hakozaki M	26288374	2016
17	A Rare Case of Progressive Gorham's Disease of Right Shoulder Girdle and Cervical Spine in A Child: 10 Year Follow-up and A Review of Literature. ⁶¹	Pn G...An P	27299093	2015
18	"Vanishing Bone Disease" in Maxillofacial Region: A Review and Our Experience. ⁶¹	Gulati U...Chandra N	26225043	2015
19	Reossification in Gorham's disease of the hand and wrist with unusual CT and MR imaging features. ⁶¹	Shi J...Gao F	25712769	2015
20	Surgical Treatment of Gorham's Disease with Massive Osteolysis of the Skull and Cervical Spine: A Case Report and Review of Literature. ⁶¹	Kohno M...Saito T	28663971	2015
21	Complex single step skull reconstruction in Gorham's disease - a technical report and review of the literature. ⁶¹	Ohla V...Kasper EM	25880917	2015
22	Gorham's disease: clinical case. ⁶¹	Sa P...Pinto R	26229923	2015
23	[Gorham's disease (disappearing bone syndrome)]. ⁶¹	San Miguel Lopez de Uralde SM	25249394	2015
24	Gorham's Disease With Chest Wall Involvement: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature. ⁶¹	Daneshvar Kakhaki A...Farzanegan R	25763205	2014
25	Multifocal hemangioendotheliomas of bone mimicking metastases. ⁶¹	Narang V...Kaur H	25308018	2014
26	Serial lymphoscintigraphic findings in a patient with Gorham's disease with lymphedema. ⁶¹	Baulieu F...Lorette G	25420304	2014
27	Gorham's disease: A diagnostic challenge. ⁶¹	Saify FY...Gosavi SR	25948997	2014
28	Abdominal lymphangiomatosis in a 38-year-old female: case report and literature review. ⁶¹	Lin RY...Han QX	25009412	2014
29	Gastrointestinal Tract Involvement of Gorham's Disease with Expression of D2-40 in Duodenum. ⁶¹	Choi BS...Choe BH	24749089	2014
30	Unspecific, idiopathic isolated osteolysis (Gorham-Stout syndrome) of the mandibular condylar process with its radiological, histological and clinical features: a case report and review of literature. ⁶¹	Scheller K...Heinzelmann C	23378037	2014
31	Chiari I malformation associated with Gorham's disease of the skull base. ⁶¹	Coulter IC...Marks SM	24300744	2014
32	Gorham's disease. ⁶¹	Jayaprakash B...Nair DS	24968562	2013
33	Temporary paraplegia resulting from Gorham's disease involving the third lumbar vertebra and proximal femur: a five-year follow-up and review of the literature. ⁶¹	Esmailiejah AA...Abbasian M	24206415	2013
34	Gorham's Disease of Spine. ⁶¹	Sekharappa V...David SG	24066223	2013
35	Gorham's disease: the disappearing bone. ⁶¹	Yang RH...Wang SJ	23486335	2013
36	Gorham's Disease complicated with bilateral chylothorax and successfully treated with Interferon-alpha-2a. ⁶¹	Liu CY...Wu YC	28920203	2013
37	Bone loss in Gorham's disease: A case study. ⁶¹	Chen B...Cui C	23596466	2013
38	A Rare Case of Gorham's Disease: Primary Ulnar Involvement with Secondary Spread to the Radius and Elbow. ⁶¹	Tavakoli Darestani R...Farhang Zanganeh R	24350149	2013
39	An aggressive lymphatic malformation (Gorham's disease) leading to death of a child. ⁶¹	Situma M...Millar A	23331822	2013
40	Gorham's Disease of the Mandible. ⁶¹	Ravindran R...Karunakaran A	24066242	2013
41	Gorham's disease of the spine. ⁶¹	Barman A...Tharion G	23949031	2013
42	Gorham's disease: 99mTc HMDP bone scan findings. ⁶¹	Lopez Velez L...De La Cueva L	23067536	2012
43	Gorham's disease: a report of a case with mandibular involvement in a 10-year follow-up study. ⁶¹	Reddy S...Jatti D	22241873	2012
44	Sixty cases of extreme osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis of the mandible and maxilla in a West African population. ⁶¹	Khullar SM...Herlofson BB	22652445	2012
45	Radiological features of Gorham's disease. ⁶¹	Kotecha R...Venkatramani R	22424931	2012
46	Vanishing bone disease (Gorham's disease) - a rare occurrence of unknown etiology. ⁶¹	Ray S...Sinha SK	23032845	2012
47	[Gorham's disease and intra-osseous vascular abnormalities]. ⁶¹	Heritier S...Donadieu J	22504738	2012
48	Gorham's disease of femur - A response. ⁶¹	Tripathy SK...Goyal T	22719130	2012
49	Progressive, massive osteolysis of mandible (Gorham's disease): report of a case. ⁶¹	Kale MV...Kulkarni AU	22605602	2012
50	Gorham's disease of femur. ⁶¹	Baba AN...Khan NA	22144753	2011

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Genes for Gorham's Disease

Genes related to Gorham's Disease (0 elite genes):

(show all 13)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	IFNA2	Interferon Alpha 2	Protein Coding	6.92	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
2	CALCA	Calcitonin Related Polypeptide Alpha	Protein Coding	6.32	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
3	LYVE1	Lymphatic Vessel Endothelial Hyaluronan Receptor 1	Protein Coding	6.31	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
4	VEGFC	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C	Protein Coding	5.78	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
5	IL6	Interleukin 6	Protein Coding	5.59	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
6	FLT4	Fms Related Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 4	Protein Coding	5.53	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
7	TNFSF11	TNF Superfamily Member 11	Protein Coding	5.52	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
8	VEGFA	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A	Protein Coding	5.4	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
9	PTH	Parathyroid Hormone	Protein Coding	5.39	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
10	PDPN	Podoplanin	Protein Coding	5.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
11	GLMN	Glomulin, FKBP Associated Protein	Protein Coding	5.34	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
12	PECAM1	Platelet And Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1	Protein Coding	5.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
13	GALNT3	Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 3	Protein Coding	5.15	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

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Variations for Gorham's Disease

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Expression for Gorham's Disease

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Gorham's Disease.

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Pathways for Gorham's Disease

Pathways related to Gorham's Disease according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 13)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ³⁶ Show member pathways Human papillomavirus infection ³⁶	12.69	VEGFC VEGFA IL6 IFNA2 FLT4
2	Pathways in cancer ³⁶	12.49	VEGFC VEGFA IL6 IFNA2 FLT4
3	Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway ²³ Show member pathways Cytokine Network ⁶³ Interferon alpha/beta signaling ⁶⁵ Regulation of IFNA signaling ⁶⁵	12.01	VEGFC IL6 IFNA2 FLT4
4	AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications ³⁶	11.65	VEGFC VEGFA IL6
5	Signaling events mediated by VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 ¹ Show member pathways VEGFR1 specific signals ¹	11.57	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4
6	Rheumatoid arthritis ³⁶	11.53	VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH IL6
7	Angiogenesis (CST) ⁴	11.41	VEGFC PECAM1 PDPN FLT4
8	Differentiation Pathway ¹	11.18	VEGFA TNFSF11 IL6
9	VEGFR3 signaling in lymphatic endothelium ¹	10.89	VEGFC FLT4
10	Osteoblast Signaling ¹	10.66	TNFSF11 PTH
11	Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis ²³	10.58	TNFSF11 PTH IL6 CALCA
12	miR-148a/miR-31/FIH1/HIF1andalpha;-Notch signaling in glioblastoma ¹	10.36	VEGFC VEGFA
13	VEGF ligand-receptor interactions ⁶⁵ Show member pathways VEGF binds to VEGFR leading to receptor dimerization ⁶⁵	10.34	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4

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GO Terms for Gorham's Disease

Cellular components related to Gorham's Disease according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular region	GO:0005576	9.56	VEGFC VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH IL6 IFNA2
2	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.23	VEGFC VEGFA TNFSF11 PTH PECAM1 IL6

Biological processes related to Gorham's Disease according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 24)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	GO:0019221	9.81	VEGFA TNFSF11 IL6 IFNA2
2	positive regulation of cell migration	GO:0030335	9.78	VEGFC VEGFA PECAM1 PDPN
3	platelet degranulation	GO:0002576	9.76	VEGFC VEGFA PECAM1
4	positive regulation of MAPK cascade	GO:0043410	9.75	VEGFA IL6 FLT4
5	positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	GO:0050731	9.72	VEGFA PECAM1 IL6
6	positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein	GO:0042531	9.63	VEGFA IL6 IFNA2
7	bone resorption	GO:0045453	9.62	TNFSF11 PTH
8	positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	GO:0001934	9.62	VEGFC VEGFA PECAM1 FLT4
9	positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation	GO:0031954	9.61	VEGFC VEGFA
10	positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	GO:0002052	9.61	VEGFC VEGFA
11	positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	GO:0001938	9.61	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4
12	mammary gland alveolus development	GO:0060749	9.6	VEGFA TNFSF11
13	negative regulation of bone resorption	GO:0045779	9.59	IL6 CALCA
14	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	GO:0048010	9.58	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4
15	induction of positive chemotaxis	GO:0050930	9.57	VEGFC VEGFA
16	lymphangiogenesis	GO:0001946	9.56	PDPN FLT4
17	positive regulation of protein kinase C signaling	GO:0090037	9.54	VEGFA FLT4
18	positive regulation of cellular component movement	GO:0051272	9.52	VEGFA PDPN
19	positive regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly	GO:0090091	9.49	PDPN IL6
20	monocyte chemotaxis	GO:0002548	9.43	TNFSF11 IL6 CALCA
21	positive regulation of mast cell chemotaxis	GO:0060754	9.37	VEGFC VEGFA
22	sprouting angiogenesis	GO:0002040	9.33	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4
23	vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway	GO:0038084	9.13	VEGFC VEGFA FLT4
24	positive regulation of phosphorylation	GO:0042327	8.92	VEGFA TNFSF11 IFNA2 GLMN

Molecular functions related to Gorham's Disease according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	growth factor activity	GO:0008083	9.33	VEGFC VEGFA IL6
2	cytokine activity	GO:0005125	9.26	VEGFA TNFSF11 IL6 IFNA2
3	vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding	GO:0005172	8.62	VEGFC VEGFA

Sources

Sources for Gorham's Disease

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GARD

²¹ GeneAnalytics

²² GeneCards

²³ GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²⁴ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁵ GeneReviews

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HMDB

³¹ HPO

³² ICD10

³³ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁴ ICD9CM

³⁵ IUPHAR

³⁶ KEGG

³⁷ LifeMap

³⁸ LncRNADisease

³⁹ LOVD

⁴⁰ MalaCards

⁴¹ MedGen

⁴² MedlinePlus

⁴³ MedlinePlus Genetics

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NINDS

⁵⁴ Novoseek

⁵⁵ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁶ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁷ OMIM® (Updated 05-Apr-2021)

⁵⁸ Orphanet

⁵⁹ PathCards

⁶⁰ PharmGKB

⁶¹ PubMed

⁶² PubMed Health

⁶³ QIAGEN

⁶⁴ R&D Systems

⁶⁵ Reactome

⁶⁶ Sino Biological

⁶⁷ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁶⁹ Tocris

⁷⁰ UMLS

⁷¹ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷² UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷³ Wikipedia