Hepatic Encephalopathy disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: HPT019 MIFTS: 60	Hepatic Encephalopathy Categories: Liver diseases, Mental diseases, Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases
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Aliases & Classifications for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MalaCards integrated aliases for Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Name: Hepatic Encephalopathy ¹² ⁷⁷ ⁵⁴ ³⁸ ⁵⁶ ¹⁵ ⁷⁴

Portal-Systemic Encephalopathy ¹²

Encephalopathy, Hepatic ⁵⁴

Hepatoencephalopathy ⁵⁴

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Neuronal diseases Liver diseases Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³⁴

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of liver

Hepatic failure, not elsewhere classified

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:13413

KEGG ³⁸ H01506

ICD9CM ³⁶ 572.2

MeSH ⁴⁵ D006501

NCIt ⁵¹ C79596

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁹ 13920009

ICD10 ³⁴ K72

UMLS ⁷⁴ C0019151

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Summaries for Hepatic Encephalopathy

NIH Rare Diseases : ⁵⁴ Hepatic encephalopathy is a syndrome observed in some patients with cirrhosis. It is defined as a spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver dysfunction, when other known brain disease has been excluded. Signs and symptoms may be debilitating, and they can begin mildly and gradually, or occur suddenly and severely. They may include personality or mood changes, intellectual impairment, abnormal movements, a depressed level of consciousness, and other symptoms. There are several theories regarding the exact cause, but development of the condition is probably at least partially due to the effect of substances that are toxic to nerve tissue (neurotoxic), which are typically present with liver damage and/or liver disease. Treatment depends upon the severity of mental status changes and upon the certainty of the diagnosis.

MalaCards based summary : Hepatic Encephalopathy, also known as portal-systemic encephalopathy, is related to hepatic coma and alcoholic liver cirrhosis. An important gene associated with Hepatic Encephalopathy is TSPO (Translocator Protein), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Circadian entrainment and Immune response IL-23 signaling pathway. The drugs Rifaximin and Metformin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include liver, brain and testes, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism

Disease Ontology : ¹² A brain disease that is characterized by loss of brain function, the occurrence of confusion, altered level of consciousness, and coma that results when the liver is unable to remove toxins from the blood.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁷ Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is an altered level of consciousness as a result of liver failure. Onset may... more...

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Related Diseases for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Diseases related to Hepatic Encephalopathy via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 244)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	hepatic coma	32.9	ALB F2 GPT TSPO
2	alcoholic liver cirrhosis	32.6	ALB F2 SLC17A5
3	liver cirrhosis	32.4	ALB F2 GPT SLC17A5
4	alcoholic hepatitis	31.6	ALB F2 GPT IL6 SLC17A5 TNF
5	acute liver failure	31.4	ALB F2 GC GPT SLC17A5 TSPO
6	infantile liver failure syndrome 1	30.7	ALB F2 GPT SLC17A5
7	hepatitis	30.5	F2 GPT SLC17A5 TNF
8	portal hypertension	30.4	ALB F2 GPT TNF
9	peritonitis	30.2	ALB F2 IL6 TNF
10	wilson disease	30.2	ALB F2 GPT
11	brain edema	30.0	ALB GLUL IL6 SLC1A2 SLC25A13
12	meningitis	30.0	ALB IL6 TNF
13	schistosomiasis	29.9	ALB F2 TNF
14	liver disease	29.9	ALB F2 GPT IL6 SLC17A5 SLC25A13
15	hepatitis b	29.8	ALB F2 GPT SLC17A5 TNF
16	fatty liver disease	29.7	IL6 SLC17A5 TNF
17	hepatitis e	29.6	ALB F2 GPT TNF
18	viral hepatitis	29.5	ALB F2 GPT SLC17A5 TNF
19	diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent	29.4	ALB GPT IL6 SLC17A5 TNF
20	psychotic disorder	29.0	MAOB NOS1 S100B
21	infections, recurrent, with encephalopathy, hepatic dysfunction, and cardiovascular malformations	12.5
22	combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 1	12.0
23	encephalopathy	11.4
24	congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt	11.4
25	3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase deficiency	11.1
26	hepatic veno-occlusive disease	11.0
27	hepatorenal syndrome	11.0
28	antipyrine metabolism	10.4	ALB F2
29	non-a-e hepatitis	10.4	ALB F2
30	leukomalacia	10.4	IL6 TNF
31	scorpion envenomation	10.4	IL6 TNF
32	epstein-barr virus hepatitis	10.4	ALB F2
33	fournier gangrene	10.4	ALB F2
34	angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia	10.4	IL6 TNF
35	autoimmune myocarditis	10.4	IL6 TNF
36	critical limb ischemia	10.3	IL6 TNF
37	sudden sensorineural hearing loss	10.3	F2 IL6
38	abdominal tuberculosis	10.3	ALB F2
39	streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome	10.3	IL6 TNF
40	juvenile ankylosing spondylitis	10.3	IL6 TNF
41	cardiogenic shock	10.3	IL6 TNF
42	marburg hemorrhagic fever	10.3	F2 TNF
43	atypical depressive disorder	10.3	MAOA MAOB
44	burns	10.3	ALB TNF
45	null-cell leukemia	10.3	IL6 TNF
46	hypersensitivity reaction type iii disease	10.3	ALB IL6 TNF
47	keratoconjunctivitis sicca	10.3	ALB IL6 TNF
48	hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome	10.3	ALB IL6 TNF
49	retinitis pigmentosa 55	10.3	IL6 TNF
50	pyelonephritis	10.3	ALB IL6 TNF

Comorbidity relations with Hepatic Encephalopathy via Phenotypic Disease Network (PDN): (show all 26)

Acquired Thrombocytopenia	Active Peptic Ulcer Disease
Acute Cystitis	Acute Kidney Failure
Alcohol Abuse	Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis	Chronic Kidney Failure
Decubitus Ulcer	Deficiency Anemia
Encephalopathy	Esophageal Varix
Heart Disease	Hepatitis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	Hepatorenal Syndrome
Hypersplenism	Liver Disease
Neutropenia	Portal Hypertension
Portal Vein Thrombosis	Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Protein-Energy Malnutrition	Respiratory Failure
Schizophreniform Disorder	Urea Cycle Disorder

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

⁴⁷

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.18	F2 GLS GLUL IL6 MAOA MAOB
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.17	ALB F2 GC GLUL IL6 MAOA
3	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	9.9	ALB F2 GLS GLUL IL6 NOS1
4	liver/biliary system	MP:0005370	9.8	ALB GLUL IL6 NOS1 SLC25A13 TNF
5	nervous system	MP:0003631	9.65	F2 GLUL IL6 MAOA MAOB NOS1
6	normal	MP:0002873	9.23	ALB F2 GLS GLUL NOS1 S100B

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Drugs for Hepatic Encephalopathy (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 291)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Rifaximin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

80621-81-4

6436173 46783403

Metformin

Approved

Phase 4

657-24-9

14219 4091

Lactulose

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

4618-18-2

11333

Midazolam

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4,Not Applicable

59467-70-8

4192

Propofol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Not Applicable

2078-54-8

4943

Magnesium oxide

Approved

Phase 4

1309-48-4

14792

Simvastatin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

79902-63-9

54454

Nadolol

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

42200-33-9

39147

Carvedilol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

72956-09-3

2585

Propranolol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Not Applicable

525-66-6

4946

Entecavir

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

142217-69-4

153941

Norfloxacin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

70458-96-7

4539

Insulin Aspart

Approved

Phase 4

116094-23-6

16132418

Midodrine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Not Applicable

133163-28-7, 42794-76-3

4195

Ciprofloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

85721-33-1

2764

Promethazine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

60-87-7

4927

Buprenorphine

Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

52485-79-7

40400 644073

Naloxone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

465-65-6

5284596

Histamine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

51-45-6

774

Diphenhydramine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

147-24-0, 58-73-1

3100

Mannitol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

69-65-8

453 6251

Terlipressin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

14636-12-5

72081

Tolvaptan

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

150683-30-0

216237

Tranexamic Acid

Approved

Phase 4

1197-18-8

5526

chenodeoxycholic acid

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

474-25-9

10133

Ornithine

Approved, Nutraceutical

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

3184-13-2, 70-26-8

6262

Calcium

Approved, Nutraceutical

Phase 4,Not Applicable

7440-70-2

271

Isoleucine

Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 4

73-32-5, 443-79-8

6306

Vitamin A

Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved

Phase 4

22737-96-8, 68-26-8, 11103-57-4

9904001 445354

Tenofovir

Experimental, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Not Applicable

147127-20-6

464205

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Anti-Infective Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Gastrointestinal Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Liver Extracts

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Hypoglycemic Agents

Phase 4

N-Methylaspartate

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Excitatory Amino Acids

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Aspartic Acid

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Anti-Anxiety Agents

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Adjuvants, Anesthesia

Phase 4,Not Applicable

GABA Modulators

Phase 4,Phase 1,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Hypnotics and Sedatives

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Tranquilizing Agents

Phase 4,Not Applicable

GABA Agents

Phase 4,Phase 1,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, General

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Anesthetics

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Psychotropic Drugs

Phase 4,Not Applicable

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 318)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Low-dose Rifaximin in the Treatment of Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy	Unknown status	NCT03077217	Phase 4	Rifaximin
2	Metformin Experience on Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy	Unknown status	NCT02470546	Phase 4	Metformin;Placebo
3	Primary Prophylaxis of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Cirrhosis	Unknown status	NCT01175538	Phase 4	Lactulose;Lactulose
4	Secondary Prophylaxis of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis	Unknown status	NCT01178372	Phase 4	Lactulose;Probiotics(VSL#3)
5	Efficacy of Combined Oral L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate and Lactulose in Patients With Hepatic Encephalopathy	Unknown status	NCT00740142	Phase 4	L-ornithine-L-aspartate and lactulose;placebo and lactulose
6	Trial Comparing Sedation for Endoscopy With Propofol Versus Midazolam in Cirrhotics	Unknown status	NCT01356121	Phase 4	Propofol;Midazolam
7	Therapeutic Efficacy of Oral L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate on Minimal Encephalopathy	Unknown status	NCT00896831	Phase 4	L-ornithine-L-aspartate;placebo
8	Rifaximin Versus Lactulose in Renal Failure	Unknown status	NCT00748904	Phase 4	Rifaximin;Lactulose
9	Magnesium in Liver Cirrhosis	Unknown status	NCT01894867	Phase 4
10	Study About Simvastatin in Portal Hypertension in Compensated Cirrhosis	Unknown status	NCT01282398	Phase 4	Simvastatin;placebo
11	Assessment of Coagulation Abnormalities in Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Patients Using Thromboelastography	Unknown status	NCT02757170	Phase 4
12	Hemodynamic Effect of Simvastatin With Beta Blockers in Clinical Portal Hypertension	Unknown status	NCT01282385	Phase 4	Simvastatin;placebo
13	The Effect of Carvedilol VS Endoscopic Therapy in Primary Prophylaxis of High-risk Esophageal Gastric Variceal Bleeding	Unknown status	NCT02695732	Phase 4	Carvedilol
14	The Effect of Carvedilol Vs Propranolol in Cirrhotic Patients With Variceal Bleeding	Unknown status	NCT02385422	Phase 4	Carvedilol;Propranolol
15	The Effect of Branched-chain Amino Acid on the Improvement of Serum Albumin Level in Cirrhotic Patients With Ascites	Unknown status	NCT02755701	Phase 4	Branched-chain Amino Acid;Placebo
16	Lactulose, L-ornithine L-aspartate, or Rifaximin Versus Placebo for Preventing Hepatic Encephalopathy in Variceal Bleeding	Completed	NCT02158182	Phase 4	Lactulose;L-ornithine L-aspartate;Rifaximin;Placebo
17	Post Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (Tips) Albumine Infusion to Prevent Hepatic Encephalopathy	Completed	NCT01559519	Phase 4	Albumin
18	Effects of Proteins in Patients With Cirrhosis and Prior Hepatic Encephalopathy	Completed	NCT00955500	Phase 4
19	Brain Muscle Axis During Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy With L-ornithine L-aspartate	Completed	NCT01847651	Phase 4	LOLA or placebo
20	Efficacy of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy.	Completed	NCT01041755	Phase 4	L-ornithine-L-aspartate;Lactose
21	Effect of Lactulose on Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Health-Related Quality of Life	Completed	NCT00375375	Phase 4	Lactulose
22	L-ornithine L-aspartate in Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy	Completed	NCT01722578	Phase 4	L-ornithine L-aspartate;Placebo
23	Randomised Controlled Trial of Mechanistic Effects of Rifaximin in Cirrhosis and Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy	Completed	NCT02019784	Phase 4	Rifaximin-α;Placebo Oral Tablet
24	Efficacy of Albumin for Acute Encephalopathy in Patients With Cirrhosis	Completed	NCT00886925	Phase 4	Albumin;Sodium chloride 0.9%
25	The Safety/Efficacy Of Rifaximin With/Without Lactulose In Subjects With A History Of Recurrent Hepatic Encephalopathy	Completed	NCT01842581	Phase 4	Rifaximin;Rifaximin and Lactulose
26	Branched Chain Aminoacid Supplementation in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis	Completed	NCT02023229	Phase 4
27	Effect of Midodrine and Albumine in the Prevention of Complications in Cirrhotic Patients Awaiting Liver Transplantation	Completed	NCT00839358	Phase 4	albumin;Midodrine;Placebo
28	Study on B-blockers to Prevent Decompensation of Cirrhosis With HTPortal	Completed	NCT01059396	Phase 4	propranolol;carvedilol;placebo
29	Ramelteon for Treatment of Insomnia in Cirrhosis	Completed	NCT03091738	Phase 4	Ramelteon Pill
30	Optimized Treatment and Regression of HBV-induced Compensated Liver Cirrhosis	Completed	NCT01943617	Phase 4	Entecavir;Thymosin-α
31	Norfloxacin Versus Ciprofloxacin for Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) Prevention	Completed	NCT01542801	Phase 4	Norfloxacin;ciprofloxacin
32	Single Dose Pharmacokinetics of Suboxone Study in Hepatic Impaired Subjects	Completed	NCT01846455	Phase 4	2.0mg Buprenorphine/0.5mg Naloxone;Promethazine
33	Efficacy, Safety, And Pharmacokinetics Of Rifaximin In Subjects With Severe Hepatic Impairment And Hepatic Encephalopathy	Recruiting	NCT01846663	Phase 4	Placebo;Rifaximin
34	PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)Versus Lactulose For Treatment Of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy	Recruiting	NCT03100513	Phase 4	Lactulose;Polyethylene Glycol
35	Albumin Infusion Effects in Mortality in Patients With Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy	Recruiting	NCT02401490	Phase 4	Human albumin;Placebo
36	Efficacity and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Cirrhotic Patients Presenting With Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding	Recruiting	NCT03023189	Phase 4	Tranexamic acid;Placebo
37	Phase 4 Study of Obeticholic Acid Evaluating Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis	Recruiting	NCT02308111	Phase 4	Obeticholic Acid (OCA);Placebo
38	Effect of Entecavir Treatment on Regression and Disease Outcome in HBV-induced Liver Fibrosis and Cirrhosis Patients	Recruiting	NCT02849132	Phase 4	Entecavir
39	Rifaximin Reduces the Complications of Decompensated Cirrhosis: a Randomized Controlled Trial	Recruiting	NCT02190357	Phase 4	Rifaximin
40	Study of OCA Evaluating Pharmacokinetics and Safety in Patients With PBC and Hepatic Impairment	Recruiting	NCT03633227	Phase 4	Obeticholic Acid (OCA);Placebo
41	Sarcopenia Improves the Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength of Patients With Liver Cirrhosis-Child C	Recruiting	NCT03633279	Phase 4	Branched chain amino acid;Placebo
42	Efficacy of Terlipressin Therapy in Acute Variceal Haemorrhage After EVL	Recruiting	NCT03584087	Phase 4	Normal Saline;Terlipressin
43	Prompt Or Watchful Monitoring for Hepatitis B Virus Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Elevated viRal Load	Not yet recruiting	NCT02308319	Phase 4	Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
44	Beta-blockers for Oesophageal Varices	Not yet recruiting	NCT03776955	Phase 4	Carvedilol
45	Quality of Life and Nutritional Improvements in Cirrhotic Patients	Terminated	NCT01842113	Phase 4	Rifaximin;Lactulose;Lactulose Placebo;Rifaximin Placebo
46	Tolvaptan to Reduce Length of Stay in Hospitalized Patients With Cirrhosis and Hyponatremia	Terminated	NCT01890694	Phase 4	Tolvaptan;Placebo
47	Effect of Intrathoracic Pressure Regulation on Traumatic Brain Injury	Terminated	NCT01824589	Phase 4
48	Impact of an Antibiotic (Rifaximin) on Liver Scarring in HIV-Infected Patients With Liver Disease	Withdrawn	NCT01654939	Phase 4	Rifaximin
49	ETOS: Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Childhood and Young Adult: epidemiOlogical Study and Pilot Interventional Study	Unknown status	NCT01798329	Phase 3
50	RICE Trial: Rifaximin In Chronic Hepatic Encephalopathy - A Randomized, Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT00364689	Phase 3	Rifaximin alone, Rifaximin combined with Lactulose

Search NIH Clinical Center for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷⁴ / NDF-RT ⁵² :

kanamycin sulfate

lactulose

neomycin so4 pwdr

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Genetic Tests for Hepatic Encephalopathy

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Anatomical Context for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

⁴²

Liver, Brain, Testes, Cortex, Colon, Bone, Eye

Sources

Publications for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Articles related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

(show top 50) (show all 2955)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Neurological Complications Occurring after Liver Transplantation: Role of Risk Factors, Hepatic Encephalopathy, and Acute (on Chronic) Brain Injury. ( 30697911 )	Weiss N...Thabut D	2019
2	Prognostic significance of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis in Japan: a propensity score-matching analysis. ( 30779213 )	Hanai T...Shimizu M	2019
3	Adherence to Recommended Inpatient Hepatic Encephalopathy Workup. ( 30811321 )	Kumral D...Siddiqui MS	2019
4	Specific Gut and Salivary Microbiota Patterns Are Linked With Different Cognitive Testing Strategies in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30816877 )	Bajaj JS...Gillevet PM	2019
5	Hepatic encephalopathy: Lessons from preclinical studies. ( 30820267 )	Lima LCD...Sim?es E Silva AC	2019
6	Peripheral inflammation induces neuroinflammation that alters neurotransmission and cognitive and motor function in hepatic encephalopathy: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic implications. ( 30830722 )	Cabrera-Pastor A...Felipo V	2019
7	A Case of Catatonia Nearly Mistaken for Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30831063 )	Buell KG...Vasilevskis EE	2019
8	Development and Validation of a Prognostic Score to Predict Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Cirrhosis. ( 30848730 )	Labenz C...W?rns MA	2019
9	Chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging in hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30856541 )	Z?llner HJ...Schnitzler A	2019
10	Utility of the EncephalApp Stroop Test for Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy Screening in Chinese Cirrhotic Patients. ( 30861191 )	Zeng X...Liu YL	2019
11	Targeted puncture of left branch of intrahepatic portal vein in transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt to reduce hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30862997 )	Luo SH...Yao KC	2019
12	Increasing Burden of Hepatic Encephalopathy Among Hospitalized Adults: An Analysis of the 2010-2014 National Inpatient Sample. ( 30863953 )	Hirode G...Wong RJ	2019
13	Updates on the pathophysiology and therapeutic targets for hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30893082 )	Alsahhar JS...Rahimi RS	2019
14	Glucuronidated bilirubin: Significantly increased in hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30905463 )	Tang L...Zhang L	2019
15	Decreased Mean Kurtosis in the Putamen is a Diagnostic Feature of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis. ( 30626839 )	Sato T...Takikawa Y	2019
16	The Psychomotor Vigilance Task: Role in the diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy and relationship with driving ability. ( 30633946 )	Formentin C...Montagnese S	2019
17	Early-Recurrent Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy Is Associated with Reduced Survival in Cirrhotic Patients after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation. ( 30638778 )	Zuo L...Han G	2019
18	Proton Pump Inhibitor Use Is Associated with an Increased Frequency of New or Worsening Hepatic Encephalopathy after Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt Creation. ( 30638914 )	Lewis DS...Ronald J	2019
19	Modulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor by FTY720 contributes in improvement of hepatic encephalopathy induced by bile duct ligation. ( 30660717 )	Shabani M...Haghani M	2019
20	Frailty Associated With Waitlist Mortality Independent of Ascites and Hepatic Encephalopathy in a Multi-Center Study. ( 30668935 )	Lai JC...Segev D	2019
21	Lactulose Management of Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review. ( 30688711 )	Zucker DM...Redulla R	2019
22	Predicting Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy for the Population with Cirrhosis. ( 30703852 )	Tapper EB	2019
23	Associated vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for the complication of HCV-related liver cirrhosis including hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. ( 30706253 )	Yousif MM...Salama RI	2019
24	Impact of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis on Quality-of-Life Issues. ( 30706419 )	Montagnese S...Bajaj JS	2019
25	Hepatic Encephalopathy: Definition, Clinical Grading and Diagnostic Principles. ( 30706420 )	Weissenborn K	2019
26	L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) for the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Novel Insights and Translation to the Clinic. ( 30706421 )	Butterworth RF	2019
27	Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Pathology and Pathophysiology. ( 30706423 )	Butterworth RF	2019
28	Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) in Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30706424 )	Kircheis G...L?th S	2019
29	L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) for Hepatic Encephalopathy in Cirrhosis: Results of Randomized Controlled Trials and Meta-Analyses. ( 30706425 )	Butterworth RF...McPhail MJW	2019
30	Functional Network-Based Statistics Reveal Abnormal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30761070 )	Zhan C...Zou TX	2019
31	Hepatic encephalopathy and traffic accidents: Vigilance is needed! ( 30765121 )	Tapper EB...Bajaj JS	2019
32	Special Section: Update in Hepatic Encephalopathy- Part III. ( 30765932 )	Premkumar M...Dhiman RK	2019
33	Minimal/Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy - Impact of Comorbid Conditions. ( 30765943 )	Weissenborn K	2019
34	Prognostic Implications of Minimal/Covert Hepatic Encephalopathy: Large-scale Validation Cohort Studies. ( 30765944 )	Flud CR...Duarte-Rojo A	2019
35	Hepatic Encephalopathy and Sarcopenia: Two Faces of the Same Metabolic Alteration. ( 30765945 )	Lattanzi B...Merli M	2019
36	Role of Exercise in the Management of Hepatic Encephalopathy: Experience From Animal and Human Studies. ( 30765946 )	Aamann L...B?meur C	2019
37	How to Design a Multicenter Clinical Trial in Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30765947 )	Ridola L...Riggio O	2019
38	Bile Acids in Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 30774268 )	DeMorrow S	2019
39	Portosystemic shunts and refractory hepatic encephalopathy: patient selection and current options. ( 30774483 )	Philips CA...Ahamed R	2019
40	Establishment and evaluation of a model for predicting 3-month mortality in Chinese patients with hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30443767 )	Cui Y...Sun H	2019
41	Protective role of chrysin on thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy in rats. ( 30500344 )	El-Marasy SA...Abd-Elsalam RM	2019
42	Diagnosis of covert hepatic encephalopathy: a multi-center study testing the utility of single versus combined testing. ( 30506333 )	Duarte-Rojo A...Bajaj JS	2019
43	Brain mitochondria as potential therapeutic targets for managing hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30578865 )	Heidari R	2019
44	Combination of rifaximin and lactulose improves clinical efficacy and mortality in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30587923 )	Wang Z...Wang W	2019
45	Hepatic encephalopathy 2018: A clinical practice guideline by the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver (AISF). ( 30606696 )	Montagnese S...Scarpignato C	2019
46	Acetyl-L-carnitine for patients with hepatic encephalopathy. ( 30610762 )	Mart?-Carvajal AJ...Mart?-Amarista CE	2019
47	Corrigendum to "Impaired brain glymphatic flow in experimental hepatic encephalopathy" [J Hepatol 69 (2019) 40-49]. ( 30616987 )	Hadjihambi A...Jalan R	2019
48	A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Nitazoxanide Plus Lactulose With Lactulose Alone in Treatment of Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 29668561 )	Abd-Elsalam S...Elfert A	2019
49	Disrupted Brain Intrinsic Networks and Executive Dysfunction in Cirrhotic Patients without Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy. ( 29422882 )	Yang Z.T....Lin H.	2018
50	Comparison of prognostic systems in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy ( 29914250 )	TaA9 A....Kara B.	2018

Sources

Genes for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Genes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy (0 elite genes):

(show all 16)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubmedIds
1	TSPO	Translocator Protein	Protein Coding	34.37	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8276347 11687160 15106178 (more) 2172467 2161396 16550382 19256153 7675964 10733008 2156301 1963266 2155867 1660022 1849322 7480556 9286429 1966504 9586854 1649262 19082698 16382352 9695999 7748297 10471200 9252134 8045517 1975325 10564534 1674609 10716686 2158481
2	F2	Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin	Protein Coding	34.02	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15861019 14571795 2371517 (more) 8014445 11155156 12639207 18005577 18941414 9724481 12194694 12203078 15626058 16313729 18928750 19719920 20193566 8055222 12143047 12677269 1955717 18234637 19223890 9213319 16200238 16248942 18695350 19119242 19785957 16556417 16201463 15621091 12811678 2237274 18344887 9764985 9721797 8672739 7644764 1995265 2014530 1376483 8423913 7861629 12950957 14564632 15985009 16534681 16941171 19636178 10654972
3	ALB	Albumin	Protein Coding	33.43	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19175915 17975845 14571795 (more) 11208483 11155156 11490371 10916286 19719920 12677269 9448179 20373079 18773287 14678008 8672739 18666248 12220298 9504517 19785957 19119242 16556417 17203088 16201463 18234637 17464150 12143047 16215883 19663083 16123966 18941414
4	GPT	Glutamic--Pyruvic Transaminase	Protein Coding	29.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15861019 18234637 19267864 (more) 15621091 8423913
5	SLC25A13	Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 13	Protein Coding	29.24	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	20118603
6	GLUL	Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase	Protein Coding	28.6	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	10564534 12020613
7	GLS	Glutaminase	Protein Coding	27.08	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	15246207 16382342
8	GC	GC Vitamin D Binding Protein	Protein Coding	26.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11521994 19232164
9	MAOA	Monoamine Oxidase A	Protein Coding	26.51	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8242348
10	NOS1	Nitric Oxide Synthase 1	Protein Coding	24.61	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9804363
11	SLC17A5	Solute Carrier Family 17 Member 5	Protein Coding	23.38	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19636178 18234637 7787967 (more) 15621091 9647038 2014530
12	MAOB	Monoamine Oxidase B	Protein Coding	22.47	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	10564534 8242348
13	SLC1A2	Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 2	Protein Coding	22.33	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
14	IL6	Interleukin 6	Protein Coding	22.24	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
15	TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor	Protein Coding	21.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
16	S100B	S100 Calcium Binding Protein B	Protein Coding	21.45	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Sources

Expression for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Genes differentially expressed in tissues of Hepatic Encephalopathy patients vs. healthy controls: ³⁵

#	Gene	Description	Tissue	Up/Dn	Fold Change (log2)	P value
1	PSPH	phosphoserine phosphatase	Brain	-	4.35	0.000

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Hepatic Encephalopathy.

Sources

Pathways for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Pathways related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 19)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Circadian entrainment ³⁸ Show member pathways Cholinergic synapse ³⁸ Dopaminergic synapse ³⁸ Estrogen signaling pathway ³⁸ Glutamatergic synapse ³⁸ Relaxin receptors ⁶⁷ Relaxin signaling pathway ³⁸ Synaptic Neurotransmission Pathways: Glutamatergic Excitation ⁶⁶	12.67	GLS GLUL MAOA MAOB NOS1 SLC1A2
2	Immune response IL-23 signaling pathway ²³ Show member pathways Angiopoietin receptor Tie2-mediated signaling ¹ Angiopoietin-TIE2 Signaling ⁶⁵ Development Angiopoietin - Tie2 signaling ²³ Development PDGF signaling via STATs and NF-kB ²³ IL23-mediated signaling events ¹ Immune response IL-10 signaling pathway ²³ Rac1/Pak1/p38/MMP-2 pathway ¹	12.38	F2 IL6 NOS1 TNF
3	Selenium Micronutrient Network ¹ Show member pathways Folate Metabolism ¹ Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH ⁶⁷ thioredoxin pathway ¹ Vitamin B12 Metabolism ¹	12.04	ALB F2 IL6 TNF
4	Ca, cAMP and Lipid Signaling ⁴	11.86	ALB S100B TSPO
5	Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Overview ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Microglia Activation ⁶⁶	11.84	F2 IL6 TNF
6	Spinal Cord Injury ¹	11.81	IL6 NOS1 TNF
7	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) ³⁸ ¹ Show member pathways Pathogenesis of ALS ⁶⁵	11.77	NOS1 SLC1A2 TNF
8	Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling ⁶⁷	11.76	IL6 MAOA TNF
9	Amino Acid metabolism ¹	11.59	GLS GLUL MAOA
10	Arginine and proline metabolism ³⁸ Show member pathways 4-hydroxyproline degradation ¹ Agmatine biosynthesis ⁶⁷ putrescine biosynthesis II ¹	11.3	MAOA MAOB NOS1
11	Monoamine Transport ¹ Show member pathways Serotonin Transporter Activity ¹	11.07	MAOA NOS1 TNF
12	Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) ⁶⁷ Show member pathways asparagine biosynthesis ¹ Serine biosynthesis ⁶⁷	10.94	GLS GLUL GPT
13	Overview of nanoparticle effects ¹	10.86	IL6 TNF
14	noradrenaline and adrenaline degradation ¹ Show member pathways Biogenic amines are oxidatively deaminated to aldehydes by MAOA and MAOB ⁶⁷ dopamine degradation ¹ melatonin degradation II ¹	10.69	MAOA MAOB
15	Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism ³⁸	10.68	GLS GLUL GPT
16	Dopamine metabolism ¹	10.64	MAOA MAOB
17	putrescine degradation III ¹ Show member pathways 2-deoxy-alpha-D-ribose 1-phosphate degradation ¹	10.59	MAOA MAOB
18	Astrocytic Glutamate-Glutamine Uptake And Metabolism ⁶⁷ Show member pathways Neurotransmitter uptake and Metabolism In Glial Cells ⁶⁷	10.34	GLUL SLC1A2
19	Arginine biosynthesis ³⁸ Show member pathways citrulline-nitric oxide cycle ¹	10.34	GLS GLUL GPT NOS1

Sources

GO Terms for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Cellular components related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.5	ALB F2 GC GPT IL6 S100B
2	mitochondrion	GO:0005739	9.17	GLS GLUL MAOA MAOB NOS1 SLC25A13

Biological processes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 11)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	positive regulation of apoptotic process	GO:0043065	9.78	IL6 S100B TNF TSPO
2	positive regulation of chemokine production	GO:0032722	9.49	IL6 TNF
3	glutamate secretion	GO:0014047	9.46	GLS SLC1A2
4	L-glutamate transmembrane transport	GO:0015813	9.43	SLC1A2 SLC25A13
5	response to glucocorticoid	GO:0051384	9.43	IL6 S100B TNF
6	neurotransmitter catabolic process	GO:0042135	9.4	MAOA MAOB
7	negative regulation of lipid storage	GO:0010888	9.37	IL6 TNF
8	dopamine catabolic process	GO:0042420	9.32	MAOA MAOB
9	positive regulation of neuroinflammatory response	GO:0150078	9.16	IL6 TNF
10	cellular amino acid biosynthetic process	GO:0008652	9.13	GLS GLUL GPT
11	positive regulation of glial cell proliferation	GO:0060252	8.8	IL6 TNF TSPO

Molecular functions related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	L-glutamate transmembrane transporter activity	GO:0005313	8.96	SLC1A2 SLC25A13
2	primary amine oxidase activity	GO:0008131	8.62	MAOA MAOB

Sources

Sources for Hepatic Encephalopathy

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FDA Approved Drugs

²⁰ FMA

²¹ GeneAnalytics

²² GeneCards

²³ GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²⁴ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁵ GeneReviews

²⁶ Genetics Home Reference

²⁷ GenomeRNAi

²⁸ GEO DataSets

²⁹ GO

³⁰ GTR

³¹ HGMD

³² HMDB

³³ HPO

³⁴ ICD10

³⁵ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁶ ICD9CM

³⁷ IUPHAR

³⁸ KEGG

³⁹ LifeMap

⁴⁰ LncRNADisease

⁴¹ LOVD

⁴² MalaCards

⁴³ MedGen

⁴⁴ MedlinePlus

⁴⁵ MeSH

⁴⁶ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁷ MGI

⁴⁸ miR2Disease

⁴⁹ NCBI Bookshelf

⁵⁰ NCI

⁵¹ NCIt

⁵² NDF-RT

⁵³ NIH Clinical Center

⁵⁴ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁵ NINDS

⁵⁶ Novoseek

⁵⁷ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁸ OMIM

⁵⁹ OMIM via Orphanet

⁶⁰ Orphanet

⁶¹ PathCards

⁶² PharmGKB

⁶³ PubMed

⁶⁴ PubMed Health

⁶⁵ QIAGEN

⁶⁶ R&D Systems

⁶⁷ Reactome

⁶⁸ Sino Biological

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷¹ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷² TGDB

⁷³ Tocris

⁷⁴ UMLS

⁷⁵ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁶ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁷ Wikipedia

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Aliases & Classifications for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MalaCards integrated aliases for Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Classifications:

External Ids:

Summaries for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Related Diseases for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Diseases related to Hepatic Encephalopathy via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Comorbidity relations with Hepatic Encephalopathy via Phenotypic Disease Network (PDN): (show all 26)

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Drugs & Therapeutics for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Drugs for Hepatic Encephalopathy (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

Interventional clinical trials:

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 74 / NDF-RT 52 :

Genetic Tests for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Anatomical Context for Hepatic Encephalopathy

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Publications for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Articles related to Hepatic Encephalopathy:

Genes for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Genes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy (0 elite genes):

Variations for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Expression for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Pathways for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Pathways related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

GO Terms for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Cellular components related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Biological processes related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Molecular functions related to Hepatic Encephalopathy according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Sources for Hepatic Encephalopathy

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷⁴ / NDF-RT ⁵² :