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MCID: HRP004
MIFTS: 60

Herpes Zoster

Categories: Infectious diseases, Neuronal diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Herpes Zoster

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Herpes Zoster:

Name: Herpes Zoster 12 74 25 53 54 43 15 17
Shingles 12 74 25 53 42 3 62
Herpes Zoster Disease 71
Herpes Zona 12
Zoster 25

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Infectious diseases
Anatomical: Neuronal diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 32


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:8536
ICD9CM 34 053
MeSH 43 D006562
NCIt 49 C71079
SNOMED-CT 67 4740000
UMLS 71 C0019360
Sources

Summaries for Herpes Zoster

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MedlinePlus : 42 What is shingles? Shingles is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus - the same virus that causes chickenpox. After you have chickenpox, the virus stays in your body. It may not cause problems for many years. But as you get older, the virus may reappear as shingles. Is shingles contagious? Shingles is not contagious. But you can catch chickenpox from someone with shingles. If you've never had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine, try to stay away from anyone who has shingles. If you have shingles, try to stay away from anyone who has not had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine, or anyone who might have a weak immune system. Who is at risk for shingles? Anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk for getting shingles. But this risk goes up as you get older; shingles is most common in people over age 50. People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting shingles. This includes those who Have immune system diseases such as HIV/AIDS Have certain cancers Take immunosuppressive drugs after an organ transplant Your immune system may be weaker when you have an infection or are stressed. This can raise your risk of shingles. It is rare, but possible, to get shingles more than once. What are the symptoms of shingles? Early signs of shingles include burning or shooting pain and tingling or itching. It is usually on one side of the body or face. The pain can be mild to severe. One to 14 days later, you will get a rash. It consists of blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days. The rash is usually a single stripe around either the left or the right side of the body. In other cases, the rash occurs on one side of the face. In rare cases (usually among people with weakened immune systems), the rash may be more widespread and look similar to a chickenpox rash. Some people may also have other symptoms: Fever Headache Chills Upset stomach What other problems can shingles cause? Shingles can cause complications: Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is most common complication of shingles. It causes severe pain in the areas where you had the shingles rash. It usually gets better in a few weeks or months. But some people can have pain from PHN for many years, and it can interfere with daily life. Vision loss can happen if shingles affects your eye. It may be temporary or permanent. Hearing or balance problems are possible if you have shingles within or near your ear. You may also have weakness of the muscles on that side of your face. These problems can be temporary or permanent. Very rarely, shingles can also lead to pneumonia, brain inflammation (encephalitis), or death. How is shingles diagnosed? Usually your health care provider can diagnose shingles by taking your medical history and looking at your rash. In some cases, your provider may scrap off tissue from the rash or swab some fluid from the blisters and send the sample to a lab for testing. What are the treatments for shingles? There is no cure for shingles. Antiviral medicines may help to make the attack shorter and less severe. They may also help prevent PHN. The medicines are most effective if you can take them within 3 days after the rash appears. So if you think you might have shingles, contact your health care provider as soon as possible. Pain relievers may also help with the pain. A cool washcloth, calamine lotion, and oatmeal baths may help relieve some of the itching. Can shingles be prevented? There are vaccines to prevent shingles or lessen its effects. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that healthy adults 50 years and older get the Shingrix vaccine. You need two doses of the vaccine, given 2 to 6 months apart. Another vaccine, Zostavax, may be used in certain cases.

MalaCards based summary : Herpes Zoster, also known as shingles, is related to postherpetic neuralgia and salivary gland disease, and has symptoms including fever, paresthesia and headache. An important gene associated with Herpes Zoster is FCGR3A (Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor IIIa), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Innate Immune System and Cytokine Signaling in Immune system. The drugs Foscarnet and Capsaicin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include nerve fiber, skin and eye, and related phenotypes are Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) and Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2)

Disease Ontology : 12 A viral infectious disease that results in infection located in nerve fiber, has material basis in Human herpesvirus 3, which reactivates after appearing as chickenpox in childhood. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with the rash, which can develop into chickenpox in newly-infected individuals. The infection has symptom rash which is followed by blisters, has symptom headache, has symptom fever, has symptom malaise, has symptom itching, has symptom burning pain, and has symptom paresthesia.

Genetics Home Reference : 25 Shingles (also known as herpes zoster) results from infection by the varicella zoster virus. This common virus causes chickenpox (also known as varicella), which is characterized by itchy spots on the skin that cover the whole body and usually occurs in childhood or adolescence. After the body fights the initial infection, the varicella zoster virus remains in nerve cells for the rest of a person's life. Because the virus is controlled by immune system cells called T cells, it is generally inactive (latent) and typically causes no health problems. However, in some people, the virus becomes active again (reactivates) and causes shingles. Shingles can occur at any age, although it is rare in childhood and becomes more common after age 50. Shingles is characterized by a severely painful, itchy, or tingling rash, most commonly on one side of the torso, although it can occur anywhere on the body. Reactivation of the virus usually occurs in a single nerve, leading to the symptoms of shingles in just the region of skin connected to that nerve. When the nerve connected to the eye and the skin surrounding it is affected, the condition is called herpes zoster ophthalmicus. This form of shingles, which accounts for about 20 percent of cases, can cause permanent vision impairment. Some individuals with shingles feel throbbing or tingling in the affected region shortly before the rash appears. Blisters form in the rash area, break open, and scab over in a few days. Healing usually takes 2 to 4 weeks. Most people have only one episode of shingles, although it can recur in rare cases. In 5 to 20 percent of people with shingles, severe pain continues in the affected region after healing of the rash, which is known as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). PHN is the most common complication of shingles. It can also involve severe itchiness or an overactive pain response to things that do not usually cause pain (allodynia), such as a light touch. PHN can last weeks, months, or even years. The likelihood of developing PHN after shingles and its severity increase with age. The pain caused by shingles and PHN can disrupt day-to-day activities and reduce a person's quality of life.

CDC : 3 Shingles is a painful rash that usually develops on one side of the body, often the face or torso. The rash consists of blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days and clears up within 2 to 4 weeks. Some people describe the pain as an intense burning sensation. For some people, the pain can last for months or even years after the rash goes away. This long-lasting pain is called postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), and it is the most common complication of shingles. Your risk of getting shingles and PHN increases as you get older. Two vaccines are licensed and recommended to prevent shingles in the U.S.. Zoster vaccine live (ZVL, Zostavax) has been in use since 2006. Recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix), has been in use since 2017 and is recommended by ACIP as the preferred shingles vaccine

NINDS : 53 Shingles (herpes zoster) is an outbreak of rash or blisters on the skin that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox — the varicella-zoster virus. The first sign of shingles is often burning or tingling pain (which can be severe), or sometimes numbness or itch,generally on one side of the body. After several days or a week, a rash of fluid-filled blisters, similar to chickenpox, appears in one area on one side of the body. Shingles pain can be mild or intense.  Some people have mostly itching; some feel pain from the gentlest touch or breeze.  The most common location for shingles is a band, called a dermatome, spanning one side of the trunk around the waistline. Anyone who has had chickenpox is at risk for shingles.  Scientists think that some of the virus particles from the original exposure to the varicella-zoster virus,leave the skin blisters and move into the nervous system.  When the varicella-zoster virus reactivates, the virus moves back down the long nerve fibers that extend from the sensory cell bodies to the skin.  The viruses multiply, the tell-tale rash erupts, and the person now has shingles.

PubMed Health : 62 About shingles: Anyone who has already had chickenpox is at risk of developing shingles later on. Both are caused by the same virus, the varicella-zoster virus. This virus stays dormant (inactive) in the body after a chickenpox infection. But it can become active again years later and cause shingles (herpes zoster): a rash with blisters that usually forms a band across the skin and is often very painful. The rash normally only affects one side of the body. People who have been vaccinated against chickenpox can still get shingles. But this is thought to be less common than developing it after having chickenpox. Shingles is particularly common in older people. Although it can be very unpleasant, it’s usually over in about two to four weeks if there are no complications. Shingles is contagious, but only for people who have never had chickenpox. In that case the infection only causes chickenpox, and not shingles.

Wikipedia : 74 Shingles, also known as zoster or herpes zoster, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash... more...

Sources

Related Diseases for Herpes Zoster

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Diseases related to Herpes Zoster via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 1146)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 postherpetic neuralgia 33.8 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
2 salivary gland disease 32.5 IL2 IL10 CD8A
3 chickenpox 32.1 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1 GYPC
4 exanthem 31.9 PDCD1 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1 CD8A
5 encephalitis 31.8 TLR2 IL10 IFNA1 CCR5
6 neuritis 31.6 IL10 IFNG CCR5 APOE
7 herpes simplex 31.5 TLR2 IFNA1 HLA-B GYPC CD8A
8 meningitis 31.4 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-B
9 optic neuritis 31.3 IL10 HLA-DRB1 CCR5
10 lupus erythematosus 31.3 PDCD1 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 FCGR3A
11 conjunctivitis 31.2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-B
12 myositis 31.2 IFNG IFNA1 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B
13 spondylitis 31.2 IL10 IFNG HLA-B
14 uveitis 31.2 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 HLA-B HLA-A
15 pemphigus 31.1 IL10 HLA-DRB1 COL17A1
16 myeloma, multiple 31.0 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1 FCGR3A CD8A
17 fasciitis 31.0 IL2 IFNG IFNA1
18 temporal arteritis 31.0 IFNG HLA-DRB1 CD8A
19 complex regional pain syndrome 31.0 IL2 IL10 IFNG
20 ulcerative colitis 31.0 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1
21 chronic graft versus host disease 31.0 IL10 IFNG
22 cutaneous lupus erythematosus 31.0 IL10 IFNG IFNA1
23 mumps 30.9 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
24 skin disease 30.9 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-B COL17A1
25 viral encephalitis 30.9 IL10 IFNA1 CD8A
26 contact dermatitis 30.9 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG
27 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 30.9 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-B HLA-A CCR5
28 pityriasis rosea 30.9 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
29 mycosis fungoides 30.8 IL2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
30 syphilis 30.8 IFNG HLA-DRB1 CD8A CCR5
31 psoriatic arthritis 30.8 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B
32 osteomyelitis 30.8 TLR2 IL10 IFNG
33 lichen planus 30.8 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG COL17A1
34 cellulitis 30.8 IL2 IL10 IFNG COL17A1 CD8A
35 rubella 30.8 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
36 leukemia, chronic lymphocytic 30.8 IL2 IL10 IFNA1 FCGR3A CD8A CCR5
37 acute graft versus host disease 30.8 IL2 IL10 IFNG
38 pulmonary tuberculosis 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1
39 discoid lupus erythematosus 30.7 IL10 IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
40 candidiasis 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG
41 measles 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IFNG IFNA1 HLA-DRB1 HLA-A
42 myocarditis 30.7 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1 HLA-B
43 graft-versus-host disease 30.7 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
44 eye disease 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG CD8A
45 sarcoidosis 1 30.7 IL2 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-A CD8A CCR5
46 toxic shock syndrome 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG
47 cutaneous t cell lymphoma 30.7 IL2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
48 arthritis 30.7 TRPV1 TLR2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B
49 crohn's disease 30.7 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1
50 central nervous system vasculitis 30.7 IFNG HLA-DRB1 CD8A

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Herpes Zoster:



Diseases related to Herpes Zoster
Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Herpes Zoster

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Symptoms:

12
  • • fever
  • • paresthesia
  • • headache
  • • malaise
  • • itching
  • • rash which is followed by blisters
  • • burning pain

UMLS symptoms related to Herpes Zoster:


seizures, fever, pruritus, tremor, back pain, angina pectoris, headache, syncope, pain, chronic pain, sciatica, exanthema, vertigo/dizziness, equilibration disorder, sleeplessness

GenomeRNAi Phenotypes related to Herpes Zoster according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

26 (show all 16)
# Description GenomeRNAi Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-103 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
2 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-110 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
3 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-115 9.72 IFNA1
4 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-139 9.72 IFNA1
5 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-156 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
6 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-178 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B IFNA1 IFNA2
7 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-19 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
8 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-195 9.72 IFNA1
9 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-20 9.72 IFNA2
10 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-214 9.72 IFNA1
11 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-31 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
12 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-34 9.72 IFNA1
13 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-63 9.72 IFNA1
14 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-7 9.72 HLA-A HLA-B
15 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-73 9.72 IFNA1
16 Decreased shRNA abundance (Z-score < -2) GR00366-A-88 9.72 IFNA1

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Herpes Zoster:

45
# Description MGI Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 hematopoietic system MP:0005397 10 APOE CCR5 CD8A DHFR GYPC HLA-A
2 immune system MP:0005387 9.9 APOE CCR5 CD8A DHFR HLA-A IFNG
3 liver/biliary system MP:0005370 9.61 APOE CCR5 DHFR IFNG IL10 IL2
4 neoplasm MP:0002006 9.17 CCR5 IFNG IL10 IL2 PDCD1 TLR2
Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Herpes Zoster

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PubMed Health treatment related to Herpes Zoster: 62

Pain and fever can be relieved with medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or acetylsalicylic acid (the drug in medicines like Aspirin ). Prescription painkillers are sometimes used to relieve more severe pain. Thorough skin care is recommended if you have shingles . Antiseptic or anti-itch lotions, gels and powders are often used to relieve the itching and dry out the blisters . Most of them contain tanins, zinc , menthol or polidocanol . If blisters have already formed, people are sometimes advised to use cooling wraps. But there’s no good scientific research on how well these treatments work. Drugs that fight viruses can be used in people who are over 50 or have a weakened immune system , if the condition is very severe, affects the head and neck area, or there is a higher risk of complications. This is known as "antiviral therapy ." Using antiviral medication early on can help speed up recovery and make the pain go away faster. So people are advised to start antiviral therapy no later than 72 hours after the rash starts. In severe cases the medicine can also be given through a drip into a vein (intravenous infusion ). If the ear is affected, steroids are often used too. But it still isn’t clear what pros and cons this kind of combination therapy may have.

Drugs for Herpes Zoster (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 227)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Foscarnet Approved Phase 4 4428-95-9, 63585-09-1 3415
2
Capsaicin Approved Phase 4 404-86-4 1548943
3
Etoricoxib Approved, Investigational Phase 4 202409-33-4 123619
4
Budesonide Approved Phase 4 51333-22-3 63006 5281004
5
Ethanol Approved Phase 4 64-17-5 702
6
leucovorin Approved Phase 4 58-05-9 6006 143
7
Interferon beta-1b Approved Phase 4 145155-23-3
8
Interferon beta-1a Approved, Investigational Phase 4 145258-61-3 6438354
9
Pregabalin Approved, Investigational Phase 4 148553-50-8 5486971
10
Bupivacaine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 2180-92-9, 38396-39-3 2474
11
Tofacitinib Approved, Investigational Phase 4 477600-75-2
12 Vedolizumab Approved Phase 4 943609-66-3
13
Certolizumab pegol Approved Phase 4 428863-50-7
14
Mercaptopurine Approved Phase 4 50-44-2 667490
15
Infliximab Approved Phase 4 170277-31-3
16
Azathioprine Approved Phase 4 446-86-6 2265
17
Adalimumab Approved Phase 4 331731-18-1 16219006
18
Folic acid Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved Phase 4 59-30-3 6037
19
Phosphonoacetic Acid Experimental Phase 4 4408-78-0 546
20 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Phase 4
21 Dermatologic Agents Phase 4
22 Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors Phase 4
23 Hormones Phase 4
24 Respiratory System Agents Phase 4
25 Anti-Asthmatic Agents Phase 4
26 Bronchodilator Agents Phase 4
27 Anti-Inflammatory Agents Phase 4
28 Antimetabolites Phase 4
29 Protein Kinase Inhibitors Phase 4
30 Vitamin B Complex Phase 4
31 Folic Acid Antagonists Phase 4
32 Folate Phase 4
33 Vitamin B9 Phase 4
34 Fingolimod Hydrochloride Phase 4
35 MF59 oil emulsion Phase 4
36 Interferon-beta Phase 4
37 (T,G)-A-L Phase 4
38 interferons Phase 4
39
Glatiramer Acetate Phase 4 147245-92-9 3081884
40 Calcium, Dietary Phase 4
41 calcium channel blockers Phase 4
42 Anesthetics, Local Phase 4
43 Janus Kinase Inhibitors Phase 4
44 Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Phase 4
45 polysaccharide-K Phase 4
46 Mesalamine Phase 4 89-57-6
47
Calcium Nutraceutical Phase 4 7440-70-2 271
48
Methylene blue Approved, Investigational Phase 3 61-73-4
49
Triamcinolone Approved, Vet_approved Phase 2, Phase 3 124-94-7 31307
50
Remifentanil Approved Phase 3 132875-61-7 60815

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 389)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 A Multi-centered, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Foscarnet Sodium and Sodium Chloride Injection Compared to Intravenous Acyclovir in Patients With Herpes Zoster From China Unknown status NCT02151240 Phase 4 Foscarnet Sodium;Acyclovir
2 Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Patients Undergoing Living Donor Kidney Transplantations Unknown status NCT00940940 Phase 4
3 A Pilot Study Using a Randomized Design to Evaluate the Immunologic Efficacy and Safety of ZOSTAVAX in Persons Imminently Receiving Chemotherapy for Solid Organ Tumors Unknown status NCT02444936 Phase 4 ZOSTAVAX
4 A Pilot Study to Characterize the Immune Response Induced by a Commercial Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine in Healthy Adult Females in Nairobi, Kenya. Unknown status NCT02514018 Phase 4
5 Phase 4 Study of Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine After the 2 Doses Vaccination Unknown status NCT01866566 Phase 4
6 Phase 4 Study of the Varicella Vaccine After the 2nd Dose Vaccination Unknown status NCT01830283 Phase 4
7 Study on Effectiveness of 2-dose Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Unknown status NCT02146469 Phase 4
8 An Enriched Enrollment, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Randomized Withdrawal Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Tolerability and Safety of Etoricoxib (Arcoxia) in Patients With Moderate to Severe Neuropathic Pain Unknown status NCT01264237 Phase 4 Etoricoxib;Placebo
9 The Role of Qutenza (Topical Capsaicin 8%) in Treating Neuropathic Pain From Critical Ischaemia in Patients With End-stage Renal Failure Unknown status NCT01704339 Phase 4 QUTENZA
10 T Cell Responses to Varicella Zoster Virus After Vaccination and Viral Escape Completed NCT01911065 Phase 4
11 Immune Response to Shingles Vaccination Completed NCT02624375 Phase 4 Zoster Vaccine Live
12 A Study of Vacyless® Versus Valtrex® in Patients With Herpes Zoster Completed NCT02152800 Phase 4 valacyclovir hydrocholoride
13 Analgetic Effectiveness of Acupuncture When Compared to a Standardised Analgesic Regimen in the Treatment of Herpes Zoster Neuralgia Completed NCT00885586 Phase 4 gabapentine
14 An Open-label, Single-arm, Multi-center, Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of ZOSTAVAX™ in Healthy Adults in Korea Completed NCT01556451 Phase 4
15 A Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of ZOSTAVAX™ in Subjects ≥ 60 Years of Age Completed NCT00550745 Phase 4
16 Immunogenicity and Safety of a Herpes Zoster Vaccine (Zostavax) in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Randomized Controlled Trial Completed NCT02477150 Phase 4
17 An Open-label, Single-arm, Phase IV Study Assessing the Immunogenicity and Safety of ZOSTAVAX® at Minimum Release Specification Approaching Expiry Potency in Subjects ≥50 Years Old. Completed NCT00681031 Phase 4
18 Palatability Testing of a New Paediatric Formulation of Valacyclovir for the Prophylaxis and Treatment of VZV and HSV Infections in Children Completed NCT01682109 Phase 4 Valacyclovir
19 Placebo Controlled Evaluation of the Cell Mediated Immune Response of Cirrhotic Subjects to Zostavax™ Completed NCT02958345 Phase 4
20 Rates of Seroconversion Following Varicella Vaccination of Asthmatic Children Between the Ages of One and Eight Years Treated With Pulmicort Respules® Versus Non-Steroidal Conventional Asthma Therapy Completed NCT00641446 Phase 4 budesonide;varicella zoster virus
21 The Immunogenicity of Varicella-zoster Virus Vaccine in HIV-infected Children Completed NCT01138215 Phase 4
22 A Double-blind, Randomised, Controlled, Multi-centre Safety Study of a Refrigerator-stable Formulation of VARIVAX® in Healthy 12 to 15 Month-old Infants. Completed NCT00432731 Phase 4
23 Blinded, Randomised Study to Assess the Immunogenicity and Safety of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) Biologicals' Live Attenuated Measles-mumps-rubella-varicella Candidate Vaccine When Given to Healthy Children in Their Second Year of Life Completed NCT00126997 Phase 4
24 A Study to Evaluate the Immunogenicity and Safety of 2 Doses of Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Completed NCT02173899 Phase 4
25 Safety of a Second Dose of Biken's Varicella Vaccine Administered at 4 to 6 Years of Age in Healthy Children in Argentina Completed NCT00830648 Phase 4
26 Evaluation of Safety and Immunogenicity Receiving Live Attenuated Vaccine Against Varicella Without Gelatin Completed NCT01684072 Phase 4
27 A 17 Week, Investigator-initiated, Single-center, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Cross-over Trial of Pregabalin in Essential Tremor Completed NCT00646451 Phase 4 pregabalin;placebo capsules
28 Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine: A New Effective Adjuvant Weapon in the Battlefield Against Severe Resistant Psoriasis, a Randomized Controlled Trial Completed NCT01356004 Phase 4 live attenuated chicken pox vaccine;saline, efficacy
29 A Phase 3b/4 Randomized Double Blind Study Of 5 Mg Of Tofacitinib With And Without Methotrexate In Comparison To Adalimumab With Methotrexate In Subjects With Moderately To Severely Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Completed NCT02187055 Phase 4 Tofacitinib with methotrexate;Tofacitinib without methotrexate
30 Immunogenicity and Safety of MF59-adjuvanted Trivalent Influenza Vaccine (Fluad) and 23-valent Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23) in the Elderly: Single Versus Concomitant Vaccination Completed NCT02225327 Phase 4
31 Immunogenicity and Safety of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) and MF59-adjuvanted Influenza Vaccine (Fluad) After Concomitant Vaccination in Adults Aged ≥60 Years Completed NCT02215863 Phase 4
32 A 12-month, Prospective, Randomized, Active-controlled, Open-label Study to Evaluate the Patient Retention of Fingolimod vs. Approved First-line Disease Modifying Therapies in Adults With Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (PREFERMS) Completed NCT01623596 Phase 4 Fingolimod;Disease Modifying therapy
33 Long-term Suppressive Valacyclovir Treatment for Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus Recruiting NCT03134196 Phase 4 Masked Placebo;Masked Oral Valacyclovir
34 Safety and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Glycoprotein E Herpes Zoster Subunit (HZ/su) Vaccine in Renal Transplant Recipients Recruiting NCT03993717 Phase 4
35 Efficacy of Pregabalin for the Treatment of Acute Herpetic Neuralgia and for the Prevention of Post Herpetic Neuralgia- a Randomized Controlled Trial Recruiting NCT03809702 Phase 4 Pregabalin;Placebo
36 The Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Subunit Vaccine Against Herpes Zoster in RA Treated With JAK-inhibitors (VACCIMIL-ZOSTER) Recruiting NCT03886038 Phase 4
37 Does Stellate Ganglion Blockade (SGB) in Men Treated for Prostate Cancer Improve Hot Flashes? A Pilot Prospective Cohort Study Recruiting NCT03796195 Phase 4 .5% Bupivacaine
38 Safety and Immunogenicity of Non-live, Recombinant Subunit Herpes Zoster Vaccine Before and After Lung Transplantation Active, not recruiting NCT03493776 Phase 4
39 Safety and Tolerability of Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis Immunized Prior to Biologics and Tofacitinib Therapy Initiation Active, not recruiting NCT03016884 Phase 4
40 Pharmacists as Immunizers to Improve Coverage and Provider/Recipient Satisfaction: A Prospective, Controlled Community Embedded Study With Vaccines With Low Coverage Rates (The Improve ACCESS Study) Active, not recruiting NCT02868970 Phase 4
41 Safety and Immunogenicity of Measles Vaccine, Varicella Vaccine and Hepatitis-A Vaccine in HIV-exposed and HIV-unexposed South African Children Active, not recruiting NCT03330171 Phase 4
42 VZV-specific Tissue Resident Memory T-cells After Shingrix Vaccination Not yet recruiting NCT04403139 Phase 4 Shingrix
43 A Cross-over, Open-label, Single-group Study to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine Skyvaricella Injection (Inj.) Developed by SK Bioscience (Company Limited) Co., Ltd of South Korea in Healthy Volunteer Vietnamese Children From 12 Months to 12 Years Old Not yet recruiting NCT04384016 Phase 4
44 Persistence of Varicella Immunity in Hospital Employees Receiving Varicella Vaccine Not yet recruiting NCT02026089 Phase 4
45 A Pilot Study Evaluating Immunogenicity of Herpes Zoster Subunit Vaccine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Treated With Vedolizumab Suspended NCT03798691 Phase 4
46 The Immunogenicity and Safety of Shingrix Vaccine in Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis on Tofacitinib Suspended NCT03591770 Phase 4
47 A Double Blind Placebo-controlled Randomized Study of Varicella Zoster Vaccine in Patients With Moderate-to-severe Plaque Psoriasis Who Are Candidates for Biologic Therapy Terminated NCT02408159 Phase 4 Varicella Zoster Vaccine;Placebo
48 A Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blinded, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy Against Herpes Zoster of a Live Attenuated Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccine in Adults Over 40 Years of Age Unknown status NCT03314103 Phase 3
49 A Comparative Study of Tzanck Smear With Methylene Blue Versus Giemsa Stain to Diagnose Herpes Simplex, Herpes Zoster and Varicella Zoster Skin Infections Unknown status NCT03178747 Phase 3
50 Safety and Immunogenicity of Live Attenuated Oka/Merck Varicella Vaccine in Children Listed to Undergo Solid Organ Transplantation Unknown status NCT00213304 Phase 3

Search NIH Clinical Center for Herpes Zoster

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 71 / NDF-RT 50 :


Acyclovir
Acyclovir Sodium
CAPSACIAN PWDR
Capsaicin
CAPSAICIN PWDR
Capsicum extract
CAPSICUM OLEORESIN
famciclovir
Herpes Zoster Virus Nucleoside Analog DNA Polymerase Inhibitor [EPC]
valacyclovir
Valacyclovir hydrochloride

Cochrane evidence based reviews: herpes zoster

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Genetic Tests for Herpes Zoster

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Anatomical Context for Herpes Zoster

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The Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology organs/tissues related to Herpes Zoster:

19
Nerve Fiber

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Herpes Zoster:

40
Skin, Eye, T Cells, Bone, Testes, Bone Marrow, Kidney
Sources

Publications for Herpes Zoster

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Articles related to Herpes Zoster:

(show top 50) (show all 9752)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
Herpes zoster: vaccination status and virtuous experiences. 42 61
32286762 2020
2
Increased risk of herpes zoster in patients with peptic ulcers: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national sample cohort. 61 42
32118760 2020
3
Risk of herpes zoster after exposure to varicella to explore the exogenous boosting hypothesis: self controlled case series study using UK electronic healthcare data. 42 61
31969318 2020
4
Clinical and genetic risk factors of herpes zoster in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. 61 54
14593495 2005
5
Chronic varicella-zoster virus skin lesions in patients with human immunodeficiency virus are related to decreased expression of gE and gB. 54 61
9207378 1997
6
The effect of sorivudine on dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase activity in patients with acute herpes zoster. 61 54
9164418 1997
7
Using serial observations to identify predictors of progression to AIDS in the Toronto Sexual Contact Study. 54 61
1569421 1992
8
[Therapeutic indications in herpes zoster]. 61 54
1828198 1991
9
Herpes zoster and severe acute herpetic neuralgia as a complication of COVID-19 infection. 61
32572380 2020
10
Shingles Vaccination of U.S. Adults Aged 50-59 Years and ≥60 Years Before Recommendations for Use of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine. 61
32389533 2020
11
Analysis of the reiteration regions (R1 to R5) of varicella-zoster virus. 61
32452416 2020
12
Low complication rate in immunocompromised children with varicella-zoster virus infections in a single centre. 61
31785008 2020
13
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of Herpes Zoster in Patients With HIV/AIDS and Those With Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. 61
32221168 2020
14
Oral lesions of herpes zoster in COVID-19 patients or truly associated to the disease? 61
32524663 2020
15
Herpes zoster in COVID-19-positive patients. 61
32530063 2020
16
Is herpes zoster being an indicator for COVID 19 infection? 61
32544259 2020
17
Keep calm and carry on vaccinating: Is anti-vaccination sentiment contributing to declining vaccine coverage in England? 61
32561120 2020
18
Herpes-Zoster-Associated Voiding Dysfunction in an Immunocompromised Patient. 61
32528786 2020
19
Varicella and herpes zoster appearing over sites of tinea corporis, hitherto unreported examples of immunocompromised districts: a case series. 61
32072634 2020
20
Safety and Efficacy of Tofacitinib in Patients with Active Psoriatic Arthritis: Interim Analysis of OPAL Balance, an Open-Label, Long-Term Extension Study. 61
32506317 2020
21
Polyneuritis cranialis and vasculopathy caused by varicella zoster virus without rash. 61
32524536 2020
22
A Bilateral Lumbar Multidermatomal Herpes Zoster in an Elderly Woman with Chronic Kidney Disease. 61
32514691 2020
23
Herpes Zoster (shingles) complicating the course of COVID19 infection. 61
32543328 2020
24
Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Anterior Plane Block for Intractable Herpes Zoster Pain in the Emergency Department. 61
32534859 2020
25
Evaluation of glycoprotein E subunit and live attenuated varicella-zoster virus vaccines formulated with a single-strand RNA-based adjuvant. 61
32167678 2020
26
Shingles on the Tongue. 61
31915315 2020
27
Incidence of Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits for Herpes Zoster in Immunocompromised and Immunocompetent Adults in Ontario, Canada, 2002-2016. 61
31436814 2020
28
A Varicella Case After Herpes-Zoster Vaccination in a Patient Treated With a Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor. 61
32501941 2020
29
γ-Aminobutyric Acid and Derivatives Reduce the Incidence of Acute Pain after Herpes Zoster- A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. 61
32503401 2020
30
Clinical Efficacy of Ultrasound-Mediated Transdermal Lidocaine and Capsaicin Delivery for the Treatment of Allodynia Caused by Herpes Zoster. 61
32524145 2020
31
Postherpetic Neuralgia and Recalcitrant Cystic Lesions Following Herpes Zoster: A Case Report and Review of Treatment Options. 61
32510833 2020
32
Caudal block with steroid in the treatment of acute voiding dysfunction and pain caused by sacral herpes zoster: A case report. 61
32569199 2020
33
Clinical Study of Spinal Cord Stimulation and Pulsed Radiofrequency for Management of Herpes Zoster-Related Pain Persisting Beyond Acute Phase in Elderly Patients. 61
32517392 2020
34
Safety of the Zoster Vaccine Recombinant Adjuvanted in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Systemic Rheumatic Disease Patients: A Single Center's Experience With 400 Patients. 61
32412669 2020
35
Viral ribonucleotide reductase attenuates the anti-herpes activity of acyclovir in contrast to amenamevir. 61
32569704 2020
36
Identification of Candidate Genes Associated with Postherpetic Neuralgia Susceptibility. 61
32517404 2020
37
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Small Noncoding RNAs Antisense to the VZV Latency-Encoded Transcript VLT Enhance Viral Replication. 61
32295909 2020
38
Determinants of neurological syndromes caused by varicella zoster virus (VZV). 61
32495195 2020
39
Infectious disease specialist consultations in a Japanese cancer center: a retrospective review of 776 cases. 61
32493315 2020
40
Impact of Reactogenicity After Two Doses of Recombinant Zoster Vaccine Upon Physical Functioning and Quality of Life: An Open Phase III Trial in Older Adults. 61
32530462 2020
41
Clinical characteristics of herpes zoster laryngitis. 61
32506144 2020
42
Acute orbital myositis preceding vesicular rash eruption in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. 61
31879064 2020
43
Using negative control outcomes to assess the comparability of treatment groups among women with osteoporosis in the United States. 61
32537883 2020
44
JAK inhibitors for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. 61
32501149 2020
45
Efficacy of Upadacitinib in a Randomized Trial of Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis. 61
32092309 2020
46
Central nervous system infections produced by varicella zoster virus. 61
32332223 2020
47
Risk of herpes zoster with IL-17 inhibitor therapy for psoriasis and other inflammatory conditions. 61
30900514 2020
48
Peficitinib for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: an overview from clinical trials. 61
32345068 2020
49
Paediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance (PAEDS) 2017 and 2018: Prospective hospital-based surveillance for serious paediatric conditions. 61
32536339 2020
50
Mediation effect of herpes zoster derived by statin use on cardiovascular disease risk. 61
32550721 2020
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Variations for Herpes Zoster

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Expression for Herpes Zoster

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Herpes Zoster.
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Pathways for Herpes Zoster

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Pathways related to Herpes Zoster according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 40)
# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
Innate Immune System 65
Show member pathways
 14.01 TLR2 PDCD1 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2
2
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system 65
Show member pathways
 13.35 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
3
Toll-like Receptor Signaling Pathway 36 1
Show member pathways
 13.03 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
4
PI3K-Akt signaling pathway 36
Show member pathways
 12.97 TLR2 IL2 IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B HLA-A
5
Human cytomegalovirus infection 36
Show member pathways
 12.92 TLR2 IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B HLA-A CCR5
6
Herpes simplex virus 1 infection 36
12.76 TLR2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B
7
Measles 36
Show member pathways
 12.63 TLR2 IL2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
8
Th17 cell differentiation 36
Show member pathways
 12.58 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1
9
T cell receptor signaling pathway 36
Show member pathways
 12.54 TLR2 PDCD1 IL2 IL10 IFNG CD8A
10
Interferon gamma signaling 65
Show member pathways
 12.53 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
11
JAK-STAT signaling pathway 36
Show member pathways
 12.47 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 CCR5
12
NF-kappaB Signaling 4
12.46 TLR2 PDCD1 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA1
13
Antigen processing-Cross presentation 65
Show member pathways
 12.43 TLR2 HLA-B HLA-A CD8A
14
Allograft rejection 1 36
Show member pathways
 12.35 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
15
Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection 36
12.31 IL2 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
16
Folate Metabolism 1
Show member pathways
 12.3 IL2 IFNG DHFR APOE
17
Immune response Role of DAP12 receptors in NK cells 22
Show member pathways
 12.28 IL2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B HLA-A
18
Toxoplasmosis 36
Show member pathways
 12.23 TLR2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 FCGR3A CCR5
19
Immune response IFN alpha/beta signaling pathway 22
Show member pathways
 12.19 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B
20
Phagosome 36
12.15 TLR2 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A FCGR3A
21
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) 36
12.12 PDCD1 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A CD8A
22
Immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell 65
12.07 HLA-B HLA-A FCGR3A CD8A
23
Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Lineage-specific Markers 64
11.97 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 CD8A
24
IL27-mediated signaling events 1
Show member pathways
 11.94 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG
25
Staphylococcus aureus infection 36
11.84 IL10 HLA-DRB1 FCGR3A
26
Rheumatoid arthritis 36
11.82 TLR2 IFNG HLA-DRB1
27
Interferon Pathway 63
11.81 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
28
Innate Lymphoid Cells Differentiation 64
11.8 IL2 IL10 IFNG CD8A
29
IL12-mediated signaling events 1
Show member pathways
 11.69 IL2 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-A CD8A CCR5
30
Downstream signaling in naive CD8+ T cells 1
Show member pathways
 11.66 IL2 IFNG HLA-A CD8A
31
Dendritic Cells Developmental Lineage Pathway 64
11.64 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 CD8A
32
Malaria 36
11.54 TLR2 IL10 IFNG GYPC
33
Th2 Differentiation 64
11.49 IL2 IL10 IFNG
34
Tuberculosis 36
11.42 TLR2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
35
Type II interferon signaling (IFNG) 1
11.38 IFNG IFNA2 HLA-B
36
IL-15 Signaling and its Primary Biological Effects in Different Immune Cell Types 64
Show member pathways
 11.37 IL2 IL10 IFNG
37
T-Cell Receptor and Co-stimulatory Signaling 1
11.3 PDCD1 IL2 CD8A
38
Cytokines and Inflammatory Response 1
11.26 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1
39
IL12 signaling mediated by STAT4 1
11.25 IL2 IFNG HLA-DRB1
40
OX40 Pathway 63
11.2 IL2 IL10 IFNG
Sources

GO Terms for Herpes Zoster

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Cellular components related to Herpes Zoster according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 extracellular region GO:0005576 10.06 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 FCGR3A
2 extracellular space GO:0005615 10.03 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
3 phagocytic vesicle membrane GO:0030670 9.5 TLR2 HLA-B HLA-A
4 ER to Golgi transport vesicle membrane GO:0012507 9.43 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
5 external side of plasma membrane GO:0009897 9.43 TRPV1 PDCD1 HLA-DRB1 FCGR3A CD8A CCR5
6 MHC class I protein complex GO:0042612 9.37 HLA-B HLA-A
7 integral component of lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane GO:0071556 9.33 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
8 integral component of plasma membrane GO:0005887 9.32 TRPV1 TLR2 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A GYPC

Biological processes related to Herpes Zoster according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 23)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 immune system process GO:0002376 10.04 TLR2 PDCD1 IL2 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
2 cytokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0019221 9.92 IL2 IL10 IFNA2 IFNA1 CCR5
3 defense response GO:0006952 9.85 IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B CCR5
4 cell surface receptor signaling pathway GO:0007166 9.8 TRPV1 IFNG IFNA2 FCGR3A CD8A CCR5
5 positive regulation of inflammatory response GO:0050729 9.79 TLR2 IL2 IFNG
6 B cell differentiation GO:0030183 9.77 IL10 IFNA2 IFNA1
7 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042531 9.76 IL2 IFNG IFNA2
8 interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway GO:0060333 9.76 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
9 type I interferon signaling pathway GO:0060337 9.73 IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-B HLA-A
10 B cell proliferation GO:0042100 9.71 IL10 IFNA2 IFNA1
11 humoral immune response GO:0006959 9.71 PDCD1 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
12 microglial cell activation GO:0001774 9.69 TRPV1 TLR2 IFNG
13 positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0033141 9.65 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
14 regulation of immune response GO:0050776 9.63 PDCD1 HLA-B HLA-A FCGR3A COL17A1 CD8A
15 response to molecule of bacterial origin GO:0002237 9.61 TLR2 IL10
16 adaptive immune response GO:0002250 9.61 PDCD1 IL2 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1 HLA-DRB1
17 positive regulation of MHC class II biosynthetic process GO:0045348 9.59 IL10 IFNG
18 antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, TAP-independent GO:0002480 9.58 HLA-B HLA-A
19 antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independent GO:0002486 9.57 HLA-B HLA-A
20 protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity GO:0042270 9.56 HLA-B HLA-A
21 antigen processing and presentation GO:0019882 9.56 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A CD8A
22 detection of bacterium GO:0016045 9.54 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
23 immune response GO:0006955 9.32 TLR2 IL2 IL10 IFNG HLA-DRB1 HLA-B

Molecular functions related to Herpes Zoster according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 TAP binding GO:0046977 9.16 HLA-B HLA-A
2 peptide antigen binding GO:0042605 9.13 HLA-DRB1 HLA-B HLA-A
3 cytokine activity GO:0005125 9.02 IL2 IL10 IFNG IFNA2 IFNA1
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Sources for Herpes Zoster

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HMDB
31 HPO
32 ICD10
33 ICD10 via Orphanet
34 ICD9CM
35 IUPHAR
36 KEGG
37 LifeMap
39 LOVD
41 MedGen
43 MeSH
44 MESH via Orphanet
45 MGI
48 NCI
49 NCIt
50 NDF-RT
53 NINDS
54 Novoseek
56 OMIM
57 OMIM via Orphanet
61 PubMed
63 QIAGEN
68 SNOMED-CT via HPO
69 TGDB
70 Tocris
71 UMLS
72 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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