Hyperprolactinemia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

HPRL MCID: HYP020 MIFTS: 64	Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) Categories: Blood diseases, Endocrine diseases, Genetic diseases, Metabolic diseases, Rare diseases, Reproductive diseases	Data Licensing For inquiries, contact: [email protected]
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Aliases & Classifications for Hyperprolactinemia

MalaCards integrated aliases for Hyperprolactinemia:

Name: Hyperprolactinemia ⁵⁷ ¹¹ ⁷⁵ ⁷³ ²⁸ ⁵³ ⁴³ ¹⁴ ³⁸ ¹⁶ ⁷¹ ⁷⁵

Chiari-Frommel Syndrome ¹¹ ¹⁹ ⁷⁵ ⁴³ ⁷¹

Hyperprolactinaemia ¹¹ ⁷⁵ ³¹ ³³

Familial Hyperprolactinemia ⁵⁸ ²⁸ ⁵

Hprl ⁵⁷ ⁷³

Familial Isolated Prolactin Receptor Deficiency ⁵⁸

Pregnancy-Related a-G Syndrome ¹¹

Characteristics:

Inheritance:

Hyperprolactinemia: Autosomal dominant ⁵⁷

Familial Hyperprolactinemia: Autosomal dominant ⁵⁸

Age Of Onset:

Familial Hyperprolactinemia: Adult ⁵⁸

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Genetic diseases Rare diseases Metabolic diseases
Anatomical: Endocrine diseases Reproductive diseases Blood diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³¹ ³²

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

Disorders of other endocrine glands

Hyperfunction of pituitary gland

Hyperprolactinaemia

ICD11: ³³

Endocrine, nutritional or metabolic diseases

Endocrine diseases

Disorders of the pituitary hormone system

Hyperfunction of pituitary gland

Hyperprolactinaemia

Orphanet: ⁵⁸

Rare infertility disorders

Rare endocrine diseases

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹¹ DOID:12700

OMIM® ⁵⁷ 615555

MeSH ⁴³ D002640 D006966

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 190468001 85039006

ICD10 ³¹ E22.1

ICD10 via Orphanet ³² E22.1

Orphanet ⁵⁸ ORPHA397685

MedGen ⁴⁰ C0020514

SNOMED-CT via HPO ⁶⁹ 119420007 15296000 16041008 more

EFO ¹⁶ EFO_0007319

ICD11 ³³ 1417218455

UMLS ⁷¹ C0008043 C0020514

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Summaries for Hyperprolactinemia

Orphanet: ⁵⁸ Familial hyperprolactinemia is a rare, genetic endocrine disorder characterized by persistently high prolactin serum levels (not associated with gestation, puerperium, drug intake or pituitary tumor) in multiple members of a family. Clinically it manifests with signs usually observed in hyperprolactinemia, which are: secondary medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA)-negative amenorrhea and galactorrhea in female patients, and hypogonadism and decreased testosterone level-driven sexual dysfunction in male patients. Oligomenorrhea and primary infertility have also been reported in some female patients.

MalaCards based summary: Hyperprolactinemia, also known as chiari-frommel syndrome, is related to galactorrhea and pituitary tumors. An important gene associated with Hyperprolactinemia is PRLR (Prolactin Receptor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are TGF-Beta Pathway and GPCR downstream signalling. The drugs Risperidone and Dopamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include pituitary, ovary and bone, and related phenotypes are galactorrhea and oligomenorrhea

OMIM®: ⁵⁷ Hyperprolactinemia unrelated to pregnancy occurs in approximately 0.1 to 0.3% of the general population and may result in infertility, hypogonadism, and galactorrhea. Such nonphysiologic hyperprolactinemia is caused mainly by drugs or by tumors in the anterior pituitary gland, primarily prolactinomas (see 102200). However, 10 to 60% of patients with hyperprolactinemia who undergo MRI have normal findings (summary by Newey et al., 2013). Patients with hyperprolactinemia may also experience agalactia (Kobayashi et al., 2018). (615555) (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ⁷³ A disorder characterized by increased levels of prolactin in the blood not associated with gestation or the puerperium. HPRL may result in infertility, hypogonadism, and galactorrhea.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ An acquired metabolic disease that has material basis in the presence of abnormally-high levels of prolactin in the blood.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Hyperprolactinaemia is the presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood. Normal levels... more...

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Related Diseases for Hyperprolactinemia

Diseases related to Hyperprolactinemia via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 710)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	galactorrhea	31.7	PRLR PRL IGF1 DRD2
2	pituitary tumors	31.3	SST PRL IGF1 GNAS GH1
3	mccune-albright syndrome	31.2	SST PRL POMC IGF1 GNAS GHRH
4	amenorrhea	30.9	TRH SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1
5	premature ovarian failure 7	30.7	POMC GH1
6	prolactinoma	30.7	VIP TRH SST SHBG PRLR PRL
7	impotence	30.7	VIP SHBG PRL HTR2C
8	diabetes insipidus	30.7	PRL POMC INS GH1
9	precocious puberty	30.7	GNRH1 GNAS GH1
10	gynecomastia	30.6	SHBG PRL POMC GNRH1 DRD2
11	adenoma	30.6	TRH SST PRL POMC IGF1 GNAS
12	hypogonadism	30.6	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
13	empty sella syndrome	30.5	TRH PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
14	acth deficiency, isolated	30.5	TRH PRL POMC
15	anovulation	30.5	SHBG PRL INS IGF1 GNRH1 DRD2
16	premenstrual tension	30.5	POMC GNRH1
17	central diabetes insipidus	30.5	TRH PRL POMC IGF1 GNRH1 GH1
18	tsh producing pituitary tumor	30.4	SST PRL POMC
19	craniopharyngioma	30.4	TRH PRL INS IGF1 GNRH1 GH1
20	polycystic ovary syndrome	30.4	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
21	chromophobe adenoma	30.4	TRH PRLR PRL POMC GH1
22	graves disease 1	30.3	TRH SHBG POMC INS
23	infertility	30.3	SHBG PRLR PRL H19 GNRH1
24	multiple endocrine neoplasia	30.3	VIP SST PRL POMC GNAS
25	psychotic disorder	30.2	PRL INS HTR2C HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
26	lactocele	30.2	TRH PRL GHRH
27	chiasmal syndrome	30.2	SST PRL POMC
28	central precocious puberty	30.2	POMC IGF1 GNRH1
29	hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	30.1	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
30	acth-secreting pituitary adenoma	30.1	SST PRL POMC
31	abducens palsy	30.1	PRL POMC
32	pituitary-dependent cushing's disease	30.1	TRH SST PRL POMC GHRH GH1
33	ovarian disease	30.1	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
34	prediabetes syndrome	30.1	SHBG INS IGF1 GH1
35	acne	30.0	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1
36	mixed cell adenoma	30.0	PRL IGF1 GNRH1
37	sheehan syndrome	30.0	TRH PRL POMC INS IGF1 GH1
38	leydig cell tumor	29.9	PTHLH PRL GNRH1
39	turner syndrome	29.9	SHBG INS IGF1 GH1
40	nelson syndrome	29.9	SST PRL POMC
41	functioning pituitary adenoma	29.9	TRH SST PRLR PRL POMC IGF1
42	hyperandrogenism	29.9	SHBG PRL POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1
43	tic disorder	29.9	HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
44	leptin deficiency or dysfunction	29.9	TRH POMC INS IGF1 GNRH1 GHRH
45	hyperinsulinism	29.9	SST SHBG INS IGF1 GNRH1 GH1
46	parathyroid adenoma	29.9	PTHLH PRL GNAS
47	paranoid schizophrenia	29.9	PRL HTR2C HTR2A DRD2
48	breast disease	29.9	SHBG PRLR PRL IGF1
49	pituitary adenoma	29.9	TRH SST PRL POMC IGF1 H19
50	fibromyalgia	29.9	POMC INS IGF1 HTR2A

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Hyperprolactinemia:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Hyperprolactinemia

Human phenotypes related to Hyperprolactinemia:

⁵⁸ ³⁰ (show all 11)

#	Description	HPO Frequency	Orphanet Frequency	HPO Source Accession
1	galactorrhea ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Very frequent (99-80%)	HP:0100829
2	oligomenorrhea ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Very frequent (99-80%)	HP:0000876
3	infertility ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Frequent (79-30%)	HP:0000789
4	amenorrhea ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Frequent (33%)	Frequent (79-30%)	HP:0000141
5	hemorrhagic ovarian cyst ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Frequent (33%)	Frequent (79-30%)	HP:0012886
6	osteopenia ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Occasional (29-5%)	HP:0000938
7	osteoporosis ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Occasional (29-5%)	HP:0000939
8	female hypogonadism ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Occasional (29-5%)	HP:0000134
9	menorrhagia ⁵⁸ ³⁰	Occasional (7.5%)	Occasional (29-5%)	HP:0000132
10	agalactia ³⁰	Very rare (1%)		HP:0031109
11	increased circulating prolactin concentration ³⁰			HP:0000870

Symptoms via clinical synopsis from OMIM®:

⁵⁷ (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

Genitourinary Internal Genitalia Female:
infertility (in some patients)
oligomenorrhea (in some patients)
menorrhagia (in some patients)

Chest Breasts:
galactorrhea (in some patients)
agalactia (in some patients)

Endocrine Features:
elevated prolactin levels

Clinical features from OMIM®:

615555 (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Hyperprolactinemia:

⁴⁵ (show all 15)

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	nervous system	MP:0003631	10.44	DRD2 DRD4 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.41	DRD2 DRD4 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS
3	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.31	DRD2 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS GNRH1
4	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.3	DRD2 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS GNRH1
5	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	10.24	DRD2 GH1 GHRH GNAS HTR2C IGF1
6	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.22	DRD2 DRD4 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS
7	renal/urinary system	MP:0005367	10.18	DRD2 GH1 GNAS GNRH1 IGF1 INS
8	liver/biliary system	MP:0005370	10.16	DRD2 GH1 GHRH GNAS GNRH1 INS
9	neoplasm	MP:0002006	10.15	DRD2 GNAS GNRH1 IGF1 POMC PRL
10	cardiovascular system	MP:0005385	10.11	DRD2 GAL GH1 GHRH GNAS IGF1
11	immune system	MP:0005387	10.07	DRD2 GH1 GHRH GNAS GNRH1 HTR2C
12	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	10.01	DRD2 GNAS GNRH1 HTR2A INS PTHLH
13	reproductive system	MP:0005389	9.9	DRD2 GAL GH1 GHRH GNRH1 IGF1
14	skeleton	MP:0005390	9.7	DRD2 GHRH GNAS GNRH1 HTR2A IGF1
15	integument	MP:0010771	9.36	DRD2 GAL GNAS GNRH1 HTR2C IGF1

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Hyperprolactinemia

Drugs for Hyperprolactinemia (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 59)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Risperidone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

106266-06-2

5073

Dopamine

Approved

Phase 4

62-31-7, 51-61-6

681

Aripiprazole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

129722-12-9

60795

Quinagolide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

87056-78-8

Estradiol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-28-2

5757

Polyestradiol phosphate

Approved

Phase 4

28014-46-2

Paliperidone Palmitate

Phase 4

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4

Dopamine agonists

Phase 4

Dopamine Agents

Phase 4

Dopamine Antagonists

Phase 4

Psychotropic Drugs

Phase 4

Antidepressive Agents

Phase 4

Serotonin Receptor Agonists

Phase 4

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists

Phase 4

Hormones

Phase 4

Estradiol 3-benzoate

Phase 4

Estradiol 17 beta-cypionate

Phase 4

Serotonin

Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 4

50-67-9

5202

Bromocriptine

Approved, Investigational, Withdrawn

Phase 3

25614-03-3

31101

Calcium carbonate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

471-34-1

Cholecalciferol

Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved

Phase 3

67-97-0, 1406-16-2

5280795 10883523

Antiparkinson Agents

Phase 3

Vitamins

Phase 3

Trace Elements

Phase 3

Calciferol

Phase 3

Calcium, Dietary

Phase 3

Micronutrients

Phase 3

Calcium

Nutraceutical

Phase 3

7440-70-2

271

Sodium citrate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2

68-04-2

23431961

Clomifene

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2

911-45-5

2800

Progesterone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 2

57-83-0

5994

Licorice

Approved

Phase 2

Ropinirole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 1, Phase 2

91374-21-9

5095

Citric acid

Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved

Phase 2

77-92-9

311

Enclomiphene

Investigational

Phase 2

15690-57-0

1548953

Estrogens

Phase 2

Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Phase 2

Estrogen Receptor Antagonists

Phase 2

Estrogen Antagonists

Phase 2

Anticoagulants

Phase 2

Zuclomiphene

Phase 2

Citrate

Phase 2

Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators

Phase 2

Chelating Agents

Phase 2

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Phase 2

Hormone Antagonists

Phase 1

Parathyroid hormone

Approved, Investigational

9002-64-6

Levodopa

Approved

59-92-7, 63-84-3

6047

Racepinephrine

Approved, Vet_approved

51-43-4, 329-65-7

838 5816

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 32)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Reversal of Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinemia, Weight Gain, Hyperglycemia and Dyslipidemia by Aripiprazole Add-on Therapy in the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: An Open-Label Trial	Unknown status	NCT00541554	Phase 4	Abilify (aripiprazole)
2	A Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Effects of Switching to Aripiprazole 12 Weeks on the Sexual Dysfunction From Risperidone or Paliperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders or Bipolar Spectrum Disorders	Unknown status	NCT01742390	Phase 4	Aripiprazole;risperidone or paliperidone
3	Aripiprazole Treatment for Antipsychotic Induced Hyperprolactinaemia in Patients With Severe Mental Illness and Learning Disabilities	Completed	NCT01085383	Phase 4	Aripiprazole
4	Effect of Treatment With Agonist Dopaminergics on Endometriosic Lesions.	Completed	NCT00625950	Phase 4
5	The Luveris® In Vitro Fertilization Trial: The Effect of Recombinant Luteinizing Hormone on Follicular Response, Oocyte Quality, and Pregnancy in In-Vitro Fertilization Treatment Cycles in Women Without Endogenous LH Activity.	Terminated	NCT00889512	Phase 4	Luveris fixed dose;Luveris increasing dose
6	Therapy With Bromocriptine in Patients With Symptomatic Risperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia	Unknown status	NCT00315081	Phase 3	Bromocriptin
7	Counteracting Risperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia in Youths	Completed	NCT00799383	Phase 3	Calcium and Vitamin D
8	Effectiveness and Safety of Bushen Culuan Decoction for Anovulatory Infertility：A Clinical Research of "Same Treatment for Different Diseases"	Unknown status	NCT03709849	Phase 2	experimental group: Bushen Culuan Decoction and Clomiphene Citrate Tablets placebo;control group: Clomiphene Citrate Tablets and Bushen Culuan Decoction placebo
9	The Herbal Medicine Peony-Glycyrrhiza Decoction (PGD) as an Adjunctive Therapy to Treat Antipsychotic-induced Hyperprolactinemia in Patients With Schizophrenia: a Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study	Completed	NCT01852331	Phase 2	PGD granules;Placebo
10	Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia With the Non-ergoline Dopamine Agonist Ropinirole: A Dose Escalation Study of Efficacy and Tolerability	Completed	NCT03038308	Phase 1, Phase 2	Ropinirole
11	Administration of Kisspeptin in Patients With Hyperprolactinemia	Recruiting	NCT02956447	Phase 2	Kisspeptin 112-121;Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
12	Nurse's Role in the Management of Hyperprolactinemia: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT04262024	Phase 1	Cabergoline 0.5Mg orally daily for 1 month plus health education by a nurse;Cabergoline 0.5Mg orally daily for 1 month without health education by a nurse
13	Kisspeptin Administration in the Adult	Recruiting	NCT00914823	Phase 1	kisspeptin 112-121;GnRH
14	Effects of Hyperprolactinemia Induced by Antipsychotic Drugs on Bone Metabolism	Unknown status	NCT03675750
15	Adjunctive Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Risperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Response Study	Unknown status	NCT02013232		Aripiprazole
16	Develop and Implement Methods for Diagnostic and Treatment of Hormonal Disorders in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease	Unknown status	NCT04439747
17	Prognostic Value of Pituitary Histopathology and Plasma Hyperprolactinaemia in Predicting the Risk of Glucose Metabolic Disturbances in Patients With Acromegaly.	Unknown status	NCT02092129
18	Changes in Hyperprolactinemia Secondary to Antipsychotics After Switching to Quetiapine: a Naturalistic, Prospective, Multicentric Observational Study of 6 Months Follow-up	Completed	NCT00952757
19	Relationship of Metabolic Parameters, Endocrine and Prolactin Levels in Taiwan's Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Hyperprolactinemia.	Completed	NCT01117272
20	Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Study of Adjunctive Aripiprazole for Symptomatic Hyperprolactinemia In Premenopausal Women With Schizophrenia	Completed	NCT01338298		Aripiprazole;Placebo
21	Characterization of Macroprolactinemia	Completed	NCT00436111
22	Model Driven Computation for Infertility Related Endocrinological Diseases - PAEON	Completed	NCT02098668
23	A Retrospective Cohort Study of Hyperprolactinaemia Management in Reproductive Services at University Hospital of Coventry and Warwickshire (UHCW)	Completed	NCT03569787
24	The Association Between Dopamine Agonists and Cardiac Valvulopathy, Fibrosis and Other Cardiopulmonary Events	Completed	NCT01052948
25	Study on Utilization Of Cabergoline For Compliance With Risk Minimization Activities (SUCRE)	Completed	NCT01270711		Study Drug
26	Hyperprolactinemia and Adrenal Steroidogenesis: is There a Link?	Recruiting	NCT04146389
27	Assessment of the Prevalence of Hyperprolactinemia in Systemic Scleroderma	Recruiting	NCT04746313
28	Prolactin and FGF21 in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus	Recruiting	NCT05528393
29	Seoul National University Pituitary Disease Cohort Study	Recruiting	NCT03474601
30	PROSA: Prolactin, Sex Hormones, Growth and Metabolic Biomarkers in Children and Adolescents on Antipsychotics	Not yet recruiting	NCT05033119
31	Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks and Intracranial Hypotension	Suspended	NCT02603549
32	Substrate Metabolism and Insulin Sensitivity in Patients With Hyperprolactinemia Before and After Treatment	Withdrawn	NCT00699530

Search NIH Clinical Center for Hyperprolactinemia

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷¹ / NDF-RT ⁵⁰ :

2-Bromoergocryptine Mesylate

Bromocriptine

cabergoline

Cochrane evidence based reviews: hyperprolactinemia

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Genetic Tests for Hyperprolactinemia

Genetic tests related to Hyperprolactinemia:

#	Genetic test	Affiliating Genes
1	Familial Hyperprolactinemia ²⁸	PRLR
2	Hyperprolactinemia ²⁸

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Anatomical Context for Hyperprolactinemia

Organs/tissues related to Hyperprolactinemia:

MalaCards : Pituitary, Ovary, Bone, Bone Marrow, Breast, Kidney, Hypothalamus

ODiseA: Blood And Bone Marrow

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Publications for Hyperprolactinemia

Articles related to Hyperprolactinemia:

(show top 50) (show all 7063)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Variant Prolactin Receptor in Agalactia and Hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷ ⁵	Kobayashi T...Shozu M	30575453	2018
2	Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷	Newey PJ...Thakker RV	24597877	2014
3	Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷	Molitch ME	24597880	2014
4	Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷	Grossmann M	24597879	2014
5	Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷	Harris C	24597878	2014
6	Mutant prolactin receptor and familial hyperprolactinemia. ⁶² ⁵⁷	Newey PJ...Thakker RV	24195502	2013
7	Lack of expression of endometrial prolactin in early implantation failure: a pilot study. ⁵⁷	Garzia E...Cetin I	15218000	2004
8	Hyperprolactinemia associated with psychotropics--a review. ⁵³ ⁶²	Madhusoodanan S...Jimenez C	20521318	2010
9	Comparison of multiple methods for identification of hyperprolactinemia in the presence of macroprolactin. ⁵³ ⁶²	McCudden CR...Grenache DG	19895797	2010
10	Genetic associations of prolactin increase in olanzapine/fluoxetine combination-treated patients. ⁵³ ⁶²	Houston JP...Adams DH	19896213	2010
11	HER2 expression in breast cancer: correlation with endocrine function and psychological status in operable and metastatic breast cancer. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lissoni P...Bartolacelli E	20023245	2009
12	Pituitary tumours: the prolactinoma. ⁵³ ⁶²	Colao A	19945024	2009
13	Prolactin and preclinical atherosclerosis in menopausal women with cardiovascular risk factors. ⁵³ ⁶²	Georgiopoulos GA...Papamichael C	19451414	2009
14	Variants of the dopamine D2 receptor gene and risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in children and adolescents. ⁵³ ⁶²	Calarge CA...Schlechte JA	19339912	2009
15	Medical therapy in patients with acromegaly: predictors of response and comparison of efficacy of dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogues. ⁵³ ⁶²	Sherlock M...Stewart PM	19158203	2009
16	Influence of modified transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the concentrations of hormones, growth factors, and bone mineral density in women with osteopenia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Stanosz S...Stanosz M	19059524	2009
17	Primary hypothyroidism in a child simulating a prolactin-secreting adenoma. ⁵³ ⁶²	Alves C...Alves AC	18690463	2008
18	Endocrine manifestations of the rapid-onset obesity with hypoventilation, hypothalamic, autonomic dysregulation, and neural tumor syndrome in childhood. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bougneres P...Le Stunff C	18628522	2008
19	Current guidelines and their recommendations for prolactin monitoring in psychosis. ⁵³ ⁶²	Citrome L	18477625	2008
20	Categorical prevalence and severity of hyperprolactinaemia in two UK cohorts of patients with severe mental illness during treatment with antipsychotics. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bushe C...Smith SM	18477621	2008
21	Effect of hyperprolactinaemia on Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in humans. ⁵³ ⁶²	Dzitko K...Komorowski J	18092180	2008
22	Anti-prolactin (PRL) autoantibodies suppress PRL bioactivity in patients with macroprolactinaemia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hattori N...Inagaki C	17681026	2008
23	[Biochemical aspects of modified, transdermal replacement hormone therapy]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Stanosz S...Stanosz M	18411913	2007
24	Fibroblast growth factor-2 in hyperplastic pituitaries of D2R knockout female mice. ⁵³ ⁶²	Cristina C...Becu-Villalobos D	17848635	2007
25	Pharmacological causes of hyperprolactinemia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Torre DL...Falorni A	18473017	2007
26	Predictors of remission of hyperprolactinaemia after long-term withdrawal of cabergoline therapy. ⁵³ ⁶²	Colao A...Lombardi G	17573902	2007
27	WITHDRAWN: Bromocriptine for idiopathic oligo/asthenospermia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Vandekerckhove P...Hughes E	17636605	2007
28	Clinical and laboratory features greatly overlap in patients with macroprolactinemia or monomeric hyperprolactinemia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Vilar L...Casulari LA	17557033	2007
29	Polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperprolactinemia are distinct entities. ⁵³ ⁶²	Filho RB...Casulari LA	17558684	2007
30	Development of anti-PRL (prolactin) autoantibodies by homologous PRL in rats: a model for macroprolactinemia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hattori N...Inagaki C	17303669	2007
31	Atypical antipsychotics and pituitary neoplasms in the WHO database. ⁵³ ⁶²	Doraiswamy PM...Mueller-Oerlinghausen B	17285098	2007
32	Hyperprolactinemia and immunohistochemical expression of intracellular prolactin and prolactin receptor in primary central nervous system tumors and their relationship with cellular replication. ⁵³ ⁶²	Soares Leaes CG...da Costa Oliveira M	18095129	2007
33	[Hyperprolactinemia: causes, diagnosis, and treatment]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Karasek M...Lewinski A	17253440	2006
34	Drug Insight: prolactin-receptor antagonists, a novel approach to treatment of unresolved systemic and local hyperprolactinemia? ⁵³ ⁶²	Goffin V...Kelly PA	17024156	2006
35	Clinical and biochemical characteristics of a male patient with a novel homozygous STAT5b mutation. ⁵³ ⁶²	Vidarsdottir S...Romijn JA	16787985	2006
36	Application of new homologous in vitro bioassays for human lactogens to assess the actual bioactivity of human prolactin isoforms in hyperprolactinaemic patients. ⁵³ ⁶²	Leanos-Miranda A...Goffin V	16886952	2006
37	Macroprolactin: what is it and what is its importance? ⁵³ ⁶²	Sadideen H...Swaminathan R	16620360	2006
38	Partial agonist properties of the antipsychotics SSR181507, aripiprazole and bifeprunox at dopamine D2 receptors: G protein activation and prolactin release. ⁵³ ⁶²	Cosi C...Newman-Tancredi A	16554049	2006
39	Gene therapy in the neuroendocrine system. ⁵³ ⁶²	Herenu CB...Goya RG	16809929	2006
40	Prolactin suppresses GnRH but not TSH secretion. ⁵³ ⁶²	Page-Wilson G...Welt CK	16357488	2006
41	Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction after irradiation of nonpituitary brain tumors in adults. ⁵³ ⁶²	Agha A...Thompson CJ	16144946	2005
42	The dopamine receptor D2 genotype is associated with hyperprolactinemia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hansen KA...McDonough PG	16169407	2005
43	[Macroprolactin in subjects with hyperprolactinaemia: clinical observations and relations between free PRL and PRL complexed with IgG]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Jeske W...Gorzelak K	16817144	2005
44	Macroprolactin; high molecular mass forms of circulating prolactin. ⁵³ ⁶²	Fahie-Wilson MN...Ellis AR	15949152	2005
45	Possible involvement of prolactin in endocrine-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lissoni P...Strada G	16011043	2005
46	Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenia: association with typical and atypical antipsychotic treatment. ⁵³ ⁶²	Montgomery J...Josiassen RC	15554761	2004
47	Symptomatic Rathke's cleft cysts: a report of 24 cases. ⁵³ ⁶²	Cohan P...Kelly DF	15762042	2004
48	The hypothalamic-pituitary axis in men and women with chronic kidney disease. ⁵³ ⁶²	Holley JL	15492969	2004
49	Gender differences in systemic lupus erythematosus. ⁵³ ⁶²	Yacoub Wasef SZ	16115579	2004
50	Hyperprolactinaemia and antipsychotic therapy in schizophrenia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hummer M...Huber J	15006013	2004

Sources

Genes for Hyperprolactinemia

Genes related to Hyperprolactinemia (1 elite genes):

(show all 26)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubMed IDs
1	PRLR	Prolactin Receptor	Protein Coding	1683.33	Molecular basis known ⁵⁷ Pathogenic ⁵ Causative germline mutation (loss of function) ⁵⁸ Causative variation ⁷³ Genetic Tests ²⁸ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	30575453 24195502 18095129 (more) 7490565 8181582 17024156
2	H19	H19 Imprinted Maternally Expressed Transcript	RNA Gene	150	Experimental evidence: Regulation ³⁷	15525575
3	PRL	Prolactin	Protein Coding	31.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8456892 7899431 9156042 (more) 16817144 1744458 11416967 2338572 18095129 1302839 1950339 9284753 1752237 8375520 17558684 8977754 19895797 10219888 1742881 2126309 2329263 17303669 16886952 11383480 9646575 17573902 1587385 14616880 9413804 1483294 12735420 12660284 9152619 19945024 17557033 2223270 15949152 8180669 1946287 1430082 7991872 11182231 12824861 10843153 9736321 8053079 1624729 1352308 2370290 18473017 18092180 17681026 10796498 10748449 10404830 8706295 7576271 1927271 2149021 18477625 18477621 17253440 16620360 15006013 11298080 9258810 9071978 7851873 1923170 2080142 20023245 15456328 11188945 9209895 8796337 8701791 1344440 1798861 20521318 19451414 18690463 15554761 12890882 12713252 12650682 9736323 7478427 1955511 17636605 16011043 14604065 9709935 9461321 8014940 12201824 8498149 2374967 11721691 11396370 11297584
4	TRH	Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	24.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	12735420 2114023 1740485 (more) 7971809 1427628
5	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	24.8	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	16169407 19339912 19896213 (more) 12704865 17285098 16554049 17514182 12841539 17848635
6	IGF1	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1	Protein Coding	22.89	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8053079 8317189 15762042 (more) 7629223 10374130 15638294 9893107 16809929 18628522 19158203 7666783 11248741 18411913 12807508 8550769 19059524 12223963
7	GH1	Growth Hormone 1	Protein Coding	22.69	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	1352308 11207632 16787985 (more) 16144946 8317187 8380603 8496309 8706295 12807508 15638294 8050122 10703545 10971109
8	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	22.52	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	1923946 8460856 7951491 (more) 7854093
9	GNRH1	Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone 1	Protein Coding	22.24	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	16357488 8792395 15492969 (more) 8252751 16115579 1944011 8276970
10	SST	Somatostatin	Protein Coding	20.06	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9438917 9808008 8959076 (more) 2163099 1585268 7911814
11	VIP	Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide	Protein Coding	16.8	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	7991068 9071978 7753340 (more) 8144851
12	GNAS	GNAS Complex Locus	Protein Coding	16.42	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)	11081170
13	INS	Insulin	Protein Coding	14.92	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
14	DRD4	Dopamine Receptor D4	Protein Coding	14.83	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9353380
15	PTHLH	Parathyroid Hormone Like Hormone	Protein Coding	14.8	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	7559893 7639111 2232895
16	SHBG	Sex Hormone Binding Globulin	Protein Coding	14.69	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³	10443669 9141005
17	GAL	Galanin And GMAP Prepropeptide	Protein Coding	14.61	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9071978 10686432
18	HTR2A	5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A	Protein Coding	14.58	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
19	HTR2C	5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2C	Protein Coding	14.11	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
20	GHRH	Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	14.01	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
21	PTH	Parathyroid Hormone	Protein Coding	13.57	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
22	CGA	Glycoprotein Hormones, Alpha Polypeptide	Protein Coding	13.37	Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	8983353 8276523 7843446
23	DBH	Dopamine Beta-Hydroxylase	Protein Coding	13.23	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	1946287 1950338
24	STAT5A	Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 5A	Protein Coding	12.92	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
25	BGLAP	Bone Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Protein	Protein Coding	12.89	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
26	STAT5B	Signal Transducer And Activator Of Transcription 5B	Protein Coding	12.76	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Hyperprolactinemia

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Hyperprolactinemia:

⁵

#	Gene	Name	Type	Significance	ClinVarId	dbSNP ID	Position
1	PRLR	NM_000949.7(PRLR):c.635A>G (p.His212Arg)	SNV	Pathogenic	89027	rs398122522	GRCh37: 5:35070276-35070276 GRCh38: 5:35070174-35070174
2	PRLR	NM_000949.7(PRLR):c.511C>T (p.Arg171Ter)	SNV	Pathogenic	599315	rs376188691	GRCh37: 5:35072709-35072709 GRCh38: 5:35072607-35072607
3	PRLR	NM_000949.7(PRLR):c.806C>T (p.Pro269Leu)	SNV	Pathogenic	599316	rs754974807	GRCh37: 5:35068367-35068367 GRCh38: 5:35068265-35068265
4	PRLR	NM_000949.7(PRLR):c.1483C>T (p.Pro495Ser)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	1526078		GRCh37: 5:35065577-35065577 GRCh38: 5:35065475-35065475

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot genetic disease variations for Hyperprolactinemia:

⁷³

#	Symbol	AA change	Variation ID	SNP ID
1	PRLR	p.His212Arg	VAR_070895	rs398122522

Sources

Expression for Hyperprolactinemia

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Hyperprolactinemia.

Sources

Pathways for Hyperprolactinemia

Pathways related to Hyperprolactinemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 24)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	TGF-Beta Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways JAK-STAT Pathway ⁶⁴ JNK Pathway ⁶⁴ MAPK Family Pathway ⁶⁴ Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K ⁶⁴ SOCS Pathway ⁶⁴	13.44	PRLR PRL INS IGF1 GNRH1 GNAS
2	GPCR downstream signalling ⁶⁶ Show member pathways G alpha (i) signalling events ⁶⁶ G alpha (q) signalling events ⁶⁶ Signaling by GPCR ⁶⁶	13.34	DRD2 DRD4 GAL GHRH GNAS GNRH1
3	Signal Transduction ⁶⁶	13.24	VIP TRH SST PTHLH POMC INS
4	CREB Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways Activation of PKC through GPCR ⁶⁴ Intracellular Calcium Signaling ⁶⁴ IP3 Pathway ⁶⁴	13.21	IGF1 HTR2C HTR2A GNRH1 GNAS GHRH
5	p70S6K Signaling ⁶⁴ Show member pathways mTOR Pathway ⁶⁴ Renin-Angiotensin Pathway ⁶⁴	12.94	GH1 GHRH GNAS GNRH1 IGF1 INS
6	PI3K-Akt signaling pathway ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Focal adhesion: PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling pathway ⁷⁴	12.82	PRLR PRL INS IGF1 GH1
7	Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) ⁶⁶ Show member pathways GPCR ligand binding ⁶⁶ GPCRs, class A rhodopsin-like ⁷⁴ Peptide GPCRs ⁷⁴ Peptide ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶	12.56	VIP TRH SST PTHLH POMC HTR2C
8	Presynaptic function of Kainate receptors ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Activation of Ca-permeable Kainate Receptor ⁶⁶ Activation of kainate receptors upon glutamate binding ⁶⁶ Activation of Na-permeable kainate receptors ⁶⁶ Calcitonin-like ligand receptors ⁶⁶ Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors) ⁶⁶ G beta:gamma signalling through PLC beta ⁶⁶ Glucagon-type ligand receptors ⁶⁶ G-Protein Signaling through Tubby Protein ⁶⁴ Ionotropic activity of kainate receptors ⁶⁶	12.31	VIP PTHLH GNAS GHRH
9	Peptide hormone metabolism ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Glycoprotein hormones ⁶⁶ Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins ⁶⁶ Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins ⁷⁴ Peptide hormone biosynthesis ⁶⁶ Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin ⁶⁶ thyroid hormone biosynthesis ⁶¹	12.1	POMC INS IGF1 GH1
10	G alpha (s) signalling events ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Defective ACTH causes obesity and POMCD ⁶⁶	11.97	VIP PTHLH POMC GNAS GHRH
11	Adipogenesis ⁷⁴	11.93	PRLR INS IGF1 GH1
12	Monoamine GPCRs ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Adrenaline signalling through Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor ⁶⁶ Adrenoceptors ⁶⁶ Amine ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁶ Histamine receptors ⁶⁶ Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ⁶⁶ Serotonin receptors ⁶⁶	11.74	HTR2C HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
13	G-protein signaling_RhoA regulation pathway ²²	11.61	IGF1 GNRH1 GNAS GHRH GH1
14	Serotonin HTR1 group and FOS pathway ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Serotonin receptor 2 and ELK-SRF/GATA4 signaling ⁷⁴ Serotonin receptor 4/6/7 and NR3C signaling ⁷⁴	11.55	HTR2C HTR2A GNAS
15	Prader-Willi and Angelman syndrome ⁷⁴	11.5	POMC INS HTR2C GNRH1 GHRH
16	Signaling events mediated by PTP1B ⁶¹	11.4	PRLR PRL INS
17	Common pathways underlying drug addiction ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Hippocampal synaptogenesis and neurogenesis ⁷⁴	11.36	GNAS DRD4 DRD2
18	Growth hormone receptor signaling ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Prolactin receptor signaling ⁶⁶	11.3	PRLR PRL GH1
19	Mammary gland development pathway - Pregnancy and lactation (Stage 3 of 4) ⁷⁴	11.18	PRLR PRL GAL
20	Serotonin and anxiety ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Serotonin and anxiety-related events ⁷⁴	11.12	HTR2A HTR2C POMC
21	Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	11.08	HTR2C HTR2A GNAS
22	G-protein signaling_Rap2B regulation pathway ²²	10.91	IGF1 GNRH1 GNAS GHRH GH1
23	Antipsychotics Pathway (Metabolic Side Effects), Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	10.85	PRL POMC INS HTR2C DRD2
24	Hormonal control of pubertal growth spurt ⁷⁴	9.73	SST GNRH1

Sources

GO Terms for Hyperprolactinemia

Cellular components related to Hyperprolactinemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular space	GO:0005615	10.26	SST PTHLH PRL POMC INS IGF1
2	extracellular region	GO:0005576	9.78	VIP TRH SST SHBG PTHLH PRLR
3	endosome lumen	GO:0031904	9.56	GH1 INS PRL PRLR
4	G protein-coupled serotonin receptor complex	GO:0098666	9.46	HTR2C HTR2A

Biological processes related to Hyperprolactinemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 22)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007189	10.18	VIP PTHLH GNAS GHRH
2	G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007186	10.15	VIP SST INS HTR2C HTR2A GNAS
3	cellular calcium ion homeostasis	GO:0006874	10.1	HTR2C HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
4	release of sequestered calcium ion into cytosol	GO:0051209	10.06	HTR2C HTR2A DRD2
5	positive regulation of cell population proliferation	GO:0008284	10.06	GHRH HTR2A IGF1 INS PRL PRLR
6	positive regulation of multicellular organism growth	GO:0040018	10.01	DRD2 GH1 GHRH
7	feeding behavior	GO:0007631	9.95	DRD2 GAL HTR2C
8	G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway	GO:0098664	9.93	HTR2C HTR2A DRD4
9	adenohypophysis development	GO:0021984	9.91	GHRH DRD2
10	positive regulation of glycolytic process	GO:0045821	9.91	INS IGF1 HTR2A
11	regulation of appetite	GO:0032098	9.9	POMC HTR2C
12	signal transduction	GO:0007165	9.89	TRH PTHLH PRL POMC INS IGF1
13	negative regulation of protein secretion	GO:0050709	9.88	DRD2 DRD4 INS
14	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007195	9.87	DRD4 DRD2
15	positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051586	9.83	DRD4 DRD2
16	response to histamine	GO:0034776	9.81	DRD4 DRD2
17	positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process	GO:0010513	9.8	HTR2C HTR2A
18	behavioral response to cocaine	GO:0048148	9.8	HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
19	phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007208	9.78	HTR2C HTR2A
20	positive regulation of insulin-like growth factor receptor signaling pathway	GO:0043568	9.73	IGF1 GHRH GH1
21	behavior	GO:0007610	9.59	HTR2C HTR2A
22	cell-cell signaling	GO:0007267	9.47	TRH SST PTHLH POMC INS GNRH1

Molecular functions related to Hyperprolactinemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 11)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity	GO:0004993	9.93	HTR2C HTR2A DRD4
2	neuropeptide hormone activity	GO:0005184	9.91	VIP GHRH GAL
3	dopamine binding	GO:0035240	9.8	DRD4 DRD2
4	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	GO:0001591	9.71	DRD4 DRD2
5	Gq/11-coupled serotonin receptor activity	GO:0001587	9.67	HTR2C HTR2A
6	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity	GO:0004952	9.65	DRD4 DRD2
7	hormone activity	GO:0005179	9.64	VIP TRH SST PTHLH PRL POMC
8	insulin-like growth factor receptor binding	GO:0005159	9.63	INS IGF1 GNAS
9	prolactin receptor binding	GO:0005148	9.62	GH1 PRL
10	1-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine binding	GO:0071886	9.56	HTR2A HTR2C
11	peptide hormone receptor binding	GO:0051428	9.43	VIP PTHLH GHRH