Hyperthyroidism

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Disease Ontology 12 DOID:7998 KEGG 36 H01645 MeSH 44 D006980 NCIt 50 C3123

SNOMED-CT 67 190239004 ICD10 32 E05.9 EFO 17 EFO_0009189 UMLS 70 C0020550

MedlinePlus : ⁴² What is hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism, or overactive thyroid, happens when your thyroid gland makes more thyroid hormones than your body needs. Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. It makes hormones that control the way the body uses energy. These hormones affect nearly every organ in your body and control many of your body's most important functions. For example, they affect your breathing, heart rate, weight, digestion, and moods. If not treated, hyperthyroidism can cause serious problems with your heart, bones, muscles, menstrual cycle, and fertility. But there are treatments that can help. What causes hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism has several causes. They include Grave's disease, an autoimmune disorder in which your immune system attacks your thyroid and causes it to make too much hormone. This is the most common cause. Thyroid nodules, which are growths on your thyroid. They are usually benign (not cancer). But they may become overactive and make too much thyroid hormone. Thyroid nodules are more common in older adults. Thyroiditis, inflammation of the thyroid. It causes stored thyroid hormone to leak out of your thyroid gland. Too much iodine. Iodine is found in some medicines, cough syrups, seaweed and seaweed-based supplements. Taking too much of them can cause your thyroid to make too much thyroid hormone. Too much thyroid medicine. This can happen if people who take thyroid hormone medicine for hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) take too much of it. Who is at risk for hyperthyroidism? You are at higher risk for hyperthyroidism if you Are a woman Are older than age 60 Have been pregnant or had a baby within the past 6 months Have had thyroid surgery or a thyroid problem, such as goiter Have a family history of thyroid disease Have pernicious anemia, in which the body cannot make enough healthy red blood cells because it does not have enough vitamin B12 Have type 1 diabetes or primary adrenal insufficiency, a hormonal disorder Get too much iodine, from eating large amounts of foods containing iodine or using iodine-containing medicines or supplements What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism? The symptoms of hyperthyroidism can vary from person to person and may include Nervousness or irritability Fatigue Muscle weakness Trouble tolerating heat Trouble sleeping Tremor, usually in your hands Rapid and irregular heartbeat Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea Weight loss Mood swings Goiter, an enlarged thyroid that may cause your neck to look swollen. Sometimes it can cause trouble with breathing or swallowing. Adults over age 60 may have different symptoms than younger adults. For example, they may lose their appetite or withdraw from other people. Sometimes this can be mistaken for depression or dementia. What other problems can hyperthyroidism cause? If hyperthyroidism isn't treated, it can cause some serious health problems, including An irregular heartbeat that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure, and other heart problems An eye disease called Graves' ophthalmopathy. It can cause double vision, light sensitivity, and eye pain. In rare cases, it can lead to vision loss. Thinning bones and osteoporosis Fertility problems in women Complications in pregnancy, such as premature birth, low birth weight, high blood pressure in pregnancy, and miscarriage How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed? To make a diagnosis, your health care provider Will take your medical history, including asking about symptoms Will do a physical exam May do thyroid tests, such as TSH, T3, T4, and thyroid antibody blood tests Imaging tests, such as a thyroid scan, ultrasound, or radioactive iodine uptake test. A radioactive iodine uptake test measures how much radioactive iodine your thyroid takes up from your blood after you swallow a small amount of it. What are the treatments for hyperthyroidism? The treatments for hyperthyroidism include medicines, radioiodine therapy, and thyroid surgery: Medicines for hyperthyroidism include Antithyroid medicines, which cause your thyroid to make less thyroid hormone. You probably need to take the medicines for 1 to 2 years. In some cases, you might need to take the medicines for several years. This is the simplest treatment, but it is often not a permanent cure. Beta blocker medicines, which can reduce symptoms such as tremors, rapid heartbeat, and nervousness. They work quickly and can help you feel better until other treatments take effect. Radioiodine therapy is a common and effective treatment for hyperthyroidism. It involves taking radioactive iodine by mouth as a capsule or liquid. This slowly destroys the cells of the thyroid gland that produce thyroid hormone. It does not affect other body tissues. Almost everyone who has radioactive iodine treatment later develops hypothyroidism. This is because the thyroid hormone-producing cells have been destroyed. But hypothyroidism is easier to treat and causes fewer long-term health problems than hyperthyroidism. Surgery to remove part or most of the thyroid gland is done in rare cases. It might be an option for people with large goiters or pregnant women who cannot take antithyroid medicines. If you have all of your thyroid removed, you will need to take thyroid medicines for the rest of your life. Some people who have part of their thyroid removed also need to take medicines. If you have hyperthyroidism, it's important not to get too much iodine. Talk to your health care provider about which foods, supplements, and medicines you need to avoid. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

MalaCards based summary : Hyperthyroidism, also known as overactive thyroid, is related to hyperthyroidism, nonautoimmune and graves' disease. An important gene associated with Hyperthyroidism is TSHR (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Peptide ligand-binding receptors and Allograft rejection. The drugs Propranolol and Iodine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include thyroid, pituitary and eye, and related phenotypes are Decreased HPV16-GFP infection and behavior/neurological

Disease Ontology : ¹² A thyroid gland disease that involves an over production of thyroid hormone.

KEGG : ³⁶ Hyperthyroidism is a pathological disorder characterised by increased thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion from the thyroid gland. The term thyrotoxicosis is not synonymous with hyperthyroidism. Thyrotoxicosis is defined as the clinical syndrome of hypermetabolism resulting from increased thyroid hormone levels, irrespective of the source. The causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic multinodular goiter, and solitary toxic adenoma. Less common causes of hyperthyroidism include thyrotropin-induced thyrotoxicosis and trophoblastic tumours. The causes of thyrotoxicosis without hyperthyroidism are less common and generally transient. In patients with silent thyroiditis, post-partum thyroiditis, or subacute painful thyroiditis, the destruction of thyrocytes leads to release of preformed hormones into the circulation. Drug-induced thyrotoxicosis has the same pathogenic mechanism as thyroiditis. Exogenous thyrotoxicosis develops after ingestion of excessive amounts of thyroid hormone, and is associated with low serum thyroglobulin concentrations. Patients of hyperthyroidism/thyrotoxicosis usually have fatigue, nervousness or anxiety, weight loss, palpitations, and heat sensitivity. Clinical findings almost always include tachycardia, warm moist skin, the presence of an enlarged thyroid, and a slight tremor. The three options for treating patients with hyperthyroidism are antithyroid drugs (ATDs), radioactive iodine ablation, and surgery. All three therapeutic options would be effective in the treatment of patients with Graves' disease, whereas patients with toxic adenoma or toxic multinodular goiter should have either radioactive iodine therapy or surgery, since these patients rarely go into remission. In patients with toxic nodular goiter, ATDs are generally used to restore euthyroidism before definitive treatment with surgery or radioactive iodine, and infrequently used as long-term treatment when the other two therapies are contraindicated or the patient has a short life expectancy.

PubMed Health : ⁶² About overactive thyroid: The thyroid gland is a part of the body’s endocrine (hormone) system – which is made up of the glands that help regulate many of the body’s different functions. If the thyroid gland is overactive, it produces too much of the thyroid hormone thyroxine. An overactive thyroid (medical term: hyperthyroidism) can be caused by various things. The most common cause is a condition known as Graves disease. The higher levels of thyroid hormones unnecessarily speed up a lot of functions in the body. This can lead to noticeable symptoms such as weight loss, sweating, nervousness or a rapid heartbeat. An overactive thyroid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (problems affecting the heart and/or blood vessels). If the thyroid gland doesn’t produce enough hormones, the body’s functions slow down. This problem is known as an underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism.

Wikipedia : ⁷³ Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the... more...

#	Description	GenomeRNAi Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Decreased HPV16-GFP infection	GR00350-A	8.62	GNAS TRH

Mild hyperthyroidism sometimes gets better on its own, without treatment . But the overproduction of thyroid hormones is usually first stopped using tablets called anti-thyroid drugs. In Graves disease , long-term treatment with this medication can make the thyroid function return to normal. If that doesn’t happen, the thyroid gland is surgically removed or treated with radioactive iodine . Known as radioiodine therapy , this involves swallowing radioactive iodine which is then absorbed by your thyroid gland, where it destroys overactive cells . If the overactive thyroid is caused by an enlarged thyroid gland with “autonomous” cells , the thyroid gland that has been “slowed down” with anti-thyroid drugs is usually surgically removed. If surgery isn’t possible or the thyroid gland isn’t greatly enlarged, radioiodine therapy tends to be more suitable.

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