Hypokalemia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: HYP005 MIFTS: 55	Hypokalemia Categories: Blood diseases, Metabolic diseases
Genes Variations Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Hypokalemia

MalaCards integrated aliases for Hypokalemia:

Name: Hypokalemia ¹² ⁷⁴ ⁵⁴ ⁶ ¹⁵

Potassium Deficiency ⁷⁴ ¹⁷ ⁷¹

Potassium Deficiency Disorder ¹² ⁷¹

Hypopotassemia ¹²

Potassium ⁴²

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Metabolic diseases
Anatomical: Blood diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³²

Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases

Metabolic disorders

Other disorders of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance

Hypokalaemia

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:4500

NCIt ⁴⁹ C34939

ICD10 ³² E87.6

EFO ¹⁷ EFO_1001120

UMLS ⁷¹ C0032827 C1514284

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Summaries for Hypokalemia

MedlinePlus : ⁴² Potassium is a mineral that your body needs to work properly. It is a type of electrolyte. It helps your nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your heartbeat stay regular. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure. Many people get all the potassium they need from what they eat and drink. Sources of potassium in the diet include Leafy greens, such as spinach and collards Fruit from vines, such as grapes and blackberries Root vegetables, such as carrots and potatoes Citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruit Your kidneys help to keep the right amount of potassium in your body. If you have chronic kidney disease, your kidneys may not remove extra potassium from the blood. Some medicines also can raise your potassium level. You may need a special diet to lower the amount of potassium that you eat.

MalaCards based summary : Hypokalemia, also known as potassium deficiency, is related to andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis. An important gene associated with Hypokalemia is SLC12A3 (Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 3), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aldosterone synthesis and secretion and Glucose / Energy Metabolism. The drugs Ritonavir and Dexamethasone acetate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include heart, kidney and testes, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and cardiovascular system

Wikipedia : ⁷⁴ Hypokalemia is a low level of potassium (K+) in the blood serum. Mild low potassium does not typically... more...

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Related Diseases for Hypokalemia

Diseases related to Hypokalemia via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 1646)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis	33.8	KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNH2 CACNA1S
2	thyrotoxic periodic paralysis	33.3	KCNJ18 CACNA1S ADRB2
3	gitelman syndrome	33.1	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN KCNJ1 CLCNKB CASR
4	hypokalemic periodic paralysis, type 1	32.7	SLC12A3 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 INS CACNA1S
5	pseudohyperkalemia, familial, 2, due to red cell leak	32.4	REN NR3C2 KCNJ1 ACE
6	hypocalcemia, autosomal dominant 1	32.4	KCNJ1 CLCNKB CASR BSND
7	thyrotoxic periodic paralysis 1	32.3	KCNJ18 CACNA1S
8	apparent mineralocorticoid excess	32.3	REN POMC NR3C2 NR3C1 KCNJ1 HSD11B2
9	seizures, sensorineural deafness, ataxia, mental retardation, and electrolyte imbalance	32.2	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNJ1 CLCNKB BSND
10	corticosterone methyloxidase type i deficiency	32.0	REN POMC
11	bartter disease	31.9	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN KCNJ1 CLCNKB CASR
12	bartter syndrome, type 3	31.9	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN KCNJ1 CLCNKB BSND
13	pseudohypoaldosteronism, type i, autosomal recessive	31.8	REN NR3C2 KCNJ1
14	diabetes insipidus, nephrogenic, autosomal	31.5	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN KCNJ1 CLCNKB CASR
15	hyperaldosteronism, familial, type i	31.4	REN POMC NR3C2 NR3C1 KCNJ5 HSD11B2
16	liddle syndrome 1	31.3	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN NR3C2 NR3C1 KCNJ1
17	adenoma	31.1	REN POMC KCNJ5 HSD11B2 CASR
18	cardiac arrest	31.0	REN KCNH2 ADRB2 ACE
19	chondrocalcinosis	30.9	SLC12A3 REN CASR
20	hyperthyroidism	30.7	POMC KCNJ18 INS CACNA1S
21	hypoaldosteronism	30.7	REN POMC ACE
22	familial periodic paralysis	30.7	SLC12A3 KCNJ18 INS CACNA1S
23	graves disease 1	30.7	POMC KCNJ18 INS CACNA1S
24	lipoprotein quantitative trait locus	30.7	REN KCNJ5 KCNH2 ACE
25	hypertension, diastolic	30.6	REN ACE
26	microvascular complications of diabetes 3	30.6	REN INS ACE
27	hypoglycemia	30.5	POMC NR3C1 KCNJ5 INS
28	inappropriate adh syndrome	30.5	REN POMC AQP2
29	diabetic neuropathy	30.5	REN INS ACE
30	acute cystitis	30.5	REN INS ACE
31	premenstrual tension	30.5	REN POMC
32	pre-eclampsia	30.4	REN INS HSD11B2 ADRB2 ACE
33	familial hypertension	30.4	REN NR3C2 HSD11B2
34	retinal vascular disease	30.3	REN INS ACE
35	hypoglycemic coma	30.3	POMC INS
36	conn's syndrome	30.3	SLC12A3 REN POMC NR3C2 NR3C1 KCNJ5
37	urinary tract obstruction	30.3	REN AQP2 ACE
38	thyroid gland disease	30.2	POMC INS ACE
39	primary hyperparathyroidism	30.2	POMC INS CASR
40	potter's syndrome	30.2	REN INS ACE
41	pseudohypoaldosteronism	30.2	SLC12A3 REN NR3C2 NR3C1 KCNJ1
42	anxiety	30.2	POMC NR3C1 INS ACE
43	renal hypertension	30.2	SLC12A3 REN ACE
44	fibromuscular dysplasia	30.2	REN ACE
45	gastrinoma	30.2	POMC INS CASR
46	antenatal bartter syndrome	30.1	SLC12A1 REN KCNJ1 BSND
47	pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive	30.1	NR3C1 INS ADRB2 ACE
48	infantile bartter syndrome with sensorineural deafness	30.1	CLCNKB BSND
49	acute adrenal insufficiency	30.0	REN POMC
50	sleep disorder	30.0	REN POMC INS ACE

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Hypokalemia:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Hypokalemia

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Hypokalemia:

⁴⁵

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.31	ACE ADRB2 AQP2 BSND CACNA1S CASR
2	cardiovascular system	MP:0005385	10.31	ACE ADRB2 BSND CACNA1S CYP17A1 HSD11B2
3	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.24	ACE ADRB2 AQP2 BSND CACNA1S CASR
4	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.21	ACE ADRB2 AQP2 BSND CACNA1S CASR
5	hematopoietic system	MP:0005397	10.1	ACE ADRB2 AQP2 BSND CASR INS
6	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	10.03	ACE AQP2 BSND CACNA1S CASR CYP17A1
7	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	10	ACE ADRB2 CACNA1S CYP17A1 INS NR3C1
8	muscle	MP:0005369	9.61	ADRB2 CACNA1S CASR HSD11B2 INS KCNH2
9	renal/urinary system	MP:0005367	9.47	ACE AQP2 BSND CASR CLCNKB HSD11B2

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Hypokalemia

Drugs for Hypokalemia (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 986)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Ritonavir

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

155213-67-5

392622

Dexamethasone acetate

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

1177-87-3

Dexamethasone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-02-2

5743

Ropivacaine

Approved

Phase 4

84057-95-4

71273 175805

Bupivacaine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

2180-92-9, 38396-39-3

2474

Succinylcholine

Approved

Phase 4

306-40-1

5314

Epirubicin

Approved

Phase 4

56420-45-2

41867

Emtricitabine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

143491-57-0

60877

Thiopental

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

76-75-5

3000715

Povidone-iodine

Approved

Phase 4

25655-41-8

Sodium citrate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

68-04-2

Progesterone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

57-83-0

5994

Mifepristone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

84371-65-3

55245

Dexmedetomidine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

113775-47-6

5311068 68602

Methylprednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

83-43-2

6741

Prednisolone phosphate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

302-25-0

Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate

Approved

Phase 4

2921-57-5

Prednisolone acetate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

52-21-1

Prednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-24-8

5755

Amiloride

Approved

Phase 4

2016-88-8, 2609-46-3

16231

Furosemide

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

54-31-9

3440

Chlorothiazide

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

58-94-6

2720

Olmesartan

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

144689-24-7, 144689-63-4

158781 130881

Norepinephrine

Approved

Phase 4

51-41-2

439260

Lidocaine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

137-58-6

3676

Ephedrine

Approved

Phase 4

299-42-3

9294

Pseudoephedrine

Approved

Phase 4

90-82-4

7028

Cefdinir

Approved

Phase 4

91832-40-5

6915944

Ceftazidime

Approved

Phase 4

72558-82-8, 78439-06-2

5481173

Metformin

Approved

Phase 4

657-24-9

14219 4091

Azithromycin

Approved

Phase 4

83905-01-5

447043 55185

Budesonide

Approved

Phase 4

51333-22-3

63006 5281004

Telmisartan

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

144701-48-4

65999

Allopurinol

Approved

Phase 4

315-30-0

2094

Bisacodyl

Approved

Phase 4

603-50-9

Hydrogen peroxide

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

7722-84-1

784

Thymol

Approved

Phase 4

89-83-8

6989

Glycerol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

56-81-5

753

Aspirin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-78-2

2244

Prucalopride

Approved

Phase 4

179474-81-8

Phenylephrine

Approved

Phase 4

59-42-7

6041

Oxymetazoline

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

1491-59-4

4636

Morphine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

57-27-2

5288826

Metoprolol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

37350-58-6, 51384-51-1

4171

Fluticasone

Approved, Experimental

Phase 4

90566-53-3

62924

Midazolam

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4

59467-70-8

4192

Itraconazole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

84625-61-6

55283

Mycophenolic acid

Approved

Phase 4

24280-93-1

446541

Naftifine

Approved

Phase 4

65472-88-0

47641 73342

Caffeine

Approved

Phase 4

58-08-2

2519

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 1800)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Efficacy of KCl Plus 0.9%NaCl Compare With KCl Plus 0.45%NaCl for Correction of Hypokalemia in Hospitalized Patients	Unknown status	NCT02721095	Phase 4
2	Comparison of Enteral Versus Intravenous Potassium Supplementation in Hypokalemia in Post Cardiac Surgery Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Patients - Prospective Open Label Randomized Control Trial	Unknown status	NCT02015962	Phase 4	Intravenous potassium chloride;Oral potassium chloride
3	Efficacy and Safety of Shenyankangfu Tablets for Primary Glomerulonephritis—a Multicentre, Prospective, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial	Unknown status	NCT02063100	Phase 4	Shenyankangfu tablets;Losartan potassium 50mg;Shenyankangfu tablets and Losartan potassium 50mg;Shenyankangfu tablets and Losartan potassium 100mg;Losartan potassium 100mg
4	Comparison of High-dose Furosemide Versus the Combination of Low-dose Furosemide and Low-dose Dopamine in Patients With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure	Unknown status	NCT00937092	Phase 4	Furosemide;low-dose dopamine + low-dose furosemide
5	Efficacy and Safety of Abelmoschus Manihot for IgA Nephropathy: a Multicentre, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Randomized Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT02231125	Phase 4	Losartan;Abelmoschus manihot
6	Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Oral Sulfate Solution (OSS) and 2L Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) With Ascorbic Acid (Asc) for Bowel Preparation of Elderly People: A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Study	Unknown status	NCT03520361	Phase 4	Oral sulfate solution (OSS);2L PEG/Asc
7	A Randomized Control Trial of Vitamin D Prophylaxis in the Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	Unknown status	NCT02920593	Phase 4	Vitamin D3
8	Management of Ischemic Heart Disease With Angiwell-XR (Ranolazine)	Unknown status	NCT03486561	Phase 4	Ranolazine
9	Does Aldosterone Cause Hypertension by a Non-Renal Mechanism?	Unknown status	NCT00553722	Phase 4	Eplerenone;Placebo
10	IM Ketorolac vs Diclofenac Potassium Powder for Oral Solution (Cambia) for the Acute Treatment of Severe Migraine	Unknown status	NCT02664116	Phase 4	Diclofenac postassium powder for oral solution and placebo injection;Ketorolac intramuscular injection and placebo oral solution
11	Efficacy of Sustained-release Oral Dalfampridine on Upper Extremity Function in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study	Unknown status	NCT02259361	Phase 4	Sustained-release oral dalfampridine;Placebo
12	Comparison of Plasmalyte A, Normal Saline and Ringer Lactate as Intraoperative Fluids in Patients Undergoing Renal Transplantation.	Unknown status	NCT03115060	Phase 4	intravenous fluid administration WITH NORMAL SALINE, PLASMALYTE A, OR RINGER LACTATE
13	Neoadjuvant Epirubicin-cyclophosphamide-S-1 (ECS) Versus Epirubicin-cyclophosphamide-5-FU (ECF) in Local Advanced Breast Cancer	Unknown status	NCT01849380	Phase 4	S-1;5-FU
14	Safety of Amiodarone and Ranolazine Together in Patients With Stable Angina	Unknown status	NCT01558830	Phase 4	ranolazine;placebo
15	The Value of Endocervical and Endometrial Lidocaine Flushing Before Office Hystroscopy	Unknown status	NCT03530488	Phase 4	Lidocaine
16	Efficacy Study of Nicorandil on Neointima After Coronary Drug-eluting Stent Implantation in Patients With Diabetic Mellitus	Unknown status	NCT02328521	Phase 4	Nicorandil;nicorandil placebo
17	Assessment of the Effects of the Combination of Spironolactone to Conventional Pharmacotherapy in Dialysis Patients	Unknown status	NCT01128101	Phase 4	Spironolactone
18	Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Using a Bismuth Quadruple Therapy Among Asymptomatically Infected Adults in El Paso, Texas: A Pilot Study.	Unknown status	NCT01335334	Phase 4	bismuth subcitrate potassium, metronidazole,tetracycline hydrochloride and omeprazole
19	Renal Effects of Levosimendan in Patients Admitted With Acute Decompensated Heart Failure	Unknown status	NCT00527059	Phase 4	Levosimendan in addition to standard therapy;spironolactone, beta-blockers,ecc
20	Impact of Irbesartan on Oxidative Stress and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Patients With Persistent Atrial Fibrillation	Unknown status	NCT00613496	Phase 4	irbesartan;placebo
21	Effects of Spironolactone on Collagen Metabolism in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension	Unknown status	NCT01468571	Phase 4	Spironolactone;Placebo
22	Remission From Stage D Heart Failure (RESTAGE-HF)	Unknown status	NCT01774656	Phase 4	Pharmacological Treatment
23	Gut-kidney Axis: Renal Effects of Meditarranean Diet and Low-protein Diet With Ketoacids to Restore Physiological Intestinal Mibrobiota in Chronic Kidney Disease	Unknown status	NCT02302287	Phase 4
24	Effect of Early Administration of Intracoronary Nicorandil Via Thrombus Aspiration Catheter Device During Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for the Patients of Acute ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction	Unknown status	NCT02435797	Phase 4	Nicorandil;normal saline
25	The Orange-III Trial: Optimised Recovery With Movicol® Preoperatively Within an Enhanced Recovery Programme, a Randomised Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT01429779	Phase 4	Movicol
26	Impact of a Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist on Chronic Histological Changes in Renal Allograft	Unknown status	NCT01510795	Phase 4	spironolactone
27	A Comparative Study to Assess the Efficacy of Nicorandil+Atenolol vs Atenolol in Treatment naïve Patients of Chronic Stable Angina.	Unknown status	NCT01397994	Phase 4	Nicorandil;Atenolol
28	Safety and Effectiveness of Drug up Titration by Nurses Specialized in Heart Failure (HF) Patients	Unknown status	NCT02546856	Phase 4
29	A Clinical Study on Anti-Hypertensive Agent (ACEi) and Heart Function Improvement	Unknown status	NCT01069042	Phase 4	Enalapril
30	Clinical Effectiveness of Serum Chromogranin A (CgA) Levels on Diagnostic Relevance, Response After Surgical Resection and Recurrence of Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors (PET)	Unknown status	NCT02759718	Phase 4
31	Bilateral Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With or Without Magnesium for Total Abdominal Hysterectomy With or Without Salpingo-oophorectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT02680626	Phase 4	Magnesium Sulfate;Ropivacaine
32	The Optimal Dose Of Dexamethasone To Be Used As An Adjuvant To Low Volume Bupivacaine Ultrasound Guided Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block. A Randomized Controlled Double Blinded Dose Ranging Study	Unknown status	NCT03043495	Phase 4	Dexamethasone
33	Prospective, Interventional, Single Arm Study in Outpatients Undergoing Sigmoidoscopy for Evaluation of Efficacy and Safety of Kleen Enema 120ml (Phosphate Enema)	Unknown status	NCT02386904	Phase 4	Phosphate Enema (Kleen® Enema)
34	The Role of Inflammatory and Stress Response in the Pathogenesis of Cognitive Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery	Unknown status	NCT02767713	Phase 4	Dexamethasone
35	The Determinants of the Effectiveness of the Use of Furosemide in Patients on Dialysis	Unknown status	NCT01815892	Phase 4	Withdrawal of furosemide;furosemide administration
36	The RECONSTRUCT Study - Reconstructing Disease Mechanisms in Asthma	Unknown status	NCT03034005	Phase 4	Budesonide
37	Randomised Study to Compare the Regain of Gastrointestinal Motility After General Anaesthesia Versus Spinal Anaesthesia in Caesarean Section.Kasr El Ainy,Egypt Experience	Unknown status	NCT02504749	Phase 4
38	Efficacy of L-arginine Treatment on Blood Pressure Control Patients With Stage 1 Hypertension	Unknown status	NCT02894723	Phase 4
39	An Open-label, Randomised Pilot Study Comparing the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Raltegravir With Protease Inhibitor-based Therapy in Treatment-naïve, HIV/Hepatitis C Co-infected Injecting Drug Users Receiving Methadone	Unknown status	NCT01105611	Phase 4	Raltegravir;Atazanavir/Ritonavir
40	Evaluation of High-dose Corticosteroids on Microcirculation Alterations in Cardiac Surgery, by FMD (Flow Mediated vasoDilation), Near Infrared Spectrophotometry (NIRS) and Biological Analysis (Syndecan-1)	Unknown status	NCT02798068	Phase 4	Solu-medrol or placebo administration
41	A Randomised Open Label, Blinded End Point Trial to Compare the Effects of Spironolactone With Chlortalidone on LV Mass in Stage 3 Chronic Kidney Disease (SPIRO-CKD)	Unknown status	NCT02502981	Phase 4	Spironolactone;Chlortalidone
42	Comparative Study of the Effects of Telmisartan and Nebivolol on 24-h Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Patients With Arterial Hypertension	Unknown status	NCT02057328	Phase 4	TELMISARTAN;NEBIVOLOL
43	Endoesophageal Cryotherapy: A New Technique For Ablating Barrett's Esophagus And Early Stage Esophageal Cancer	Unknown status	NCT00628784	Phase 4
44	Monocentric STUDY, Randomised Double Blinded (Healthy Subjects, or Transversal (Patients With Gitelman Syndrome)	Completed	NCT02297048	Phase 4
45	Assessing the Safety of a Continuous Potassium Chloride Infusion in Critical Care: A Randomised Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT00718068	Phase 4	Sterile Potassium Chloride Concentrate;Sterile Potassium Chloride Concentrate
46	Effect of Licorice and Hydrochlorothiazide on Plasma Potassium	Completed	NCT00605202	Phase 4	Hydrochlorothiazide
47	Fluid Therapy in Acutely Ill Children - a Randomized Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT02926989	Phase 4	Plasmalyte Glucos 50 mg/mL;0.45% saline in 5% dextrose
48	Potassium Infusion for Conversion of Atrial Fibrillation/-Flutter	Completed	NCT01818583	Phase 4	Potassium chloride;Glucose 50 MG/ML
49	The Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Myocardial Repolarization in Children	Completed	NCT02353169	Phase 4	Dexmedetomidine;Saline
50	Acetazolamide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide Versus Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide Followed by Furosemide for the Treatment of Adults With Refractory Nephrotic Edema: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial	Completed	NCT02427880	Phase 4	Acetazolamide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide;Furosemide and Hydrochlorothiazide Followed by Furosemide

Search NIH Clinical Center for Hypokalemia

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Genetic Tests for Hypokalemia

Sources

Anatomical Context for Hypokalemia

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Hypokalemia:

⁴⁰

Heart, Kidney, Testes, Liver, Prostate, Lung, Brain

Sources

Publications for Hypokalemia

Articles related to Hypokalemia:

(show top 50) (show all 8023)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Clinical importance of potassium intake and molecular mechanism of potassium regulation. ⁴²	Nomura N...Uchida S	31317362	2019
2	Evaluation of measurement error in 24-hour dietary recall for assessing sodium and potassium intake among US adults - National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2014. ⁴²	Va P...Cogswell ME	31136657	2019
3	A dietary pattern rich in calcium, potassium, and protein is associated with tibia bone mineral content and strength in young adults entering initial military training. ⁴²	Nakayama AT...Gaffney-Stomberg E	30615068	2019
4	Mineralocorticoid antagonists treatment versus surgery in primary aldosteronism. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Catena C...Sechi LA	20119883	2010
5	Feline primary hyperaldosteronism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Schulman RL	20219494	2010
6	Juxtaglomerular cell tumor of the kidney--a new classification scheme. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Dong D...Xu W	19914097	2010
7	Distal potassium handling based on flow modulation of maxi-K channel activity. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Rodan AR...Huang CL	19448535	2009
8	Analysis of claudin genes in pediatric patients with Bartter's syndrome. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Chen YH...Lu Q	19538297	2009
9	The (+)- and (-)-gossypols potently inhibit human and rat 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Chen BB...Ge RS	19150652	2009
10	Bartter's syndrome with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	See TT...Lee SP	19251537	2009
11	Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Attard G...de Bono JS	18645193	2008
12	Diagnostic accuracy of adrenal venous sampling in comparison with other parameters in primary aldosteronism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Minami I...Hirata Y	18497447	2008
13	[Severe hypokalemia after holidays return]. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Brasseur A...Ducobu J	19055123	2008
14	Gitelman syndrome. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Knoers NV...Levtchenko EN	18667063	2008
15	Selection of patients for surgery for primary aldosteronism. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Plouin PF...Amar L	18307754	2008
16	Changes of liver and muscle enzymes activity in patients with rigor. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Sevastos N...Archimandritis AJ	18249306	2008
17	Reninoma: case report and literature review. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Wong L...Katznelson L	18192852	2008
18	[11beta-hydroxysteroide dehydrogenases. Recent advances]. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Vantyghem MC...Wemeau JL	17368420	2007
19	Novel mutations in the SLC12A3 gene causing Gitelman's syndrome in Swedes. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Fava C...Melander O	17654016	2007
20	[Clinical significance of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter gene by mutational analysis]. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Yasujima M	17511264	2007
21	Impaired protein stability of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2: a novel mechanism of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Atanasov AG...Odermatt A	17314322	2007
22	A compound heterozygous mutation in the CYP17 (17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase) gene in a Chinese subject with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Won GS...Jap TS	17379008	2007
23	P450c17 deficiency: clinical and molecular characterization of six patients. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Rosa S...Biason-Lauber A	17192295	2007
24	Severe hypokalemia, rhabdomyolysis, muscle paralysis, and respiratory impairment in a hypertensive patient taking herbal medicines containing licorice. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Yasue H...Harada E	17473492	2007
25	Loss of consciousness and hypokalemia in an elderly man with a mutation of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter gene. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Hashida T...Mori M	16966826	2006
26	Inherited renal tubulopathies associated with metabolic alkalosis: effects on blood pressure. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Ariceta G...Rodriguez-Soriano J	17275579	2006
27	Cortisol metabolism in hypertension. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Hammer F...Stewart PM	16980198	2006
28	Clinical review: Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a diagnostic challenge. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Kung AW	16608889	2006
29	A patient with cystinosis presenting transient features of Bartter syndrome. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Yildiz B...Yarar C	17172073	2006
30	A novel compound heterozygous mutation of K494_V495 deletion plus R496L and D487_F489 deletion in extreme C-terminus of cytochrome P450c17 causes 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Lee LS...Chung BC	16483711	2006
31	Genetic variations of HSD11B2 in hypertensive patients and in the general population, six rare missense/frameshift mutations. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Kamide K...Miyata T	16778331	2006
32	A novel mutation of the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter gene in a Japanese family with Gitelman syndrome. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Terui K...Suda T	16429844	2006
33	Chondrocalcinosis secondary to hypomagnesemia in Gitelman's syndrome. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Ea HK...Roux C	16142886	2005
34	VIPomas: an update in diagnosis and management in a series of 11 patients. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Nikou GC...Polyzos A	16001675	2005
35	A rare case of Gitelman's syndrome presenting with hypocalcemia and osteopenia. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Nakamura A...Koike T	16075932	2005
36	Evolution of diagnostic criteria for primary aldosteronism: why is it more common in "drug-resistant" hypertension today? ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Grim CE	15527695	2004
37	G2736A polymorphism of thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter gene predisposes to hypertension in young women. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Matsuo A...Ogihara T	15480096	2004
38	Apparent mineralocorticoid excess syndrome: an overview. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Palermo M...Stewart PM	15761540	2004
39	The syndromes of low-renin hypertension: "separating the wheat from the chaff". ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Kater CE...Biglieri EG	15761538	2004
40	Two prevalent CYP17 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in 24 Brazilian patients with 17-hydroxylase deficiency. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Costa-Santos M...Brazilian Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Multicenter Study Group	14715827	2004
41	Stimulation of NHE3 in OKP cells by an autocrine mechanism. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Amemiya M...Tabei K	14752245	2004
42	P450c17 deficiency in Brazilian patients: biochemical diagnosis through progesterone levels confirmed by CYP17 genotyping. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Martin RM...Mendonca BB	14671162	2003
43	[Chondrocalcinosis and hypomagnesaemia in a patient with a new mutation in the gene of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter]. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Garcia Nieto V...Claverie-Martin F	15002785	2003
44	Successful treatment of primary aldosteronism due to computed tomography-negative microadenoma. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Nishizawa K...Nakao K	14516402	2003
45	Two homozygous mutations in the 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 gene in a case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Carvajal CA...Fardella CE	12788846	2003
46	Hypertension and the cortisol-cortisone shuttle. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Quinkler M...Stewart PM	12788832	2003
47	A new mutation, R563Q, of the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel associated with low-renin, low-aldosterone hypertension. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Rayner BL...Davidson JS	12714866	2003
48	Cushing's syndrome from ectopic production of corticotropin by a metastatic gastrinoma. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Babu AR...Dwarakanathan AA	12917066	2003
49	New aspects on primary aldosteronism. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Enberg U...Hamberger B	12608705	2003
50	A calcitonin and vasoactive intestinal peptide-producing pancreatic endocrine tumor associated with the WDHA syndrome. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Ichimura T...Katoh H	14716055	2003

Sources

Genes for Hypokalemia

Genes related to Hypokalemia (0 elite genes):

(show all 32)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubmedIds
1	SLC12A3	Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 3	Protein Coding	38.47	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Variants (show sections)	16429844 17511264 10616841 (more) 16075932 16966826 16142886 17654016 20229814 15480096 17873326
2	REN	Renin	Protein Coding	26.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	12611241 8255271 8155305 (more) 7651282 10578695 10412881 11202632 11306334 15527695 16980202 17368420 8732999 10668287 14516402 17314322 19538297 8070426 7841716 8592096 9538374 8450525 19251537 12714866 12608705 12463132 11967253 11675938 11228201 17172073 15002785 9066195 1958539 17245522 12150724 10822791 10684365 10883518 8841102 8023829 18307754 15761538 14597859 20219494 19914097 18192852 12929904 8378624 8481351 2151775 18497447 11446888
3	SLC12A1	Solute Carrier Family 12 Member 1	Protein Coding	23.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	11815871
4	KCNJ1	Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 1	Protein Coding	23.6	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19448535
5	HSD11B2	Hydroxysteroid 11-Beta Dehydrogenase 2	Protein Coding	23.32	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)	19150652 17314322 15134813 (more) 12788832 16980198
6	CACNA1S	Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 S	Protein Coding	21.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)	15185439
7	BSND	Barttin CLCNK Type Accessory Subunit Beta	Protein Coding	21.37	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17275579
8	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	20.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	12381548 12917066 16195775 (more) 8794827
9	ACE	Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme	Protein Coding	20.22	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	2317435 1639459 8888663 (more) 10811153 16450155 1546635 1575176 10894026
10	AQP2	Aquaporin 2	Protein Coding	19.53	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)	9822111
11	KCNH2	Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily H Member 2	Protein Coding	19.3	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17042915
12	CLCNKB	Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel Kb	Protein Coding	18.06	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴	18667063 11445802
13	CASR	Calcium Sensing Receptor	Protein Coding	17.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)	12191970
14	NR3C1	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 1	Protein Coding	17.47	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Variants (show sections)	11932321
15	NR3C2	Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 3 Group C Member 2	Protein Coding	17.38	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴	10760070 17314322 11446888 (more) 15761540 16980198 19150652 11811378 18645193 10726708 15869038 20119883 9370341 16778331 1474763 11502780 12788846
16	CYP17A1	Cytochrome P450 Family 17 Subfamily A Member 1	Protein Coding	16.65	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴	16483711 17379008 14715827 (more) 14671162 17192295
17	ADRB2	Adrenoceptor Beta 2	Protein Coding	14.79	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	2309625 8542857
18	INS	Insulin	Protein Coding	14.44	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
19	KCNJ5	Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 5	Protein Coding	14.38	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
20	KCNJ18	Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 18	Protein Coding	14.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
21	SCN4A	Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 4	Protein Coding	14.33	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴	15185439
22	KCNJ10	Potassium Inwardly Rectifying Channel Subfamily J Member 10	Protein Coding	13.79	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
23	CYP11B1	Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily B Member 1	Protein Coding	13.7	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
24	ALB	Albumin	Protein Coding	13.49	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
25	CACNA1D	Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 D	Protein Coding	12.96	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
26	KCNQ1	Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 1	Protein Coding	12.81	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
27	PIK3C2A	Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 3-Kinase Catalytic Subunit Type 2 Alpha	Protein Coding	12.7	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴	19055123 18249306
28	AVPR2	Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 2	Protein Coding	12.66	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)
29	CRH	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	12.63	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
30	SLC26A4	Solute Carrier Family 26 Member 4	Protein Coding	12.34	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
31	KCNK1	Potassium Two Pore Domain Channel Subfamily K Member 1	Protein Coding	12.2	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
32	CLCN2	Chloride Voltage-Gated Channel 2	Protein Coding	12.13	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Hypokalemia

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Hypokalemia:

⁶ ‎‎ ‎‎ ‎‎

#	Gene	Name	Type	Significance	ClinVarId	dbSNP ID	GRCh37 Pos	GRCh38 Pos
1	SLC12A3	NM_001126108.2(SLC12A3):c.2221G>A (p.Gly741Arg)	SNV	Conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity	208612	rs138977195	16:56921879-56921879	16:56887967-56887967
2	SLC12A3	NM_001126108.2(SLC12A3):c.457G>A (p.Val153Met)	SNV	Uncertain significance	523358	rs779074538	16:56902236-56902236	16:56868324-56868324
3	CLDN10	NM_006984.5(CLDN10):c.431C>T (p.Thr144Met)	SNV	Uncertain significance	694635		13:96212684-96212684	13:95560430-95560430

Sources

Expression for Hypokalemia

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Hypokalemia.

Sources

Pathways for Hypokalemia

Pathways related to Hypokalemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Aldosterone synthesis and secretion ³⁶ Show member pathways Ca2+ activated K+ channels ⁶⁵ Cortisol synthesis and secretion ³⁶ Cushing syndrome ³⁶ Insulin secretion ³⁶ Melanogenesis ³⁶ Thyroid hormone synthesis ³⁶	12.62	POMC KCNJ5 INS CYP17A1 CACNA1S
2	Glucose / Energy Metabolism ⁴	12.27	KCNH2 INS CYP17A1 AQP2
3	Dopamine-DARPP32 Feedback onto cAMP Pathway ⁶³	12.03	KCNJ5 KCNJ1 KCNH2 CACNA1S
4	Peptide hormone metabolism ⁶⁵ Show member pathways Glycoprotein hormones ⁶⁵ Insulin processing ⁶⁵ Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins ⁶⁵ Peptide hormone biosynthesis ⁶⁵ Synthesis, secretion, and deacylation of Ghrelin ⁶⁵	11.82	REN POMC INS ACE
5	Metabolism of steroid hormones ⁶⁵ Show member pathways Androgen biosynthesis ⁶⁵ Estrogen biosynthesis ⁶⁵ Glucocorticoid andamp; Mineralcorticoid Metabolism ¹ glucocorticoid biosynthesis ¹ Glucocorticoid biosynthesis ⁶⁵ mineralocorticoid biosynthesis ¹ Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis ⁶⁵ Pregnenolone biosynthesis ⁶⁵	11.55	POMC HSD11B2 CYP17A1
6	Agents Acting on the Renin-Angiotensin System Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰ Show member pathways ACE Inhibitor Pathway ¹ ACE Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰ Renin-angiotensin system ³⁶	11.48	REN NR3C2 ACE
7	Renin secretion ³⁶	11.3	REN CACNA1S ADRB2 ACE
8	Antiarrhythmic Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	11.25	KCNJ5 KCNH2 ADRB2
9	Aldosterone-regulated sodium reabsorption ³⁶	10.82	NR3C2 KCNJ1 INS HSD11B2
10	Diuretics Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶⁰	10.48	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNJ1 CLCNKB BSND

Sources

GO Terms for Hypokalemia

Cellular components related to Hypokalemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	integral component of membrane	GO:0016021	10	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2
2	integral component of plasma membrane	GO:0005887	9.91	SLC12A3 KCNH2 CLCNKB CASR BSND AQP2
3	plasma membrane	GO:0005886	9.8	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1
4	apical plasma membrane	GO:0016324	9.65	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 CASR AQP2 ADRB2
5	membrane	GO:0016020	9.55	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 REN NR3C2 KCNJ5 KCNJ18
6	voltage-gated potassium channel complex	GO:0008076	9.5	KCNJ5 KCNJ1 KCNH2

Biological processes related to Hypokalemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 15)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	transmembrane transport	GO:0055085	9.88	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNH2 CLCNKB CACNA1S AQP2
2	ion transport	GO:0006811	9.86	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2
3	ion transmembrane transport	GO:0034220	9.85	SLC12A1 KCNJ1 CLCNKB BSND
4	potassium ion transport	GO:0006813	9.72	SLC12A1 KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2
5	regulation of blood pressure	GO:0008217	9.61	REN POMC ACE
6	chloride transmembrane transport	GO:1902476	9.55	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 CLCNKB CASR BSND
7	sodium ion homeostasis	GO:0055078	9.54	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
8	potassium ion homeostasis	GO:0055075	9.54	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNH2
9	amyloid-beta metabolic process	GO:0050435	9.52	REN ACE
10	membrane repolarization during ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential	GO:0098915	9.51	KCNJ5 KCNH2
11	angiotensin maturation	GO:0002003	9.49	REN ACE
12	chloride ion homeostasis	GO:0055064	9.48	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
13	glucocorticoid biosynthetic process	GO:0006704	9.46	HSD11B2 CYP17A1
14	regulation of ion transmembrane transport	GO:0034765	9.43	KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2 CLCNKB CACNA1S
15	potassium ion import across plasma membrane	GO:1990573	9.1	SLC12A3 SLC12A1 KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2

Molecular functions related to Hypokalemia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	insulin-like growth factor receptor binding	GO:0005159	9.48	REN INS
2	voltage-gated potassium channel activity involved in ventricular cardiac muscle cell action potential repolarization	GO:1902282	9.46	KCNJ5 KCNH2
3	potassium:chloride symporter activity	GO:0015379	9.43	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
4	cation:chloride symporter activity	GO:0015377	9.4	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
5	sodium ion transmembrane transporter activity	GO:0015081	9.37	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
6	steroid binding	GO:0005496	9.33	NR3C2 NR3C1 HSD11B2
7	sodium:chloride symporter activity	GO:0015378	9.32	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
8	sodium:potassium:chloride symporter activity	GO:0008511	9.26	SLC12A3 SLC12A1
9	inward rectifier potassium channel activity	GO:0005242	9.26	KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2
10	voltage-gated ion channel activity	GO:0005244	9.1	KCNJ5 KCNJ18 KCNJ1 KCNH2 CLCNKB CACNA1S

Sources

Sources for Hypokalemia

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HMDB

³¹ HPO

³² ICD10

³³ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁴ ICD9CM

³⁵ IUPHAR

³⁶ KEGG

³⁷ LifeMap

³⁸ LncRNADisease

³⁹ LOVD

⁴⁰ MalaCards

⁴¹ MedGen

⁴² MedlinePlus

⁴³ MeSH

⁴⁴ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁵ MGI

⁴⁶ miR2Disease

⁴⁷ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁸ NCI

⁴⁹ NCIt

⁵⁰ NDF-RT

⁵¹ NIH Clinical Center

⁵² NIH Rare Diseases

⁵³ NINDS

⁵⁴ Novoseek

⁵⁵ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁶ OMIM

⁵⁷ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁸ Orphanet

⁵⁹ PathCards

⁶⁰ PharmGKB

⁶¹ PubMed

⁶² PubMed Health

⁶³ QIAGEN

⁶⁴ R&D Systems

⁶⁵ Reactome

⁶⁶ Sino Biological

⁶⁷ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁶⁹ TGDB

⁷⁰ Tocris

⁷¹ UMLS

⁷² UMLS via Orphanet

⁷³ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁴ Wikipedia