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MCID: KWS001
MIFTS: 45

Kwashiorkor

Categories: Metabolic diseases, Skin diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Kwashiorkor

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Kwashiorkor:

Name: Kwashiorkor 12 74 43 15 17 71 32
Nutritional Oedema with Dyspigmentation of Skin and/or Hair 12
Nutritional Edema with Dyspigmentation of Skin and Hair 12
Kwashiokor 12

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Metabolic diseases
Anatomical: Skin diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 32


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:13579
ICD9CM 34 260
MeSH 43 D007732
SNOMED-CT 67 58262005
ICD10 32 E40
UMLS 71 C0022806
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Summaries for Kwashiorkor

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Disease Ontology : 12 A protein-energy malnutrition that is characterized by severe lack of protein and edema or anasarca, has symptom swelling, gastrointestinal upset, dehydration, thin dry skin, and cough, and has material basis in severe deficit of protein, resulting in lack of albumin causing decreased oncotic pressure in the vasculature and increased activation of the renin-angiotensin axis and antidiuretic hormone.

MalaCards based summary : Kwashiorkor, also known as nutritional oedema with dyspigmentation of skin and/or hair, is related to protein-energy malnutrition and marasmus, and has symptoms including swelling An important gene associated with Kwashiorkor is ALB (Albumin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Folate Metabolism and FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks. The drugs Ceftriaxone and Anti-Infective Agents have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include skin, liver and testes.

Wikipedia : 74 Kwashiorkor is a form of severe protein malnutrition characterized by edema and an enlarged liver with... more...

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Related Diseases for Kwashiorkor

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Diseases related to Kwashiorkor via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 464)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 protein-energy malnutrition 31.4 TTR GPT ALB
2 marasmus 31.2 TTR SHBG OTP INS CD4 ANXA6
3 fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic 1 30.4 SLC17A5 INS GPT
4 pyridoxine deficiency anemia 30.3 SLC17A5 GPT F2
5 fatty liver disease 30.0 SLC17A5 INS GPT CRP ALB
6 deficiency anemia 29.8 TTR LCAT INS CRP ALB
7 exanthem 29.7 GPT F2 CRP CD4 ALB
8 cholestasis 29.7 SLC17A5 LCAT GPT F2 ALB
9 xerophthalmia 29.7 TTR CRP CD4
10 nutritional deficiency disease 29.6 TTR F2 CRP ALB
11 chickenpox 29.6 CRP CD4 ALB
12 liver disease 29.6 TTR SLC17A5 INS GPT F2 ALB
13 dysentery 29.4 TTR CRP CD4 ALB
14 pneumonia 29.4 TTR GPT F2 CRP ALB
15 glycogen storage disease 29.4 SLC17A5 INS CRP ALB
16 severe cutaneous adverse reaction 29.4 GPT CRP CD4 ALB
17 leptin deficiency or dysfunction 29.2 SHBG INS GPT CRP ALB
18 liver cirrhosis 29.2 TTR SLC17A5 INS GPT F2 CRP
19 portal hypertension 29.2 INS GPT F2 CD4 ALB
20 celiac disease 1 29.0 INS CRP CD4 ALB
21 vascular disease 28.5 LCAT INS F2 CRP CD4 ALB
22 malaria 28.3 TTR INS GPT F2 CRP CD4
23 heart disease 28.1 TTR INS GPT F2 CRP CD4
24 diabetes mellitus 27.9 SHBG LCAT INS GPT F2 CRP
25 body mass index quantitative trait locus 11 27.8 SLC17A5 SHBG LCAT INS GPT CRP
26 hypertension, essential 27.5 TTR SHBG LCAT INS GPT F2
27 dipetalonemiasis 10.6 GPT ALB
28 non-a-e hepatitis 10.6 F2 ALB
29 antipyrine metabolism 10.6 F2 ALB
30 heterophyiasis 10.5 GPT ALB
31 fournier gangrene 10.5 F2 ALB
32 familial lcat deficiency 10.5 LCAT ALB
33 hepatoportal sclerosis 10.5 GPT F2
34 dicrocoeliasis 10.5 GPT ALB
35 diarrhea 10.5
36 paraquat poisoning 10.5 SLC17A5 GPT
37 liver leiomyosarcoma 10.5 GPT F2
38 hypertensive encephalopathy 10.5 F2 ALB
39 blind loop syndrome 10.4 TTR ALB
40 cholecystitis 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
41 hepatic infarction 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
42 hepatic tuberculosis 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
43 hepatic coma 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
44 esophageal varix 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
45 methotrexate toxicity 10.4 SLC17A5 GPT
46 hepatorenal syndrome 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
47 hepatitis e 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
48 acute kidney failure 10.4 GPT F2 ALB
49 chronic duodenal ileus 10.4 CRP ALB
50 dengue hemorrhagic fever 10.4 GPT F2 ALB

Comorbidity relations with Kwashiorkor via Phenotypic Disease Network (PDN): (show all 13)


Active Peptic Ulcer Disease Acute Cystitis
Acute Kidney Failure Decubitus Ulcer
Deficiency Anemia Familial Atrial Fibrillation
Heart Disease Iron Deficiency Anemia
Paralytic Ileus Protein-Energy Malnutrition
Respiratory Failure Schizophreniform Disorder
Swallowing Disorders

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Kwashiorkor:



Diseases related to Kwashiorkor
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Kwashiorkor

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Symptoms:

12
  • • swelling
Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Kwashiorkor

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Drugs for Kwashiorkor (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 32)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Ceftriaxone Approved Phase 4 73384-59-5 5479530 5361919
2 Anti-Infective Agents Phase 4
3 Anti-Bacterial Agents Phase 4
4 Nutrients Phase 4
5 Trace Elements Phase 4
6 Micronutrients Phase 4
7
Sulfamethoxazole Approved Phase 3 723-46-6 5329
8
Trimethoprim Approved, Vet_approved Phase 3 738-70-5 5578
9
Azithromycin Approved Phase 2, Phase 3 83905-01-5 447043 55185
10 Antiparasitic Agents Phase 3
11 Antiprotozoal Agents Phase 3
12 Renal Agents Phase 3
13 Antimalarials Phase 3
14 Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary Phase 3
15 Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination Phase 3
16
Zidovudine Approved 30516-87-1 35370
17
Lamivudine Approved, Investigational 134678-17-4 60825
18
Nevirapine Approved 129618-40-2 4463
19
Cefdinir Approved 91832-40-5 6915944
20
Amoxicillin Approved, Vet_approved 26787-78-0 33613
21
Cysteine Approved, Nutraceutical 52-90-4 5862
22 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
23 Anti-Retroviral Agents
24 Anti-HIV Agents
25 Antimetabolites
26 Antioxidants
27 Antiviral Agents
28 Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers
29 Antibiotics, Antitubercular
30 Whey Protein
31
L-Alanine Nutraceutical 56-41-7 5950
32
Leucine Investigational, Nutraceutical 61-90-5 6106

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 24)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Day-care Based and Hospitalized Management of Severe and Very Severe Pneumonia, With Severe Malnutrition, With/Without Associated Co-morbidities in Children Completed NCT00968370 Phase 4
2 Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis Amongst HIV-uninfected Children With Severe Malnutrition Completed NCT00934492 Phase 3 Cotrimoxazole dispersible tablet;Placebo dispersible tablet
3 Randomized Controlled Trial of a Reduced Carbohydrate Formulation of F75 Therapeutic Milk Among Children With Severe Acute Malnutrition Completed NCT02246296 Phase 2, Phase 3
4 Efficacy of Supplemental Protein, Delivered Alone or in Combination With Treatment for Enteric Pathogens, to Prevent Growth Faltering in Bangladeshi Infants Recruiting NCT03683667 Phase 2, Phase 3 Azithromycin Oral Product;Placebos
5 Use of Low-level Laser Therapy on Children Aged One to Five Years With Energy-protein Malnutrition Unknown status NCT03355313
6 Effectiveness and Acceptability of Nutritional Rehabilitation Based on Ready-to-use Food in HIV-infected Children and Adolescents in Senegal: The Multicentre SNAC'S Study Unknown status NCT03101852
7 The Role of Sulfur Amino Acids in Risk of Kwashiorkor Completed NCT03520621
8 Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Kwashiorkor Completed NCT00429351
9 ART Pharmacokinetics, Mitochondrial Integrity, and Antioxidant Capacity in Severely Malnourished HIV-infected Malawian Children Completed NCT01529125 zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine
10 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Oral Antibiotics in the Community-based Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Malawian Children Completed NCT01000298 Placebo;Amoxicillin;Cefdinir
11 Glutathione Homeostasis and Oxidant Damage in Kwashiorkor Completed NCT00069134
12 A Randomized, Double-blind Pilot Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-optimized Ready-to-use Therapeutic Food, Compared to Standard RUTF, in the Therapy of Severe Acute Malnutrition Completed NCT02053857 Amoxicillin
13 Characterizing the Gut Microbiota Alteration Associated With Severe Acute Malnutrition Completed NCT02413905
14 Mothers Understand And Can do it - Mid Upper Arm Circumference Screening for Malnutrition Performed by Mothers of Children < 5 Years Old Completed NCT01790815
15 Developmental Contribution to Macronutrient Selection and Appetite Control in Adult Survivors of Kwashiorkor and Marasmus Completed NCT02257593
16 Impact of Protein Supplementation After Bariatric Surgery - a Randomized, Controlled, Double Blind Pilot Study Completed NCT02001636 Resource Instant Protein 88;Resource Maltodextrin
17 Testing the Effectiveness and Acceptance of Home-delivered Protein-rich Meals and Foods on the Intake of Community-dwelling Older Adults. Completed NCT03032237
18 Effect of a Complementary Food Supplement on Growth and Morbidity of Ghanaian Infants (6 to 18 Months) Completed NCT03181178
19 Another Revisional Strategy to Address Severe Late Complications After Previous Biliopancreatic Diversion for Obesity: Major Revision From Standard Biliopancreatic Diversion to Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Completed NCT01041456
20 One-stage Laparoscopic Revision of Failed and/or Complicated Jejunoileal Bypass to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Completed NCT01040533
21 Formative Research on the Use of Egg as a Nutritional Supplement for Young Bangladeshi Children and Breast Milk Nutrient Content of Bangladeshi Women Recruiting NCT03140696
22 Sarcopenia Prevention With a Targeted Exercise and Protein Supplementation Program Recruiting NCT03417531
23 Acute Effect of Protein Intake During Dialysis on Intradialytic Blood Pressure, 24-hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness Indices in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. Not yet recruiting NCT03947710
24 Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Evaluate the Benefit of Antihelminthic Therapy in the Community-Based Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Malawian Children Withdrawn NCT01395381 Placebo;Albendazole

Search NIH Clinical Center for Kwashiorkor

Cochrane evidence based reviews: kwashiorkor

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Genetic Tests for Kwashiorkor

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Anatomical Context for Kwashiorkor

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Kwashiorkor:

40
Skin, Liver, Testes, Bone, Heart, Pancreas, Thyroid
Sources

Publications for Kwashiorkor

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Articles related to Kwashiorkor:

(show top 50) (show all 1767)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
Effect of Malnutrition on Hearing Loss in Children. 61
31821252 2020
2
Nutritional Treatment of a Young Infant with Cystic Fibrosis Presenting with Severe Kwashiorkor Dermatosis. 61
30897613 2019
3
Phenotype is sustained during hospital readmissions following treatment for complicated severe malnutrition among Kenyan children: A retrospective cohort study. 61
31756291 2019
4
An unusual case of pericardial effusion. 61
31475645 2019
5
Lysosome-Rich Enterocytes Mediate Protein Absorption in the Vertebrate Gut. 61
31474562 2019
6
Gut Microbiota Alteration is Characterized by a Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria Bloom in Kwashiorkor and a Bacteroidetes Paucity in Marasmus. 61
31235833 2019
7
Switching to normal diet reverses kwashiorkor-induced salivary impairments via increased nitric oxide level and expression of aquaporin 5 in the submandibular glands of male Wistar rats. 61
30212637 2019
8
Assessment of Myocardial Function in Kenyan Children With Severe, Acute Malnutrition: The Cardiac Physiology in Malnutrition (CAPMAL) Study. 61
30901050 2019
9
Presence of unreported carcinogens, Aflatoxins and their hydroxylated metabolites, in industrialized Oaxaca cheese from Mexico City. 61
30468840 2019
10
Nutrition, the visceral immune system, and the evolutionary origins of pathogenic obesity. 61
30598443 2019
11
Time-to-recovery from severe acute malnutrition in children 6-59 months of age enrolled in the outpatient treatment program in Shebedino, Southern Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study. 61
30691437 2019
12
Acute kwashiorkor in the setting of cerebral palsy and pancreatic insufficiency. 61
30758347 2019
13
Lost in Aggregation: The Geographic Distribution of Kwashiorkor in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. 61
30136596 2018
14
Acute presentation of post-operative kwashiorkor and refeeding syndrome complicated by chronic Strongyloides infection in an elderly patient. 61
30182412 2018
15
Filling the Gaps for Enhancing the Effectiveness of Community-Based Programs Combining Treatment and Prevention of Child Malnutrition: Results from the Rainbow Project 2015⁻17 in Zambia. 61
30131480 2018
16
The Nail Flag Sign: Case Report in a Man with Diverticulitis and Review of Dermatology Flag Sign of the Hair, Skin, and Nails. 61
30197851 2018
17
Choline Supplementation Prevents a Hallmark Disturbance of Kwashiorkor in Weanling Mice Fed a Maize Vegetable Diet: Hepatic Steatosis of Undernutrition. 61
29786674 2018
18
50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Do We Know How to Treat Kwashiorkor? 61
29703355 2018
19
Importance of Serum Amino Acid Profile for Induction of Hepatic Steatosis under Protein Malnutrition. 61
29615653 2018
20
Malaria and Malnutrition: Kwashiorkor Associated with Low Levels of Parasitaemia. 61
30533212 2018
21
Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) shows strong geographical variations in children with edema: results from 2277 surveys in 55 countries. 61
30181875 2018
22
Modifying Intestinal Integrity and Micro Biome in Severe Malnutrition with Legume-Based Feeds (MIMBLE 2.0): protocol for a phase II refined feed and intervention trial. 61
30345381 2018
23
Outcomes of children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition at the GADO Outpatient Therapeutic Center in Cameroon. 61
29361980 2018
24
Aflatoxin exposure in Nigerian children with severe acute malnutrition. 61
29175577 2018
25
Developmental and behavioural problems in children with severe acute malnutrition in Malawi: A cross-sectional study. 61
29302321 2017
26
Genome sequence and description of Mobilicoccus massiliensis sp. nov. isolated from the stool of a Nigerian boy with kwashiorkor. 61
29158905 2017
27
The nutritional limitations of plant-based beverages in infancy and childhood. 61
29130721 2017
28
From Kwashiorkor to Edematous Malnutrition. 61
28984257 2017
29
Severe childhood malnutrition. 61
28933421 2017
30
A child with kwashiorkor misdiagnosed as atopic dermatitis. 61
28537869 2017
31
[Acute malnutrition in children]. 61
28504629 2017
32
Genome sequence and description of Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the gut of patient with kwashiorkor. 61
28289546 2017
33
Myocardial and haemodynamic responses to two fluid regimens in African children with severe malnutrition and hypovolaemic shock (AFRIM study). 61
28468633 2017
34
Molecular Evidence for Differential Long-term Outcomes of Early Life Severe Acute Malnutrition. 61
28330812 2017
35
Treatment outcomes of severe acute malnutrition in children treated within Outpatient Therapeutic Program (OTP) at Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: retrospective cross-sectional study. 61
28279227 2017
36
Gut Bacteria Missing in Severe Acute Malnutrition, Can We Identify Potential Probiotics by Culturomics? 61
28588566 2017
37
Should first-line empiric treatment strategies cover coagulase-negative staphylococcal infections in severely malnourished or HIV-infected children in Kenya? 61
28787002 2017
38
Metabolomic Changes in Serum of Children with Different Clinical Diagnoses of Malnutrition. 61
27807038 2016
39
Kwashiorkor: an unexpected complication to anorexia nervosa. 61
27852657 2016
40
'Flaviflexus massiliensis', a new bacterial species isolated from the human gut. 61
27621821 2016
41
Tessaracoccus massiliensis sp. nov., a new bacterial species isolated from the human gut. 61
27358740 2016
42
Anaerococcus rubiinfantis sp. nov., isolated from the gut microbiota of a Senegalese infant with severe acute malnutrition. 61
27328611 2016
43
Daily co-trimoxazole prophylaxis to prevent mortality in children with complicated severe acute malnutrition: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. 61
27265353 2016
44
Anaeromassilibacillus senegalensis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the gut of a child with kwashiorkor. 61
27330815 2016
45
Iatrogenic kwashiorkor after distal gastric bypass surgery: the consequences of receiving multinational treatment. 61
26908419 2016
46
Genome sequence and description of Desnuesiella massiliensis gen. nov., sp. nov. a new member of family Clostridiaceae. 61
27158511 2016
47
Noncontiguous finished genome sequence and description of Bacillus andreraoultii strain SIT1(T) sp. nov. 61
27257486 2016
48
Prevalence and outcome of severe malnutrition in children less than five-year-old in Omdurman Paediatric Hospital, Sudan. 61
27651550 2016
49
Developmental contributions to macronutrient selection: a randomized controlled trial in adult survivors of malnutrition. 61
26817484 2016
50
Treatment outcome and factors affecting time to recovery in children with severe acute malnutrition treated at outpatient therapeutic care program. 61
27396484 2016
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Variations for Kwashiorkor

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Expression for Kwashiorkor

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Kwashiorkor.
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Pathways for Kwashiorkor

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Pathways related to Kwashiorkor according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
Folate Metabolism 1
Show member pathways
 11.59 INS F2 CRP ALB
2
FOXA2 and FOXA3 transcription factor networks 1
10.57 TTR INS F2 ALB
3
Cori Cycle 1
10.36 INS GPT
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GO Terms for Kwashiorkor

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Cellular components related to Kwashiorkor according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 extracellular region GO:0005576 9.76 TTR LCN1 LCAT INS F2 CRP
2 endoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0005788 9.26 CD4 INS F2 ALB
3 extracellular space GO:0005615 9.23 TTR LCN1 LCAT INS F2 CRP

Biological processes related to Kwashiorkor according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 cellular protein metabolic process GO:0044267 9.46 INS ALB F2 TTR
2 high-density lipoprotein particle remodeling GO:0034375 9.32 LCAT ALB
3 negative regulation of blood vessel diameter GO:0097756 9.26 INS CRP
4 negative regulation of protein oligomerization GO:0032460 8.96 INS ALB
5 acute-phase response GO:0006953 8.8 INS CRP F2
Sources

Sources for Kwashiorkor

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HMDB
31 HPO
32 ICD10
33 ICD10 via Orphanet
34 ICD9CM
35 IUPHAR
36 KEGG
37 LifeMap
39 LOVD
41 MedGen
43 MeSH
44 MESH via Orphanet
45 MGI
48 NCI
49 NCIt
50 NDF-RT
53 NINDS
54 Novoseek
56 OMIM
57 OMIM via Orphanet
61 PubMed
63 QIAGEN
68 SNOMED-CT via HPO
69 TGDB
70 Tocris
71 UMLS
72 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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