Large Intestine Adenoma disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

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Aliases & Classifications for Large Intestine Adenoma

MalaCards integrated aliases for Large Intestine Adenoma:

Name: Large Intestine Adenoma ¹² ¹⁵

Adenoma of Large Intestine ⁷²

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Cancer diseases
Anatomical: Gastrointestinal diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:0050914

UMLS ⁷² C1302401

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Summaries for Large Intestine Adenoma

Disease Ontology : ¹² An intestinal benign neoplasm that has material basis in epithelial tissue with glandular origin and is located in the large intestine.

MalaCards based summary : Large Intestine Adenoma, also known as adenoma of large intestine, is related to adenoma and cystic echinococcosis. An important gene associated with Large Intestine Adenoma is CES2 (Carboxylesterase 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Metabolism and Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type. The drugs leucovorin and Folic acid have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include large intestine.

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Related Diseases for Large Intestine Adenoma

Diseases related to Large Intestine Adenoma via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 20)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	adenoma	10.2
2	cystic echinococcosis	10.1	CES2 CES1
3	egasyn	10.1	GUSB CES1
4	parasitic helminthiasis infectious disease	10.0	CES2 CES1
5	crigler-najjar syndrome, type i	9.9	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
6	kernicterus	9.9	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
7	choledocholithiasis	9.9	UGT1A1 GUSB
8	descending colon cancer	9.9	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
9	pigmentation disease	9.8	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
10	dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase deficiency	9.8	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
11	large intestine cancer	9.8
12	acetaminophen metabolism	9.8	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
13	bilirubin metabolic disorder	9.7	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
14	inherited metabolic disorder	9.7	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
15	cholelithiasis	9.6	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
16	sickle cell anemia	9.4	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
17	bilirubin, serum level of, quantitative trait locus 1	9.2	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
18	crigler-najjar syndrome, type ii	9.2	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
19	leber congenital amaurosis 4	9.2	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
20	gilbert syndrome	9.1	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Large Intestine Adenoma:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Large Intestine Adenoma

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Large Intestine Adenoma

Drugs for Large Intestine Adenoma (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 10)

#

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

1

leucovorin

Approved

58-05-9

143 6006

Synonyms:

(5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl)glutamate

(6R,S)-5-Formyltetrahydrofolate

10-Formyl-7,8-dihydrofolate

10-Formyl-7,8-dihydrofolic acid

5 Formyltetrahydrofolate

5 Formyltetrahydropteroylglutamate

5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate

5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid

5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl-L-glutamic acid

5-formyltetrahydrofolate

5-Formyltetrahydrofolate

5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid

5-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid

5-Formyltetrahydropteroylglutamate

5-Formyltetrahydropteroylglutamic acid

5-formylTHF

Acid, folinic

Acide folinique

Acido folinico

Calcium citrovorum factor

Calcium folinate

Calcium leucovorin

Citrovorum factor

Factor, citrovorum

Folinate

Folinate, calcium

Folinic acid

Folinic acid calcium salt

Folinic acid calcium salt USP27

Folinic acid SF

Folinic acid-SF

L(-)-5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate

L(-)-5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid

Leucal

Leucovorin

Leucovorin calcium

Leucovorin folinic acid

Leucovorin, (D)-isomer

Leucovorin, (DL)-isomer

Leucovorin, (R)-isomer

Leucovorin, calcium

Leucovorin, calcium (1:1) salt

Leucovorin, calcium (1:1) salt, (DL)-isomer

Leucovorin, calcium (1:1) salt, pentahydrate

Leucovorin, monosodium salt

Leucovorinum

Leukovorin

Leukovorum

Levoleucovorin

L-leucovorin

L-Leucovorin

L-N-[P-[[(2-amino-5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4-hydroxy-6-pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-glutamic acid

Monosodium salt leucovorin

N(5)-Formyltetrahydrofolate

N-(5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteroyl)-L-glutamic acid

N5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate

N5-Formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid

N5-Formyltetrahydrofolate

N5-Formyltetrahydrofolic acid

Rescuvolin

Welcovorin

Wellcovorin

2

Folic acid

Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved

59-30-3

6037

Synonyms:

(2S)-2-[[4-[(2-amino-4-oxo-1H-pteridin-6-yl)methylamino]benzoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid

01769_FLUKA

2d0k

33609-88-0

36653-55-1 (mono-potassium salt)

59-30-3

6484-89-5 (mono-hydrochloride salt)

AC-11682

AC1L1LNX

Acfol (Spain)

Acide folique

Acide folique [INN-French]

Acido folico

ácido fólico

Acido folico [INN-Spanish]

Acidum folicum

Acidum folicum [INN-Latin]

Acifolic

AI3-26387

AKOS000503224

Antianemia factor

Apo-Folic

ARONIS014410

b9, Vitamin

BIDD:ER0563

BIDD:GT0641

BIF0608

bmse000299

BPBio1_000654

BSPBio_000594

BSPBio_002338

C00504

C20H20N6O6

CAS-59-30-3

CCRIS 666

CHEBI:27470

CHEMBL1622

CID6037

CPD000471860

Cytofol

D00070

DB00158

DivK1c_000494

Dosfolat b activ

Dosfolat B activ

EINECS 200-419-0

F0043

F7876_SIAL

F7876_SIGMA

F8758_SIGMA

F8798_SIAL

F8890_SIGMA

Facid

Factor U

FOL

Folacid

Folacin

Folaemin

Folaemin [Netherlands]

Folan

Folasic (Australia)

Folate

Folbal

Folcidin

Folcidin (VAN)

Folcysteine

Foldine

Foldine [France]

Folettes

Foliamin

Folic

folic acid

Folic acid

Folic acid (JP15/USP/INN)

Folic acid (TN)

Folic acid [BAN:INN:JAN]

Folic acid [INN:BAN:JAN]

Folic acid dihydrate

Folic acid, (D)-isomer

Folic acid, (DL)-isomer

Folic acid, calcium salt (1:1)

Folic acid, monopotassium salt

Folic acid, monosodium salt

Folic acid, potassium salt

Folic acid, sodium salt

Folicet

Folicet (TN)

Folico

Folico (Italy)

Folina

Folina (Italy)

Folipac

Folsaeure

Folsan

Folsaure

Folsäure

Folsav

Folvite

Folvron

Glutamic acid, N-(p-(((2-amino-4-hydroxypyrimido(4,5-b)pyrazin-6-yl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-, L

HMS1921D20

HMS2092N17

HMS501I16

HSDB 2002

IDI1_000494

Incafolic

InChI=1/C19H19N7O6/c20-19-25-15-14(17(30)26-19)23-11(8-22-15)7-21-10-3-1-9(2-4-10)16(29)24-12(18(31)32)5-6-13(27)28/h1-4,8,12,21H,5-7H2,(H,24,29)(H,27,28)(H,31,32)(H3,20,22,25,26,30)/t12-/m0/s

KBio1_000494

KBio2_001861

KBio2_004429

KBio2_006997

KBio3_001558

KBioGR_002222

KBioSS_001861

Kyselina listova

Kyselina listova [Czech]

Liver lactobacillus casei factor

Liver Lactobacillus casei factor

LS-2157

Millafol

Mission prenatal

Mittafol

MLS001304016

MLS001335861

MolPort-004-285-551

N-(4-(((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzo- yl)-L-glutamic acid

N-(4-((2-Amino-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

N-(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

N-(p-(((2-Amino-4-hydroxy-6-pteridinyl)methyl)amino)benzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamate

N-[(4-{[(2-amino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropteridin-6-yl)methyl]amino}phenyl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid

N-[4-[[(2-amino-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-6-Pteridinyl)methyl]amino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid

NCGC00016265-01

NCGC00142391-01

nchembio.108-comp10

Nifolin

Nifolin [Denmark]

NINDS_000494

Novofolacid

Novofolacid [Canada]

N-Pteroyl-L-glutamate

N-pteroyl-L-glutamic acid

N-Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid

NSC 3073

PGA

PGA (VAN)

Prestwick_230

Prestwick3_000627

PteGlu

Pteroylglutamate

Pteroylglutamic acid

Pteroyl-L-glutamate

Pteroyl-L-glutamic acid

Pteroyl-L-monoglutamate

Pteroyl-L-monoglutamic acid

Pteroylmonoglutamate

Pteroylmonoglutamic acid

SAM002264616

SDCCGMLS-0066738.P001

Serum Folate Level

SMP2_000137

SMR000471860

SPBio_001357

Spectrum_001381

SPECTRUM1502020

Spectrum2_001459

Spectrum3_000749

Spectrum4_001751

Spectrum5_000602

UNII-935E97BOY8

Usaf cb-13

Vitamin B11

Vitamin b9

Vitamin B9

Vitamin Bc

Vitamin BC

Vitamin be

Vitamin Be

Vitamin m

Vitamin M

3

Micronutrients

4

Hematinics

5

Trace Elements

6

Vitamins

7

Folate

8

Vitamin B9

9

Vitamin B Complex

10

Nutrients

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID
1	Comparison of Adenoma Detection by Polypectomy During Both Insertion and Withdrawal Versus Only Withdrawal of Colonoscopy: a Randomized, Controlled Trial	Completed	NCT01925833
2	The Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS) Folic Acid Prevention Trial	Completed	NCT00512850
3	Single Center Prospective Evaluation Utilizing a Double Balloon Accessory Device to Facilitate Complex Endoscopic Polypectomy in Large Intestine	Completed	NCT03551379

Search NIH Clinical Center for Large Intestine Adenoma

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Genetic Tests for Large Intestine Adenoma

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Anatomical Context for Large Intestine Adenoma

The Foundational Model of Anatomy Ontology organs/tissues related to Large Intestine Adenoma:

¹⁹

Large Intestine

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Publications for Large Intestine Adenoma

Articles related to Large Intestine Adenoma:

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Does human papilloma virus participate in colorectal carcinogenesis? ³⁸	Snietura M...Muc-Wierzgon M	23241125	2012
2	[Serrated adenoma of large intestine: report of 7 cases]. ³⁸	Liu SD...Wan TM	12390795	2002
3	[A clinicopathological study of 3 dimensional structure in adenoma of large intestine]. ³⁸	Zhang Y...Takahashi T	8732093	1995
4	[Colonoscopy monitoring intervals after polypectomy of adenomas of the large intestine in patients younger than 40 years of age]. ³⁸	Batovsky M...Slugen I	7812850	1994

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Genes for Large Intestine Adenoma

Genes related to Large Intestine Adenoma (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	CES2	Carboxylesterase 2	Protein Coding	15.76	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
2	CES1	Carboxylesterase 1	Protein Coding	15.6	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
3	GUSB	Glucuronidase Beta	Protein Coding	15.34	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
4	UGT1A6	UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A6	Protein Coding	14.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
5	UGT1A8	UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A8	Protein Coding	14.86	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
6	UGT1A1	UDP Glucuronosyltransferase Family 1 Member A1	Protein Coding	14.85	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

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Variations for Large Intestine Adenoma

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Expression for Large Intestine Adenoma

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Large Intestine Adenoma.

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Pathways for Large Intestine Adenoma

Pathways related to Large Intestine Adenoma according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 15)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Metabolism ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Metabolic pathways ³⁷ Metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins ⁶⁶	13.58	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 GUSB CES2 CES1
2	Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Amine Oxidase reactions ⁶⁶ Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling ⁶⁶ Benzo(a)pyrene metabolism ¹ Biological oxidations ⁶⁶ bupropion degradation ¹ CYP2E1 reactions ⁶⁶ Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules ⁶⁶ Eicosanoids ⁶⁶ Endogenous sterols ⁶⁶ Estradiol metabolism ²² Ethanol oxidation ⁶⁶ Fatty Acid Omega Oxidation ¹ Fatty acids ⁶⁶ Lidocaine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Metapathway biotransformation ¹ Methylation ⁶⁶ Methylphenidate Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Miscellaneous substrates ⁶⁶ Oxidation by Cytochrome P450 ¹ Phase 1 - Functionalization of compounds ⁶⁶ Phase II conjugation ⁶⁶ Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 ⁶⁶ Transport and synthesis of PAPS ⁶⁶ Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) metabolism ²² vitamin D3 biosynthesis ¹ Vitamins ⁶⁶ Xenobiotics ⁶⁶	12.77	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 CES2 CES1
3	Glucose / Energy Metabolism ⁴	12.16	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
4	Porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism ³⁷ Show member pathways Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism ³⁷ Catabolism of glucuronate to xylulose-5-phosphate ⁶⁶ D-glucuronate degradation ¹ Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate ⁶⁶ Glucuronidation ⁶⁶ Glucuronidation ¹ heme biosynthesis ¹ Heme biosynthesis ⁶⁶ Heme Biosynthesis ¹ heme biosynthesis from uroporphyrinogen-III I ¹ heme degradation ¹ Heme degradation ⁶⁶ Metabolism of porphyrins ⁶⁶ Pentose and glucuronate interconversions ³⁷ tetrapyrrole biosynthesis ¹	11.91	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 GUSB
5	Drug metabolism - cytochrome P450 ³⁷ Show member pathways Aflatoxin B1 metabolism ¹ Artemisinin and Derivatives Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Arylamine metabolism ¹ Benzo[a]pyrene metabolism ²² Benzodiazepine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Celecoxib Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Chemical carcinogenesis ³⁷ Drug metabolism - other enzymes ³⁷ Fluoxetine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Fluvoxamine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Haloperidol Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Ifosfamide Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 ³⁷ Naproxen Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Nicotine Metabolism ¹ Nicotine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Retinol metabolism ³⁷ Retinol metabolism ²² Sertraline Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Voriconazole Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹	11.83	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 GUSB CES2 CES1
6	Acetaminophen Pathway (therapeutic doses), Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Show member pathways 2-Naphthylamine and 2-Nitronaphtalene metabolism ²² Acetaminophen metabolism ²² Acetaminophen Pathway (toxic doses), Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹	11.48	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
7	NRF2 pathway ¹	11.42	UGT1A6 UGT1A1 CES2 CES1
8	E2F transcription factor network ¹	11.41	CES2 CES1
9	Phenytoin Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Show member pathways Atomoxetine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Carbamazepine Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Cyclophosphamide Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Efavirenz Pathway, Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹ Sorafenib Pharmacokinetics ⁶¹	11.34	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
10	Steroid hormone biosynthesis ³⁷ Show member pathways allopregnanolone biosynthesis ¹	11.32	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
11	the visual cycle I (vertebrates) ¹ Show member pathways retinol biosynthesis ¹ The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) ⁶⁶	11.26	CES2 CES1
12	Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway ¹	11.19	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
13	Constitutive Androstane Receptor Pathway ¹	10.98	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
14	Estrogen metabolism ¹ Show member pathways Estrogen Metabolism Pathway ⁶¹	10.86	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
15	Phase I biotransformations, non P450 ¹	10.34	CES2 CES1

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GO Terms for Large Intestine Adenoma

Cellular components related to Large Intestine Adenoma according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	GO:0043231	9.26	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 GUSB
2	endoplasmic reticulum	GO:0005783	9.02	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1 CES2 CES1

Biological processes related to Large Intestine Adenoma according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	xenobiotic metabolic process	GO:0006805	9.5	UGT1A6 CES2 CES1
2	steroid metabolic process	GO:0008202	9.46	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
3	negative regulation of catalytic activity	GO:0043086	9.43	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
4	retinoic acid metabolic process	GO:0042573	9.4	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
5	cellular glucuronidation	GO:0052695	9.37	UGT1A6 UGT1A1
6	flavone metabolic process	GO:0051552	9.26	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
7	negative regulation of steroid metabolic process	GO:0045939	9.16	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
8	xenobiotic glucuronidation	GO:0052697	9.13	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
9	flavonoid glucuronidation	GO:0052696	8.8	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1

Molecular functions related to Large Intestine Adenoma according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protein heterodimerization activity	GO:0046982	9.65	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
2	transferase activity, transferring glycosyl groups	GO:0016757	9.54	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
3	carboxylic ester hydrolase activity	GO:0052689	9.46	CES2 CES1
4	enzyme inhibitor activity	GO:0004857	9.43	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
5	transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups	GO:0016758	9.43	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
6	steroid binding	GO:0005496	9.4	UGT1A8 UGT1A1
7	glucuronosyltransferase activity	GO:0015020	9.33	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
8	methylumbelliferyl-acetate deacetylase activity	GO:0047374	9.32	CES2 CES1
9	retinoic acid binding	GO:0001972	9.13	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1
10	UDP-glycosyltransferase activity	GO:0008194	8.8	UGT1A8 UGT1A6 UGT1A1

Sources

Sources for Large Intestine Adenoma

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ TGDB

⁷¹ Tocris

⁷² UMLS

⁷³ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁴ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁵ Wikipedia