Macular Holes disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: MCL003 MIFTS: 45	Macular Holes Categories: Eye diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

Sources

Aliases & Classifications for Macular Holes

MalaCards integrated aliases for Macular Holes:

Name: Macular Holes ¹² ⁵⁵ ¹⁵ ⁷³

Macular Hole ¹² ¹⁵

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Eye diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:7633

MeSH ⁴⁴ D012167

NCIt ⁵⁰ C34795

UMLS ⁷³ C0024441

Sources

Summaries for Macular Holes

MalaCards based summary : Macular Holes, also known as macular hole, is related to microvascular complications of diabetes 5 and vitreous detachment. An important gene associated with Macular Holes is TGFB2 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Human cytomegalovirus infection and Immune response IFN gamma signaling pathway. The drugs Ranibizumab and Verteporfin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, retina and endothelial, and related phenotype is immune system.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁶ A macular hole is a small break in the macula, located in the center of the eye''s light-sensitive... more...

Sources

Related Diseases for Macular Holes

Diseases related to Macular Holes via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 121)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	microvascular complications of diabetes 5	30.8	ANGPT2 SERPINF1 VEGFA
2	vitreous detachment	30.7	KCNMA1 LHFPL5 VEGFA
3	macular dystrophy, dominant cystoid	30.7	SERPINF1 VEGFA
4	central retinal vein occlusion	30.6	SERPINF1 VEGFA
5	macular retinal edema	30.5	CCL2 KCNMA1 VEGFA
6	retinal vein occlusion	30.4	CCL2 SERPINF1 VEGFA
7	macular degeneration, age-related, 1	30.3	CCL2 KCNMA1 SERPINF1 VEGFA
8	vitreoretinopathy, neovascular inflammatory	30.1	ADM CCL2 TGFB2
9	diabetic macular edema	30.1	CCL2 SERPINF1 VEGFA
10	microvascular complications of diabetes 1	29.8	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 SERPINF1 TGFB2 VEGFA
11	retinal disease	11.1
12	retinal detachment	11.0
13	myopia	10.7
14	cataract	10.5
15	microvascular complications of diabetes 2	10.4
16	degos 'en cocarde' erythrokeratoderma	10.4
17	alport syndrome, x-linked	10.3
18	retinitis	10.3
19	retinitis pigmentosa	10.3
20	leber congenital amaurosis 4	10.3
21	coats disease	10.3
22	uveitis	10.3
23	neuropathy	10.2
24	chorioretinitis	10.2
25	exudative vitreoretinopathy	10.2
26	telangiectasis	10.2
27	macular telangiectasia type 2	10.2
28	preretinal fibrosis	10.1	TGFB2 VEGFA
29	neovascular glaucoma	10.1	TGFB2 VEGFA
30	choroideremia	10.1
31	neuroretinitis	10.1
32	kuhnt-junius degeneration	10.1
33	optic nerve disease	10.1
34	scotoma	10.1
35	streptococcal group a invasive disease	10.1
36	shaken baby syndrome	10.1
37	pyogenic granuloma	10.1	ANGPT2 VEGFA
38	angiodysplasia	10.1	ANGPT2 VEGFA
39	background diabetic retinopathy	10.1	ANGPT2 VEGFA
40	diabetic cataract	10.1	SERPINF1 VEGFA
41	lipodermatosclerosis	10.1	ANGPT2 VEGFA
42	eales disease	10.1	SERPINF1 VEGFA
43	peyronie's disease	10.1	CCL2 TGFB2
44	coloboma of macula	10.0
45	myotonic dystrophy 1	10.0
46	bietti crystalline corneoretinal dystrophy	10.0
47	gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina	10.0
48	retinoschisis 1, x-linked, juvenile	10.0
49	acute insulin response	10.0
50	stargardt disease	10.0

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Macular Holes:

Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Macular Holes

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Macular Holes:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	immune system	MP:0005387	9.28	ADM ALOX5AP ANGPT2 CCL2 MIF PTGDS

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Macular Holes

Drugs for Macular Holes (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 105)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Ranibizumab

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

347396-82-1

459903

Verteporfin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

129497-78-5

Immunologic Factors

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Angiogenesis Modulating Agents

Phase 4,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Photosensitizing Agents

Phase 4

Dermatologic Agents

Phase 4

Indomethacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

53-86-1

3715

Diclofenac

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 3

15307-86-5

3033

Nepafenac

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

78281-72-8

151075

Dinoprostone

Approved

Phase 3

363-24-6

5280360

Hyaluronic acid

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 3

9004-61-9

53477741

Lutein

Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 3,Not Applicable

127-40-2

6433159

Bromfenac

Approved July 1997

Phase 3

91714-94-2

60726

Antirheumatic Agents

Phase 3

Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Plasminogen

Phase 3,Phase 2

Fibrinolytic Agents

Phase 3,Phase 2

Tocolytic Agents

Phase 3

Lubricant Eye Drops

Phase 3

Analgesics

Phase 3

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Phase 3

Analgesics, Non-Narcotic

Phase 3

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

Phase 3

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Ophthalmic Solutions

Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Mitogens

Phase 2

Dexamethasone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 1,Not Applicable

50-02-2

5743

Dexamethasone acetate

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 1,Not Applicable

1177-87-3

Hormones

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Hormone Antagonists

Phase 1,Not Applicable

glucocorticoids

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists

Phase 1,Not Applicable

BB 1101

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Dexamethasone 21-phosphate

Phase 1

Autonomic Agents

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal

Phase 1,Not Applicable

HIV Protease Inhibitors

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Antiemetics

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Gastrointestinal Agents

Phase 1,Not Applicable

protease inhibitors

Phase 1,Not Applicable

Temazepam

Approved, Investigational

Not Applicable

846-50-4

5391

Triamcinolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Not Applicable

124-94-7

31307

Mycophenolic acid

Approved

24280-93-1

446541

Infliximab

Approved

170277-31-3

Methotrexate

Approved

59-05-2, 1959-05-2

126941

Prednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

50-24-8

5755

Azathioprine

Approved

446-86-6

2265

rituximab

Approved

174722-31-7

10201696

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 125)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Study of Surgery in Patients With Idiopathic Macular Hole	Unknown status	NCT02905409	Phase 4
2	Effects of Different Area of Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling (ILM) Peeling on Anatomical Outcomes in Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT02930369	Phase 4
3	Assessment of Patients Treated With JETREA® for Vitreomacular Traction	Completed	NCT02035748	Phase 4	Ocriplasmin
4	Ocriplasmin for Vitreomacular Traction/Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion	Completed	NCT02322229	Phase 4	Ocriplasmin 0.125 mg in a 0.1 mL volume
5	Cohort Study of the Clinical Course of Macular Diseases in Kagawa	Recruiting	NCT02321267	Phase 4	ranibizumab, aflibercept, pegaptanib, verteporphin
6	Day Regimes of CONbercept on CytokinEs of PDR Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy - Trial (CONCEPT)	Recruiting	NCT03506750	Phase 4	IVC
7	Brilliant Blue Versus Indocyanine Green	Unknown status	NCT01083004	Phase 3
8	Safety and Efficacy of Double Staining With Brilliant Blue G for Macular Surgery	Unknown status	NCT01820520	Phase 3	brilliant blue G
9	Ocriplasmin for Treatment for Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion Including Macular Hole	Completed	NCT01429441	Phase 3	Ocriplasmin
10	Association of Lutein, Zeaxanthin and Brilliant Blue in Chromovitrectomy	Completed	NCT01627977	Phase 3
11	Trial of Microplasmin Intravitreal Injection for Non-Surgical Treatment of Focal Vitreomacular Adhesion. The MIVI-TRUST (TG-MV-007) Trial.	Completed	NCT00798317	Phase 3	Ocriplasmin 125µg;Placebo
12	PGE2 Levels in Patient Treated With NSAIDs	Completed	NCT03597867	Phase 3	Dicloftil;Nevanac;Indom;Yellox
13	A Phase III Study of A01016 in Subjects With Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion	Completed	NCT01889251	Phase 3	Ocriplasmin;Sham injection
14	Effects of Pneumatic Vitreolysis on Vitreomacular Traction	Recruiting	NCT03647267	Phase 3
15	Intravitreal Microplasmin in Patients Undergoing Surgical Vitrectomy	Completed	NCT00123279	Phase 2	Microplasmin
16	Effects of Pneumatic Vitreolysis on Macular Hole	Recruiting	NCT03677869	Phase 2
17	Analysis of Aqueous and Vitreous Humor	Recruiting	NCT02067013	Phase 2	Ranibizumab
18	Study of OT-551 Eye Drops to Prevent or Delay Progression of Nuclear Cataracts Following Vitreous Removal	Terminated	NCT00333060	Phase 2	OT-551 ophthalmic solution
19	PK Study of Iontophoretic Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution in Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy	Completed	NCT02644694	Phase 1	Dexamethasone Phosphate Ophthalmic Solution
20	Inverted ILM Repositioning as Treatment for Full Thickness Macular Holes	Unknown status	NCT01228188	Not Applicable
21	Early Vitrectomy for Impending Macular Hole	Unknown status	NCT01121965	Not Applicable
22	Macular Hole Surgery With and Without Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling：A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis	Unknown status	NCT01687829
23	The Intravitreal Autologous Platelet Concentrate Injection as an Adjunct of Vitrectomy for the Treatment of Refractory Macular Holes	Unknown status	NCT02081170	Not Applicable
24	Comparison of Postoperative Aqueous Flare After 20G Versus 23G Pars Plana Vitrectomy	Unknown status	NCT01969929	Not Applicable
25	Early Vitrectomy for Macular Tractional Maculopathy	Unknown status	NCT01121978	Not Applicable
26	Double Endotamponade With Perfluorodecalin and Silicone Oil in Retinal Detachment Surgery.	Unknown status	NCT01959568	Not Applicable
27	Comparison of Two Techniques for Epiretinal or Internal Limiting Membrane Peel	Unknown status	NCT00892619	Not Applicable
28	Optical Coherence Tomography - Rescan During Dissection of Macular Membranes	Unknown status	NCT02748421	Not Applicable
29	Spectral-domain Optical Coherence Tomography of the Eye	Unknown status	NCT02614625
30	Causes of Visual Loss in Retinal Disease	Unknown status	NCT01613963		Immunosuppressive Agents
31	Optical Coherence Tomography-based Positioning for Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT02650739
32	Preoperative Progression of Macular Holes	Completed	NCT02203929
33	Postoperative Positioning After Surgery for Macular Holes	Completed	NCT01974310	Not Applicable
34	Foveal Cone Outer Segment Resumption to Predict Visual Recovery After Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT01381965	Not Applicable
35	Observation of Recovery of Foveal Cone Microstructures After Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT01306487
36	High Myopia Macular Hole and Retinal Detachment Treated With Double ILM Flaps	Completed	NCT03174639	Not Applicable
37	Air Tamponade in Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT01680068	Not Applicable
38	Macular Hole After Diabetic Vitrectomy	Completed	NCT03525899
39	Unveiling Preclinical Idiopathic Macular Hole Formation	Completed	NCT02180633
40	Air Tamponade in Macular Holes < 400 μm	Completed	NCT02028481	Not Applicable
41	Trial of Prognostic Factors and Surgical Methods for the Treatment of Idiopathic Macular Holes	Completed	NCT00302328	Not Applicable
42	Fundus Autofluorescence After Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT02628262
43	Comparative Study Between Early Vitrectomy and Observation for Spontaneous Closure of Traumatic Macular Hole	Completed	NCT01509092	Not Applicable
44	Alleviated Positioning for Small Macular Holes	Completed	NCT00190164	Not Applicable
45	Outcome of Idiopathic Macular Hole	Completed	NCT00941291
46	Microperimetry and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in Idiopathic Macular Hole	Completed	NCT01757600
47	Optical Coherence Tomography in Gas-filled Eyes	Completed	NCT01266746
48	Brillant Blue Versus Indocyanine Green for Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT00757471	Not Applicable
49	Impact of C3F8 or SF6 Use and Length of Face-down Positioning (7 vs 14 Days Respectively) in Macular Hole Surgery	Completed	NCT02073266	Not Applicable
50	Effects of Macular Buckle Versus Vitrectomy on Macular Hole and Macular Detachment in Highly Myopic Eyes	Completed	NCT03433547	Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Macular Holes

Sources

Genetic Tests for Macular Holes

Sources

Anatomical Context for Macular Holes

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Macular Holes:

⁴¹

Eye, Retina, Endothelial, Testes, Whole Blood, Bone

Sources

Publications for Macular Holes

Articles related to Macular Holes:

(show top 50) (show all 1469)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Surgical Outcome after Lamellar Macular Hole Associated with Epiretinal Membrane. ( 30308511 )	Guber J...Valmaggia C	2019
2	Lamellar macular holes: surgical outcome of 106 patients with long-term follow-up. ( 29785511 )	Coassin M....Fontana L.	2018
3	Bilateral recurrent macular holes. ( 29946573 )	Yoon S.P....Fekrat S.	2018
4	Pilot Evaluation of a New Surgical Technique for Persistent or Recurrent Large Macular Holes. ( 29664984 )	Primavera V....Querques G.	2018
5	Bilateral giant macular holes: A rare manifestation of Alport syndrome. ( 29873249 )	Raimundo M....Figueira J.	2018
6	One-Year Results after Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Transposition for Surgical Repair of Macular Holes with Respect to Microperimetry. ( 29936501 )	Leisser C....Findl O.	2018
7	A Review of Surgical Outcomes and Advances for Macular Holes. ( 29850211 )	Zhao P.P....Zhao J.S.	2018
8	Non-inverted pedicle internal limiting membrane transposition for large macular holes. ( 29844368 )	Hu Z....Xie P.	2018
9	Best surgical technique and outcomes for large macular holes: retrospective multicentre study in Japan. ( 29671948 )	Yamashita T....Nakamura Y.	2018
10	Multi-Scale Segmentation and Surface Fitting for Measuring 3-D Macular Holes. ( 29408786 )	Nasrulloh A.V....Obara B.	2018
11	Microstructural retinal regeneration after internal limiting membrane flap surgery for repair of large macular holes: a 1-year follow-up study. ( 29744761 )	Vieregge M....Guber J.	2018
12	Incidence of Macular Holes in the Fellow Eye without Vitreomacular Detachment at Baseline. ( 29895011 )	Philippakis E....Gaudric A.	2018
13	Evaluation of TGF-Beta 2 and VEGF<i>I+</i> Gene Expression Levels in Epiretinal Membranes and Internal Limiting Membranes in the Course of Retinal Detachments, Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy, Macular Holes, and Idiopathic Epiretinal Membranes. ( 29850215 )	Stafiej J....Malukiewicz G.	2018
14	Multiple extrafoveal macular holes following internal limiting membrane peeling. ( 29760571 )	Hussain N....Mitra S.	2018
15	Lamellar macular holes in the eyes with pathological myopia. ( 29725825 )	Dell'omo R....Costagliola C.	2018
16	MACULAR HOLE HYDRODISSECTION: Surgical Technique for the Treatment of Persistent, Chronic, and Large Macular Holes. ( 29303907 )	Felfeli T....Mandelcorn E.D.	2018
17	SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE OF SIMULTANEOUS IDIOPATHIC MACULAR HOLES DOCUMENTED BY SPECTRAL-DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. ( 29847534 )	Gonzalez-Cortes J.H....Mohamed-Hamsho J.	2018
18	THE CURRENT SURGICAL MANAGEMENT OF LARGE, RECURRENT, OR PERSISTENT MACULAR HOLES. ( 29300247 )		2018
19	Vitreoretinal Interface Characteristics in Eyes with Idiopathic Macular Holes: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis. ( 29755819 )		2018
20	Atypical epiretinal tissue in full-thickness macular holes: pathogenic and prognostic significance. ( 29699982 )		2018
21	SURGICAL OUTCOMES AFTER INVERTED INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE FLAP VERSUS CONVENTIONAL PEELING FOR VERY LARGE MACULAR HOLES. ( 29689027 )		2018
22	Autologous Neurosensory Retinal Transplantation for Unclosed and Large Macular Holes. ( 29788031 )		2018
23	Two cases of repeating recurrences and spontaneous closures of macular holes in vitrectomized eyes. ( 29748866 )		2018
24	Swept-Source OCT Angiography of Full-Thickness Macular Holes: Appearance and Artifacts. ( 29443360 )		2018
25	Comparative Evaluation of Standard ILM Peel With Inverted ILM Flap Technique In Large Macular Holes: A Prospective, Randomized Study. ( 29664979 )		2018
26	Acute full-thickness macular hole after uneventful femtosecond-assisted cataract surgery and its spontaneous closure. ( 29785998 )	Bhojwani D...Vasavada AR	2018
27	CONCOMITANT MACULAR HOLE AND CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY AFTER BLUNT EYE TRAUMA. ( 27824317 )	Tekin K...Teke MY	2018
28	MACULAR HOLE FORMATION FOLLOWED BY SPONTANEOUS CLOSURE AFTER PNEUMATIC RETINOPEXY IN A PATIENT WITH DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA. ( 29757814 )	Cohen MN...Baumal CR	2018
29	Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy complicated with full thickness macular hole: A case report. ( 29879073 )	Kimura D...Ikeda T	2018
30	LAMELLAR MACULAR HOLE WITH LAMELLAR HOLE-ASSOCIATED EPIRETINAL PROLIFERATION IN FAMILIAL EXUDATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY. ( 30134364 )	Liu J...Zhao P	2018
31	NEW SURGICAL INSTRUMENT FOR AUTOLOGOUS INTERNAL LIMITING MEMBRANE TRANSPLANTATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY MACULAR HOLES. ( 29117068 )	Maeno T...Masahara H	2018
32	Inverted ILM flap, free ILM flap and conventional ILM peeling for large macular holes. ( 29479478 )	Velez-Montoya R...Hernandez-Da Mota SE	2018
33	Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique for Macular Holes: Is it Ready for Prime Time? ( 29528984 )	Koo EB...Smiddy WE	2018
34	Inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique for large macular holes: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis. ( 29532170 )	Gu C...Qiu Q	2018
35	Long-Term Results of Vitrectomy for Macular Holes after Failure of Vitreolysis. ( 29566375 )	Benarous A...Le Mer Y	2018
36	Epiretinal Proliferations Associated with Lamellar Macular Holes: Clinical and Surgical Implications. ( 29590656 )	Marques MF...Figueira J	2018
37	Long-term follow-up of lamellar macular holes and pseudoholes over at least 5 years. ( 29623462 )	Purtskhvanidze K...Treumer F	2018
38	The Relationship Between Blue-Fundus Autofluorescence and Optical Coherence Tomography in Eyes With Lamellar Macular Holes. ( 30025144 )	dell'Omo R...Bottoni F	2018
39	Comparative study of inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap and ILM peeling technique in large macular holes: a randomized-control trial. ( 30029621 )	Kannan NB...Ramasamy K	2018
40	STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LAMELLAR MACULAR HOLES. ( 30067606 )	Nguyen JH...Sebag J	2018
41	The Manchester Large Macular Hole Study: Is it Time to Reclassify Large Macular Holes? ( 30071212 )	Ch'ng SW...Jalil A	2018
42	Repeat Surgery in Failed Primary Vitrectomy for Macular Holes Operated With the Inverted ILM Flap Technique. ( 30114306 )	Michalewska Z...Nawrocki J	2018
43	Effects of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on the healing of large and refractory macular holes. ( 30167916 )	Zhang X...Li X	2018
44	ASSESSMENT OF ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL OUTCOMES WITH OCRIPLASMIN TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH VITREOMACULAR TRACTION WITH OR WITHOUT MACULAR HOLES: Results of OVIID-1 Trial. ( 30308558 )	Tadayoni R...Stalmans P	2018
45	PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY FOR THE TREATMENT OF TRACTIONAL AND DEGENERATIVE LAMELLAR MACULAR HOLES: Functional and Anatomical Results. ( 30312255 )	Figueroa MS...Hubschman JP	2018
46	Clinical and morphological comparisons of idiopathic macular holes between stage 3 and stage 4. ( 30315410 )	Yu Y...Liu W	2018
47	Ocriplasmin versus vitrectomy for the treatment of macular holes. ( 30340707 )	Juncal VR...Berger AR	2018
48	Accuracy of deep learning, a machine learning technology, using ultra-wide-field fundus ophthalmoscopy for detecting idiopathic macular holes. ( 30370184 )	Nagasawa T...Mitamura Y	2018
49	Macular Detachment for the Treatment of Persistent Full-Thickness Macular Holes. ( 30383713 )	Fotis K...Chandra A	2018
50	Surgical Repair of Traumatic Macular Holes With Extreme Macular Pathology Using an Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique. ( 30395675 )	Browne AW...Singh RP	2018

Sources

Genes for Macular Holes

Genes related to Macular Holes (0 elite genes):

(show all 13)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubmedIds
1	TGFB2	Transforming Growth Factor Beta 2	Protein Coding	24.53	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	9544645 7825689 8956640 (more) 9098285 8129001 8035983 8804755 8259275 1495798 7642336 8510899 9497468 8115729 7785710 9081519 7852702
2	SERPINF1	Serpin Family F Member 1	Protein Coding	21.24	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	20072643 12208245
3	ANGPT2	Angiopoietin 2	Protein Coding	19.16	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	15774928
4	PTGDS	Prostaglandin D2 Synthase	Protein Coding	18.44	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	16531280
5	MIF	Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor	Protein Coding	17.43	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	10612518 10837392 11673308
6	ALOX5AP	Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase Activating Protein	Protein Coding	16.89	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
7	LHFPL5	LHFPL Tetraspan Subfamily Member 5	Protein Coding	16.66	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
8	ADM	Adrenomedullin	Protein Coding	16.48	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁵	10612519 12566874
9	KCNMA1	Potassium Calcium-Activated Channel Subfamily M Alpha 1	Protein Coding	16.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
10	VEGFA	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A	Protein Coding	16.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
11	CCL2	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2	Protein Coding	15.28	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
12	CXCL8	C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8	Protein Coding	15.14	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
13	SPTBN5	Spectrin Beta, Non-Erythrocytic 5	Protein Coding	15.04	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

Sources

Variations for Macular Holes

Sources

Expression for Macular Holes

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Macular Holes.

Sources

Pathways for Macular Holes

Pathways related to Macular Holes according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 14)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Human cytomegalovirus infection ³⁷ Show member pathways Hepatitis B ³⁷ Human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection ³⁷ Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection ³⁷	12.69	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2 VEGFA
2	Immune response IFN gamma signaling pathway ²² Show member pathways IFN-gamma pathway ¹	11.75	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2
3	Spinal Cord Injury ¹	11.71	CCL2 CXCL8 MIF
4	Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling ⁶⁶	11.6	CCL2 CXCL8 VEGFA
5	Angiogenesis (CST) ⁴	11.45	ANGPT2 CCL2 TGFB2
6	AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications ³⁷	11.25	CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2 VEGFA
7	Photodynamic therapy-induced NF-kB survival signaling ¹ Show member pathways Immune response MIF-mediated glucocorticoid regulation ²²	11.23	CXCL8 MIF VEGFA
8	Validated transcriptional targets of AP1 family members Fra1 and Fra2 ¹	11.07	CCL2 CXCL8
9	Malaria ³⁷	11.02	CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2
10	G-protein signaling_RhoB regulation pathway ²²	10.92	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8
11	Rheumatoid arthritis ³⁷	10.88	CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2 VEGFA
12	Eicosanoid Synthesis ¹	10.87	ALOX5AP PTGDS
13	Immune response_Oncostatin M signaling via JAK-Stat in human cells ²²	10.76	CCL2 VEGFA
14	G-protein signaling_Rap2B regulation pathway ²²	10.73	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2

Sources

GO Terms for Macular Holes

Cellular components related to Macular Holes according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular region	GO:0005576	9.61	ADM ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 MIF PTGDS
2	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.28	ADM ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 MIF PTGDS

Biological processes related to Macular Holes according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 14)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	negative regulation of angiogenesis	GO:0016525	9.65	ANGPT2 SERPINF1 TGFB2
2	kidney development	GO:0001822	9.63	SERPINF1 TGFB2 VEGFA
3	negative regulation of gene expression	GO:0010629	9.62	MIF SERPINF1 TGFB2 VEGFA
4	positive regulation of angiogenesis	GO:0045766	9.56	ADM ANGPT2 CXCL8 VEGFA
5	angiogenesis	GO:0001525	9.55	ANGPT2 CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2 VEGFA
6	cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus	GO:0044344	9.54	CCL2 CXCL8
7	neutrophil chemotaxis	GO:0030593	9.54	CCL2 CXCL8 TGFB2
8	protein homotrimerization	GO:0070207	9.52	ALOX5AP MIF
9	embryonic digestive tract development	GO:0048566	9.51	CXCL8 TGFB2
10	prostaglandin biosynthetic process	GO:0001516	9.49	MIF PTGDS
11	induction of positive chemotaxis	GO:0050930	9.43	CXCL8 VEGFA
12	regulation of signaling receptor activity	GO:0010469	9.43	ADM CCL2 CXCL8 MIF TGFB2 VEGFA
13	PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	GO:0036499	9.4	CCL2 CXCL8
14	response to hypoxia	GO:0001666	9.02	ADM ANGPT2 KCNMA1 TGFB2 VEGFA

Molecular functions related to Macular Holes according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	signaling receptor binding	GO:0005102	9.35	ADM ANGPT2 CCL2 MIF TGFB2
2	cytokine activity	GO:0005125	9.02	CCL2 CXCL8 MIF TGFB2 VEGFA

Sources

Sources for Macular Holes

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia