Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

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Disease Ontology 11 DOID:0060167 DOID:1470 OMIM® 57 608516 ICD9CM 34 296.2 296.3 MeSH 43 D003865 D016574 NCIt 49 C34796 SNOMED-CT 68 268621008 36923009

ICD10 31 F32 F33.9 MedGen 40 C0041696 C0085159 C1269683 SNOMED-CT via HPO 69 21061000119107 35489007 78667006 EFO 16 EFO_0003761 ICD11 33 1563440232 1563440232/other 1563440232/unspecified UMLS 71 C0011570 C0011581 C0024517 C0041696 C0085159 C0086133 C0154409 C0871610 C1269683 C1837529 C1837929 C2362914 more

MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Seasonal affective disorder is a mental health condition that is triggered by the changing of the seasons. This condition is a subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Major depressive disorder is characterized by prolonged sadness and a general lack of interest, while bipolar disorder is characterized by similar depressive episodes alternating with periods of abnormally high energy and activity (hypomania or mania). People with seasonal affective disorder have signs and symptoms of either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder only during certain months of the year. Major depressive disorder is more common than bipolar disorder among people with seasonal affective disorder. This condition usually begins in a person's twenties or thirties.The signs and symptoms that occur during depressive episodes in people with seasonal affective disorder are similar to those of major depressive disorder, including a loss of interest or enjoyment in activities, a decrease in energy, a depressed mood, and low self-esteem. In most people with seasonal affective disorder, depression and other features appear in the fall and winter months and subside in the spring and summer months. In these individuals, additional symptoms often include weight gain due to increased cravings for carbohydrates and an increase in sleep (hypersomnia). Affected individuals with underlying bipolar disorder typically have alternating episodes of depression in the fall and winter months and mania during the spring and summer months.In about 10 percent of people with seasonal affective disorder, the condition has the opposite seasonal pattern, occurring in the spring and summer months and stopping during the fall and winter months. These individuals usually have a loss of appetite and sleep, unlike those with symptoms in the fall and winter.For those affected, it is estimated that symptoms of seasonal affective disorder are present during 40 percent of the year. In some individuals, seasonal affective disorder does not recur every year. Thirty to 50 percent of affected individuals do not show symptoms of the disorder in consecutive winters. In about 40 percent of individuals with seasonal affective disorder, depressive episodes continue after winter and do not alleviate in the summer months, leading to a change in diagnosis to either major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.Individuals with seasonal affective disorder tend to have another psychological condition, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), an eating disorder, anxiety disorder, or panic disorder.

MalaCards based summary: Major Depressive Disorder, also known as seasonal affective disorder, is related to anxiety and endogenous depression, and has symptoms including mental and behavioral signs and symptoms, dejection emotional and depressed reaction. An important gene associated with Major Depressive Disorder is HTR2A (5-Hydroxytryptamine Receptor 2A), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signal Transduction and Neuroscience. The drugs Valsartan and Fluvoxamine have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, prefrontal cortex and cortex, and related phenotypes are depression and behavior/neurological

MedlinePlus: ⁴¹ Depression is a serious medical illness. It's more than just a feeling of being sad or "blue" for a few days. If you are one of the more than 19 million teens and adults in the United States who have depression, the feelings do not go away. They persist and interfere with your everyday life. Symptoms can include: Feeling sad or "empty" Loss of interest in favorite activities Overeating, or not wanting to eat at all Not being able to sleep, or sleeping too much Feeling very tired Feeling hopeless, irritable, anxious, or guilty Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems Thoughts of death or suicide Depression is a disorder of the brain. There are a variety of causes, including genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Depression can happen at any age, but it often begins in teens and young adults. It is much more common in women. Women can also get postpartum depression after the birth of a baby. Some people get seasonal affective disorder in the winter. Depression is one part of bipolar disorder. There are effective treatments for depression, including antidepressants, talk therapy, or both. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health

PubMed Health : ⁶³ Depression: We all feel sad or lethargic every now and then. And we have all felt down or even desperate at some point in our lives. These phases are a normal part of life, and people usually feel better again after a while. Things are different for people who have depression. Their sadness and negative thoughts last longer and overshadow all of their thoughts and actions. Depression can arise without any triggering events or for no apparent reasons. People often feel like they are stuck in a black hole. They feel cheerless, lack motivation and self-confidence, and think of themselves as worthless. This can make it difficult to do everyday things like going to work or studying. Friends, family and hobbies are often neglected. They don't sleep well. Depression can also make family and friends feel worried, anxious and helpless. Often they want to help but don't know how. It's not always easy for them to tell whether it's a passing phase or a serious illness.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ⁷³ A common psychiatric disorder. It is a complex trait characterized by one or more major depressive episodes without a history of manic, mixed, or hypomanic episodes. A major depressive episode is characterized by at least 2 weeks during which there is a new onset or clear worsening of either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. Four additional symptoms must also be present including changes in appetite, weight, sleep, and psychomotor activity; decreased energy; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions; or recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideation, plans, or attempts. The episode must be accompanied by distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Disease Ontology ¹¹ Major depressive disorder: An endogenous depression that is characterized by an all-encompassing low mood accompanied by low self-esteem, and by loss of interest or pleasure in normally enjoyable activities.

Seasonal affective disorder: A mental depression that involves presentation of depressive symptoms only during a specific season of the year.

Wikipedia ⁷⁵ Depression: Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as clinical depression, is a mental disorder characterized... more...

Seasonal affective disorder: Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a mood disorder subset, in which people who have normal mental... more...

More information from OMIM: 608516

Clinical features from OMIM®:

608516 (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

Many people who have depression find it hard to accept that fact. One possible reason for this is that they are ashamed about having a mental health problem and don't want their friends, family and colleagues to find out. Some people don't want to have treatment as a result. But treatment can often shorten depressive episodes and relieve people's symptoms. There are various treatment options for depression . The main treatments are psychological treatment, such as cognitive behavioral therapy , and/or medication. Which type of treatment is the most appropriate, where it should take place and how long it lasts will depend on several factors, including how severe the person’s depression is, their personal circumstances, and how their symptoms develop over time. People can talk to a therapist about the advantages and disadvantages of the possible treatments, as well as what they expect from treatment and any fears they might have.

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