Maxillary Sinusitis disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: MXL015 MIFTS: 39	Maxillary Sinusitis Categories: Respiratory diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Maxillary Sinusitis

MalaCards integrated aliases for Maxillary Sinusitis:

Name: Maxillary Sinusitis ¹² ⁴⁴ ¹⁵ ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Respiratory diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³³

Diseases of the respiratory system

Other diseases of upper respiratory tract

Chronic sinusitis

Chronic maxillary sinusitis

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:2051

ICD10 ³³ J32.0

MeSH ⁴⁴ D015523

NCIt ⁵⁰ C34809

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 88348008

UMLS ⁷³ C0024959

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Summaries for Maxillary Sinusitis

Disease Ontology : ¹² A sinusitis which involves infection of maxillary sinuses that causes pain or pressure over the cheeks just below the eyes, tooth ache, and headache.

MalaCards based summary : Maxillary Sinusitis is related to chronic maxillary sinusitis and paranasal sinus disease. An important gene associated with Maxillary Sinusitis is IRAK4 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NF-kappaB Signaling and Lung fibrosis. The drugs Estradiol and Moxifloxacin have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, bone and testes.

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Related Diseases for Maxillary Sinusitis

Diseases in the Maxillary Sinusitis family:

Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis

Acute Maxillary Sinusitis

Diseases related to Maxillary Sinusitis via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 98)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	chronic maxillary sinusitis	33.8	MPO MUC5B RHNO1 RNASE3
2	paranasal sinus disease	31.7	MUC5B RHNO1
3	otitis media	30.0	MUC5B RNASE3
4	pneumonia	30.0	CCL5 MPO MUC5B
5	bronchitis	29.8	MPO RNASE3
6	ethmoid sinusitis	29.8	MUC5B RHNO1
7	common cold	29.7	CCL5 RNASE3 SELP
8	asthma	29.7	CCL5 MPO RNASE3 SELP
9	acute maxillary sinusitis	12.8
10	sinusitis	11.8
11	cystic fibrosis	10.1
12	headache	10.1
13	collagenous colitis	10.1	MPO RNASE3
14	pollen allergy	10.1	MPO RNASE3
15	chronic conjunctivitis	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
16	status asthmaticus	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
17	henoch-schoenlein purpura	10.1	MPO RNASE3
18	chronic eosinophilic pneumonia	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
19	eosinophilic pneumonia	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
20	immune-complex glomerulonephritis	10.1	MPO SELP
21	proctitis	10.1	MPO RNASE3
22	kimura disease	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
23	vernal conjunctivitis	10.1	MPO RNASE3
24	vernal keratoconjunctivitis	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
25	churg-strauss syndrome	10.1	MPO RNASE3
26	osteonecrosis	10.1
27	enophthalmos	10.1
28	odontoma	10.1
29	pulmonary hemosiderosis	10.1	MPO MUC5B
30	chronic rhinitis	10.1	MPO RHNO1
31	pulmonary eosinophilia	10.1	CCL5 RNASE3
32	onchocerciasis	10.0	CCL5 RNASE3
33	extrinsic allergic alveolitis	10.0	CCL5 MPO
34	conjunctival disease	10.0	RHNO1 RNASE3
35	lymphoma	10.0
36	osteomyelitis	10.0
37	endocarditis	10.0
38	orbital cellulitis	10.0
39	cellulitis	10.0
40	rhinitis	10.0
41	cluster headache	10.0
42	anisakiasis	10.0	LMBRD1 RNASE3
43	pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive	10.0	CCL5 MPO RNASE3
44	nasal cavity disease	10.0	RHNO1 RNASE3
45	allergic asthma	9.9	CCL5 RNASE3
46	bronchial disease	9.9	CCL5 MUC5B RNASE3
47	bronchiolitis	9.9	CCL5 MUC5B RNASE3
48	dermatitis, atopic	9.9	CCL5 RNASE3 SELP
49	nose disease	9.9	MUC5B RHNO1 RNASE3
50	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type iii	9.8

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Maxillary Sinusitis

Drugs for Maxillary Sinusitis (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 51)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Estradiol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-28-2

5757

Moxifloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

354812-41-2, 151096-09-2

152946

Ethinyl Estradiol

Approved

Phase 4

57-63-6

5991

Polyestradiol phosphate

Approved

Phase 4

28014-46-2

Estradiol valerate

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

979-32-8

Norgestimate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

35189-28-7

6540478

Azithromycin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

83905-01-5

55185 447043

Clarithromycin

Approved

Phase 4

81103-11-9

84029

Erythromycin

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

114-07-8

12560

Telithromycin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

191114-48-4

0 5462516

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Phase 4

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Phase 4

Contraceptive Agents

Phase 4

Estradiol 17 beta-cypionate

Phase 4

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Contraceptives, Oral

Phase 4

Norgestimate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination

Phase 4,Phase 3

Anti-Infective Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Fluoroquinolones

Phase 4

Estradiol 3-benzoate

Phase 4

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Phase 4

Antitubercular Agents

Phase 4

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3

Erythromycin stearate

Phase 4

Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors

Phase 4

Erythromycin Estolate

Phase 4

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate

Phase 4

Levofloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

100986-85-4

149096

Ofloxacin

Approved

Phase 3

82419-36-1

4583

Amoxicillin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 3

26787-78-0

33613

Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary

Phase 3

Renal Agents

Phase 3

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors

Phase 3

beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

Phase 3

Clavulanic Acids

Phase 3

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination

Phase 3

Ephedrine

Approved

Phase 2

299-42-3

9294

Pseudoephedrine

Approved

Phase 2

90-82-4

7028

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Phase 2

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 2

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 2

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Phase 2

Sympathomimetics

Phase 2

Adrenergic Agents

Phase 2

Bronchodilator Agents

Phase 2

Nasal Decongestants

Phase 2

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Phase 2

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 2

Autonomic Agents

Phase 2

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 16)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Trial to Evaluate Time to Symptom Relief and Elimination of Infecting Bacteria in Treating Sinusitis With Avelox	Completed	NCT00668304	Phase 4	Avelox (Moxifloxacin, BAY12-8039)
2	Aizthromycin or Clarithromycin in H-pylori Eradication Regimen	Completed	NCT01667692	Phase 4	azithromycin;clarithmycin
3	Study to Measure the Impact of Antibiotics on Bacterial Flora in Adults With Acute Sinusitis	Terminated	NCT00245440	Phase 4	Azithromycin;Telithromycin
4	A Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Treating Sinus Infection With Levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 Days.	Completed	NCT00236652	Phase 3	levofloxacin
5	A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Trial of Azithromycin SR Compared With Levofloxacin for the Treatment of Sinus Infections in Adults	Completed	NCT00643409	Phase 3	azithromycin SR (Zithromax; compound: CP-62,993);levofloxacin
6	AMS VS MOXI Ketek vs Avelox in AMS	Completed	NCT00537563	Phase 3	Telithromycin
7	A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Levofloxacin Compared With Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Adults With Rapid Onset of Severe Inflammation/Infection of the Sinuses	Completed	NCT00249210	Phase 3	levofloxacin
8	Preventing Frequent Sinus Infections in HIV-Infected Patients	Withdrawn	NCT00000752	Phase 2	Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride;Guaifenesin;Cefuroxime axetil;Beclomethasone dipropionate
9	Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection - When is Bacteria Involved?	Unknown status	NCT01580137
10	Non-Interventional Open Label Prospective Comparative Observational Study Of Evaluation Of Compliance In The Empiric Treatment With Azithromycin SR Versus Amoxiclav 1000 Mg In Adult Patients With Of Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis	Completed	NCT01032174		Azithromycin SR;Amoxiclav 1000 mg
11	Levofloxacin in Bacterial Rhinosinussitis	Completed	NCT02712502		Levofloxacin;Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination
12	Postoperative Treatment After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery	Completed	NCT00534768	Not Applicable
13	Microarray Analysis of Sinus Samples From Patients With and Without Chronic Rhinosinusitis	Active, not recruiting	NCT00683371	Not Applicable
14	Endosseous Oroantral Port for Minimal Intervention in Treating Chronic Sinusitis	Not yet recruiting	NCT03083392	Not Applicable
15	Study Designed to Clinically Evaluate Sinus Wash Device Prototypes	Not yet recruiting	NCT02931604	Not Applicable
16	Zygomatic Versus Conventional Dental Implants in Augmented Maxillae	Withdrawn	NCT01961284	Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Maxillary Sinusitis

Cochrane evidence based reviews: maxillary sinusitis

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Genetic Tests for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Anatomical Context for Maxillary Sinusitis

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

⁴¹

Eye, Bone, Testes, Skin, Colon, Tonsil, Lung

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Publications for Maxillary Sinusitis

Articles related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

(show top 50) (show all 599)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Deep Learning in Diagnosis of Maxillary Sinusitis Using Conventional Radiography. ( 30067607 )	Kim Y...Kim JH	2019
2	Clinical implications of taste thresholds in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 29174862 )	Tsuji T....Yamamoto T.	2018
3	ACTUAL ISSUES OF ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUSITIS (REVIEW). ( 29697380 )	Grygorov S....Grygorova A.	2018
4	Efficacy of sinus ultrasound in diagnosis of acute and subacute maxillary sinusitis. ( 29779998 )	Hsu C.C....Ho C.Y.	2018
5	Treatment options for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. ( 29806655 )		2018
6	Is dental evaluation considered in unilateral maxillary sinusitis? A retrospective case series. ( 30045653 )	Ly D...Hellgren J	2018
7	Maxillary sinusitis complicated by stroke. ( 30072286 )	Fabre C...Righini CA	2018
8	A new ultrasound sign in the diagnosis of pediatric maxillary sinusitis. ( 30159267 )	Ghasemi A...Mofidi M	2018
9	Deep-learning classification using convolutional neural network for evaluation of maxillary sinusitis on panoramic radiography. ( 30539342 )	Murata M...Ariji E	2018
10	A Case of Fungus Ball-Type Maxillary Sinusitis Due to Penicillium Roqueforti. ( 29075960 )	Radulesco T....Cassagne C.	2017
11	Haemophilus parainfluenzae Endocarditis Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis and Complicated by Cerebral Emboli in a Young Man. ( 28491883 )	Duzenli A.E....Carey J.	2017
12	Unusual case of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28747419 )	Brimioulle M....Desai K.	2017
13	When Maxillary Sinusitis Does Not Heal: Findings on CBCT Scans of the Sinuses With a Particular Focus on the Occurrence of Odontogenic Causes of Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 29299521 )	Vestin Fredriksson M....Tano K.	2017
14	Nasal Septal Deviation and Concha Bullosa - Do They Have an Impact on Maxillary Sinus Volumes and Prevalence of Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 28348652 )	KucybaA8a I....Urbanik A.	2017
15	Novel approach to the maxillary sinusitis after sinus graft. ( 28695114 )	Hong S.O....Kwon Y.D.	2017
16	Role of Sinonasal Anatomic Variations in the Development of Maxillary Sinusitis: A Cone Beam CT Analysis. ( 28839485 )	Khojastepour L....Khosravifard N.	2017
17	Subdural empyema as a complication of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28843931 )		2017
18	Clinical efficacy of main radiological diagnostic methods for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28733779 )	Simuntis R...Vaitkus S	2017
19	Metastatic mammary carcinoma to the orbit masquerading as maxillary sinusitis. ( 27103558 )	Abo-Shasha R....Rotenberg B.	2016
20	Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis Caused by Denture Lining Material. ( 27386012 )	Sugiura T....Kirita T.	2016
21	Near-Infrared Optical Imaging for Diagnosis of Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 27329417 )	Coughlan C.A....Bhandarkar N.D.	2016
22	A 44-Year-Old Man with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia and Bilateral Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 27840358 )	Trianto H.B....Wardhani S.O.	2016
23	Salmonella enterica Subspecies diarizonae Maxillary Sinusitis in a Snake Handler: First Report. ( 27186588 )	Horvath L....Tarr P.E.	2016
24	Are Zygomatic Implants Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 27070844 )	D'Agostino A....Nocini P.F.	2016
25	Prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children from rural and urban skeletal populations in Poland. ( 29539544 )	Krenz-NiedbaA8a M....A8ukasik S.	2016
26	Root Cause Analysis: An Examination of Odontogenic Origins of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis in Both Immunocompetent &amp; Immunocompromised Patients. ( 27798445 )	McCarty J.L....Fitzgerald R.T.	2016
27	Radiological and clinical difficulties in the management of chronic maxillary sinusitis in I^ Thalassemic paediatric patients. ( 27063757 )		2016
28	Utilization of computer-aided detection system in diagnosing unilateral maxillary sinusitis on panoramic radiographs. ( 26837670 )		2016
29	Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis with systemic embolisation following maxillary sinusitis. ( 27599807 )		2016
30	Differential protein expression in the secretory fluids of maxillary sinusitis and maxillary retention cyst. ( 27422628 )		2016
31	Management of acute maxillary sinusitis after sinus bone grafting procedures with simultaneous dental implants placement - a retrospective study. ( 27169511 )		2016
32	Intra-oral low level laser therapy in chronic maxillary sinusitis: A new and effective recommended technique. ( 26644829 )	Mortazavi H....Sabour S.	2015
33	Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis obscured by midfacial trauma. ( 26183855 )	Simuntis R....Vaitkus S.	2015
34	WITHDRAWN: Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults. ( 26471061 )	Ahovuo-Saloranta A....MAokelAo M.	2015
35	[The role of accessory ostia of the maxillary sinuses in pathogenesis of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis]. ( 26640843 )	Magomedov M.M....Andriyaskin D.V.	2015
36	Etiology and clinical characteristics of symptomatic unilateral maxillary sinusitis: A review of 174 cases. ( 26319958 )	Troeltzsch M....Probst F.	2015
37	Chronic maxillary sinusitis and diabetes related maxillary osteonecrosis: a case report. ( 26734561 )	Huh S....Kwon Y.D.	2015
38	Distinguishing the dominant species of pathogen in maxillary sinusitis by sequencing DNA dataset analysis. ( 25724392 )	Zhang J....Zhang L.	2015
39	Maxillary sinusitis diagnosed by ultrasound. ( 25952933 )		2015
40	Is Le Fort I Osteotomy Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 26546843 )		2015
41	Large Haller cell mucocele leading to maxillary sinusitis. ( 25923288 )		2015
42	Etiologies and Treatments of Odontogenic Maxillary Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. ( 26756016 )		2015
43	IRAK4 gene polymorphism and odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25707370 )		2015
44	One stage combined endoscopic and per-oral buccal fat pad approach for large oro-antral-fistula closure with secondary chronic maxillary sinusitis. ( 26006724 )		2015
45	Endonasal endoscopic surgery with combined middle and inferior meatal antrostomies for fungal maxillary sinusitis. ( 25706162 )	Sawatsubashi M...Komune S	2015
46	Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults. ( 24515610 )	Ahovuo-Saloranta A....MAokelAo M.	2014
47	Long-term outcomes of endoscopic maxillary mega-antrostomy for refractory chronic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25312656 )	Costa M.L....Hwang P.H.	2014
48	Maxillary Sinusitis Caused by Dental Implants Extending into the Maxillary Sinus and the Nasal Cavities. ( 24417178 )	Biafora M....Trimarchi M.	2014
49	Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. ( 25209225 )	Simuntis R....Vaitkus S.	2014
50	Aperture width of the osteomeatal complex as a predictor of successful treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25042902 )	Tomomatsu N....Harada K.	2014

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Genes for Maxillary Sinusitis

Genes related to Maxillary Sinusitis (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	IRAK4	Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4	Protein Coding	21.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
2	MPO	Myeloperoxidase	Protein Coding	20.74	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
3	RNASE3	Ribonuclease A Family Member 3	Protein Coding	16.94	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	CCL5	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5	Protein Coding	16.94	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
5	SELP	Selectin P	Protein Coding	16.94	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
6	RHNO1	RAD9-HUS1-RAD1 Interacting Nuclear Orphan 1	Protein Coding	15.43	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
7	LMBRD1	LMBR1 Domain Containing 1	Protein Coding	14.96	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
8	MUC5B	Mucin 5B, Oligomeric Mucus/Gel-Forming	Protein Coding	14.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

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Variations for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Expression for Maxillary Sinusitis

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Maxillary Sinusitis.

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Pathways for Maxillary Sinusitis

Pathways related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	NF-kappaB Signaling ⁴	11.65	CCL5 IRAK4 MPO
2	Lung fibrosis ¹	10.96	CCL5 MUC5B
3	amb2 Integrin signaling ¹	10.3	MPO SELP

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GO Terms for Maxillary Sinusitis

Cellular components related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.1	CCL5 IRAK4 MPO MUC5B RNASE3 SELP
2	azurophil granule lumen	GO:0035578	8.96	MPO RNASE3

Biological processes related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	defense response to Gram-negative bacterium	GO:0050829	9.26	RNASE3 SELP
2	positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling	GO:0014068	9.16	CCL5 SELP
3	positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	GO:0048661	8.96	CCL5 IRAK4
4	leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	GO:0007159	8.62	CCL5 SELP

Molecular functions related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	lipopolysaccharide binding	GO:0001530	8.62	RNASE3 SELP

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Sources for Maxillary Sinusitis

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia