Maxillary Sinusitis disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: MXL015 MIFTS: 38	Maxillary Sinusitis Categories: Respiratory diseases
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Aliases & Classifications for Maxillary Sinusitis

MalaCards integrated aliases for Maxillary Sinusitis:

Name: Maxillary Sinusitis ¹² ⁴⁴ ¹⁵ ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Respiratory diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³³

Diseases of the respiratory system

Other diseases of upper respiratory tract

Chronic sinusitis

Chronic maxillary sinusitis

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:2051

ICD10 ³³ J32.0

MeSH ⁴⁴ D015523

NCIt ⁵⁰ C34809

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 275484005 88348008

UMLS ⁷³ C0024959

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Summaries for Maxillary Sinusitis

Disease Ontology : ¹² A sinusitis which involves infection of maxillary sinuses that causes pain or pressure over the cheeks just below the eyes, tooth ache, and headache.

MalaCards based summary : Maxillary Sinusitis is related to chronic maxillary sinusitis and paranasal sinus disease. An important gene associated with Maxillary Sinusitis is IRAK4 (Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are NF-kappaB Signaling and amb2 Integrin signaling. The drugs Estradiol and Estradiol valerate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, bone and testes.

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Related Diseases for Maxillary Sinusitis

Diseases in the Maxillary Sinusitis family:

Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis

Acute Maxillary Sinusitis

Diseases related to Maxillary Sinusitis via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 117)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	chronic maxillary sinusitis	32.2	CD79A MPO RHNO1 RNASE3
2	paranasal sinus disease	31.0	CD79A RHNO1
3	common cold	29.4	CCL5 RNASE3 SELP
4	bronchitis	29.0	CD79A MPO RNASE3
5	acute maxillary sinusitis	12.6
6	sinusitis	11.6
7	proctitis	10.5	MPO RNASE3
8	chronic eosinophilic pneumonia	10.4	CCL5 RNASE3
9	churg-strauss syndrome	10.4	MPO RNASE3
10	chronic conjunctivitis	10.4	CCL5 RNASE3
11	status asthmaticus	10.4	CCL5 RNASE3
12	kimura disease	10.4	CCL5 RNASE3
13	vernal keratoconjunctivitis	10.4	CCL5 RNASE3
14	immune-complex glomerulonephritis	10.4	MPO SELP
15	pulmonary eosinophilia	10.3	CCL5 RNASE3
16	eosinophilic pneumonia	10.3	CCL5 RNASE3
17	chronic rhinitis	10.3	MPO RHNO1
18	onchocerciasis	10.3	CCL5 RNASE3
19	bronchial disease	10.2	CCL5 RNASE3
20	multiple cranial nerve palsy	10.2	MPO RHNO1
21	mucositis	10.1
22	ige responsiveness, atopic	10.1	RNASE3 SELP
23	nasal cavity disease	10.1	RHNO1 RNASE3
24	monoclonal paraproteinemia	10.1	CD79A MPO
25	rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis	10.0	CD79A MPO
26	bronchiolitis	10.0	CCL5 RNASE3
27	hypersensitivity vasculitis	10.0	CD79A MPO
28	goodpasture syndrome	10.0	CD79A MPO
29	acute proliferative glomerulonephritis	10.0	CD79A MPO
30	headache	10.0
31	bronchopneumonia	10.0	CD79A MPO
32	chronic interstitial cystitis	10.0	CD79A RNASE3
33	cow milk allergy	10.0	CD79A RNASE3
34	hypersensitivity reaction type iii disease	10.0	CD79A MPO
35	pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive	10.0	CCL5 MPO RNASE3
36	vulvitis	10.0	CD79A MPO
37	pleuropneumonia	10.0	CD79A IRAK4
38	periodontosis	10.0	CD79A MPO
39	ulcerative stomatitis	10.0	CD79A MPO
40	pulmonary hemosiderosis	10.0	CD79A MPO
41	nasopharyngitis	10.0
42	enophthalmos	10.0
43	odontoma	10.0
44	pollen allergy	9.9	CD79A RNASE3
45	milk allergy	9.9	CD79A RNASE3
46	inclusion conjunctivitis	9.9	CCL5 CD79A
47	orofacial granulomatosis	9.9	CCL5 CD79A
48	shigellosis	9.9	CD79A IRAK4
49	cystic fibrosis	9.9
50	osteonecrosis	9.9

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Maxillary Sinusitis

Drugs for Maxillary Sinusitis (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 49)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Estradiol

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-28-2

5757

Estradiol valerate

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

979-32-8

Ethinyl Estradiol

Approved

Phase 4

57-63-6

5991

Moxifloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

354812-41-2, 151096-09-2

152946

Norgestimate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

35189-28-7

6540478

Polyestradiol phosphate

Approved

Phase 4

28014-46-2

Azithromycin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

83905-01-5

55185 447043

Clarithromycin

Approved

Phase 4

81103-11-9

84029

Erythromycin

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

114-07-8

12560

Telithromycin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

191114-48-4

5462516 0

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Anti-Infective Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Contraceptive Agents

Phase 4

Contraceptives, Oral

Phase 4

Contraceptives, Oral, Combined

Phase 4

Estradiol 17 beta-cypionate

Phase 4

Estradiol 3-benzoate

Phase 4

Fluoroquinolones

Phase 4

Norgestimate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination

Phase 4,Phase 3

Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors

Phase 4

Topoisomerase Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Phase 4

Antitubercular Agents

Phase 4

Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors

Phase 4

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3

Erythromycin Estolate

Phase 4

Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate

Phase 4

Erythromycin stearate

Phase 4

Levofloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

100986-85-4

149096

Ofloxacin

Approved

Phase 3

82419-36-1

4583

Amoxicillin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 3

26787-78-0

33613

Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A2 Inhibitors

Phase 3

Renal Agents

Phase 3

Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination

Phase 3

beta-Lactamase Inhibitors

Phase 3

Clavulanic Acid

Phase 3

Ephedrine

Approved

Phase 2

299-42-3

9294

Pseudoephedrine

Approved

Phase 2

90-82-4

7028

Adrenergic Agents

Phase 2

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Phase 2

Autonomic Agents

Phase 2

Bronchodilator Agents

Phase 2

Central Nervous System Stimulants

Phase 2

Nasal Decongestants

Phase 2

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 2

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 2

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 2

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Phase 2

Xylometazoline

Approved, Investigational

526-36-3

5709

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 16)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Trial to Evaluate Time to Symptom Relief and Elimination of Infecting Bacteria in Treating Sinusitis With Avelox	Completed	NCT00668304	Phase 4	Avelox (Moxifloxacin, BAY12-8039)
2	Aizthromycin or Clarithromycin in H-pylori Eradication Regimen	Completed	NCT01667692	Phase 4	azithromycin;clarithmycin
3	Study to Measure the Impact of Antibiotics on Bacterial Flora in Adults With Acute Sinusitis	Terminated	NCT00245440	Phase 4	Azithromycin;Telithromycin
4	A Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of Treating Sinus Infection With Levofloxacin 750 mg for 5 Days.	Completed	NCT00236652	Phase 3	levofloxacin
5	A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy Trial of Azithromycin SR Compared With Levofloxacin for the Treatment of Sinus Infections in Adults	Completed	NCT00643409	Phase 3	azithromycin SR (Zithromax; compound: CP-62,993);levofloxacin
6	AMS VS MOXI Ketek vs Avelox in AMS	Completed	NCT00537563	Phase 3	Telithromycin
7	A Study of the Safety and Effectiveness of Levofloxacin Compared With Amoxicillin/Clavulanate Potassium in the Treatment of Adults With Rapid Onset of Severe Inflammation/Infection of the Sinuses	Completed	NCT00249210	Phase 3	levofloxacin
8	Preventing Frequent Sinus Infections in HIV-Infected Patients	Withdrawn	NCT00000752	Phase 2	Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride;Guaifenesin;Cefuroxime axetil;Beclomethasone dipropionate
9	Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection - When is Bacteria Involved?	Unknown status	NCT01580137
10	Non-Interventional Open Label Prospective Comparative Observational Study Of Evaluation Of Compliance In The Empiric Treatment With Azithromycin SR Versus Amoxiclav 1000 Mg In Adult Patients With Of Acute Bacterial Maxillary Sinusitis	Completed	NCT01032174		Azithromycin SR;Amoxiclav 1000 mg
11	Levofloxacin in Bacterial Rhinosinussitis	Completed	NCT02712502		Levofloxacin;Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination
12	Postoperative Treatment After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery	Completed	NCT00534768	Not Applicable
13	Microarray Analysis of Sinus Samples From Patients With and Without Chronic Rhinosinusitis	Active, not recruiting	NCT00683371	Not Applicable
14	Endosseous Oroantral Port for Minimal Intervention in Treating Chronic Sinusitis	Not yet recruiting	NCT03083392	Not Applicable
15	Study Designed to Clinically Evaluate Sinus Wash Device Prototypes	Not yet recruiting	NCT02931604	Not Applicable
16	Zygomatic Versus Conventional Dental Implants in Augmented Maxillae	Withdrawn	NCT01961284	Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Maxillary Sinusitis

Cochrane evidence based reviews: maxillary sinusitis

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Genetic Tests for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Anatomical Context for Maxillary Sinusitis

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

⁴¹

Eye, Bone, Testes, Tonsil, Colon, Skin

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Publications for Maxillary Sinusitis

Articles related to Maxillary Sinusitis:

(show top 50) (show all 367)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Clinical implications of taste thresholds in patients with odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 29174862 )	Tsuji T....Yamamoto T.	2018
2	ACTUAL ISSUES OF ODONTOGENIC MAXILLARY SINUSITIS (REVIEW). ( 29697380 )	Grygorov S....Grygorova A.	2018
3	Efficacy of sinus ultrasound in diagnosis of acute and subacute maxillary sinusitis. ( 29779998 )	Hsu C.C....Ho C.Y.	2018
4	Treatment options for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. ( 29806655 )	AukA!takalnis R....Simuntis R.	2018
5	A Case of Fungus Ball-Type Maxillary Sinusitis Due to Penicillium Roqueforti. ( 29075960 )	Radulesco T....Cassagne C.	2017
6	Haemophilus parainfluenzae Endocarditis Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis and Complicated by Cerebral Emboli in a Young Man. ( 28491883 )	Duzenli A.E....Carey J.	2017
7	Unusual case of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28747419 )	Brimioulle M....Desai K.	2017
8	When Maxillary Sinusitis Does Not Heal: Findings on CBCT Scans of the Sinuses With a Particular Focus on the Occurrence of Odontogenic Causes of Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 29299521 )	Vestin Fredriksson M....Tano K.	2017
9	Nasal Septal Deviation and Concha Bullosa - Do They Have an Impact on Maxillary Sinus Volumes and Prevalence of Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 28348652 )	KucybaA8a I....Urbanik A.	2017
10	Novel approach to the maxillary sinusitis after sinus graft. ( 28695114 )	Hong S.O....Kwon Y.D.	2017
11	Role of Sinonasal Anatomic Variations in the Development of Maxillary Sinusitis: A Cone Beam CT Analysis. ( 28839485 )	Khojastepour L....Khosravifard N.	2017
12	Subdural empyema as a complication of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28843931 )	Palomo LA^pez N....Rivera FernA!ndez V.	2017
13	Maxillary sinuses and midface in patients with cleidocranial dysostosis. ( 28889021 )	Kulczyk T....Czajka-Jakubowska A.	2017
14	Clinical efficacy of main radiological diagnostic methods for odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 28733779 )	Simuntis R....Vaitkus S.	2017
15	Metastatic mammary carcinoma to the orbit masquerading as maxillary sinusitis. ( 27103558 )	Abo-Shasha R....Rotenberg B.	2016
16	Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis Caused by Denture Lining Material. ( 27386012 )	Sugiura T....Kirita T.	2016
17	Near-Infrared Optical Imaging for Diagnosis of Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 27329417 )	Coughlan C.A....Bhandarkar N.D.	2016
18	A 44-Year-Old Man with Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia and Bilateral Maxillary Sinusitis. ( 27840358 )	Trianto H.B....Wardhani S.O.	2016
19	Sporotrichosis of Maxillary Sinuses in a Middle Aged Female Patient from Rural Area of Eastern India. ( 27134873 )	Mitra A.N....Chakravorty S.	2016
20	Salmonella enterica Subspecies diarizonae Maxillary Sinusitis in a Snake Handler: First Report. ( 27186588 )	Horvath L....Tarr P.E.	2016
21	Are Zygomatic Implants Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 27070844 )	D'Agostino A....Nocini P.F.	2016
22	Prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children from rural and urban skeletal populations in Poland. ( 29539544 )	Krenz-NiedbaA8a M....A8ukasik S.	2016
23	Root Cause Analysis: An Examination of Odontogenic Origins of Acute Maxillary Sinusitis in Both Immunocompetent &amp; Immunocompromised Patients. ( 27798445 )	McCarty J.L....Fitzgerald R.T.	2016
24	Radiological and clinical difficulties in the management of chronic maxillary sinusitis in I^ Thalassemic paediatric patients. ( 27063757 )	Di Mauro R....Di Girolamo S.	2016
25	Utilization of computer-aided detection system in diagnosing unilateral maxillary sinusitis on panoramic radiographs. ( 26837670 )	Ohashi Y....Ariji E.	2016
26	Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis with systemic embolisation following maxillary sinusitis. ( 27599807 )	Barreto Cortes M....Rego F.	2016
27	Differential protein expression in the secretory fluids of maxillary sinusitis and maxillary retention cyst. ( 27422628 )	Kim S.M....Lee S.K.	2016
28	Management of acute maxillary sinusitis after sinus bone grafting procedures with simultaneous dental implants placement - a retrospective study. ( 27169511 )	ChirilA8 L....SA8ndulescu M.	2016
29	Intra-oral low level laser therapy in chronic maxillary sinusitis: A new and effective recommended technique. ( 26644829 )	Mortazavi H....Sabour S.	2015
30	Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis obscured by midfacial trauma. ( 26183855 )	Simuntis R....Vaitkus S.	2015
31	Impact of beta thalassemia on maxillary sinuses and sino-nasal passages: A case control study. ( 26553397 )	Ragab A....Shawki M.	2015
32	WITHDRAWN: Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults. ( 26471061 )	Ahovuo-Saloranta A....MAokelAo M.	2015
33	[The role of accessory ostia of the maxillary sinuses in pathogenesis of acute and chronic maxillary sinusitis]. ( 26640843 )	Magomedov M.M....Andriyaskin D.V.	2015
34	Etiology and clinical characteristics of symptomatic unilateral maxillary sinusitis: A review of 174 cases. ( 26319958 )	Troeltzsch M....Probst F.	2015
35	Chronic maxillary sinusitis and diabetes related maxillary osteonecrosis: a case report. ( 26734561 )	Huh S....Kwon Y.D.	2015
36	Distinguishing the dominant species of pathogen in maxillary sinusitis by sequencing DNA dataset analysis. ( 25724392 )	Zhang J....Zhang L.	2015
37	Maxillary sinusitis diagnosed by ultrasound. ( 25952933 )	Blanco P....Ciotta R.	2015
38	Is Le Fort I Osteotomy Associated With Maxillary Sinusitis? ( 26546843 )	Nocini P.F....Procacci P.	2015
39	Large Haller cell mucocele leading to maxillary sinusitis. ( 25923288 )	Lee J.H.	2015
40	Etiologies and Treatments of Odontogenic Maxillary Sinusitis: A Systematic Review. ( 26756016 )	Akhlaghi F....Safai P.	2015
41	IRAK4 gene polymorphism and odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25707370 )	Pereira I.G....Felino A.	2015
42	One stage combined endoscopic and per-oral buccal fat pad approach for large oro-antral-fistula closure with secondary chronic maxillary sinusitis. ( 26006724 )	Horowitz G....Reiser V.	2015
43	Antibiotics for acute maxillary sinusitis in adults. ( 24515610 )	Ahovuo-Saloranta A....MAokelAo M.	2014
44	Long-term outcomes of endoscopic maxillary mega-antrostomy for refractory chronic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25312656 )	Costa M.L....Hwang P.H.	2014
45	Maxillary Sinusitis Caused by Dental Implants Extending into the Maxillary Sinus and the Nasal Cavities. ( 24417178 )	Biafora M....Trimarchi M.	2014
46	Correlation between the rate of asymmetry volume of maxillary sinuses and clinical symptomatology in the silent sinus syndrome: A retrospective study about 13 cases. ( 26521368 )	Chariba I....Lecanu J.B.	2014
47	Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis: a review. ( 25209225 )	Simuntis R....Vaitkus S.	2014
48	Aperture width of the osteomeatal complex as a predictor of successful treatment of odontogenic maxillary sinusitis. ( 25042902 )	Tomomatsu N....Harada K.	2014
49	Endoscopic sinus surgery in individuals with facial pain due to chronic maxillary sinusitis - a functional controlled study. ( 25003399 )	Sanges G....Bigal M.E.	2014
50	Chronic maxillary sinusitis caused by root canal overfilling of Calcipex II. ( 24516832 )	Kim J.W....Lee S.K.	2014

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Genes for Maxillary Sinusitis

Genes related to Maxillary Sinusitis (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	IRAK4	Interleukin 1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4	Protein Coding	21.32	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
2	MPO	Myeloperoxidase	Protein Coding	20.77	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
3	RNASE3	Ribonuclease A Family Member 3	Protein Coding	17.02	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	CCL5	C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5	Protein Coding	17.02	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
5	SELP	Selectin P	Protein Coding	17.02	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
6	RHNO1	RAD9-HUS1-RAD1 Interacting Nuclear Orphan 1	Protein Coding	15.42	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
7	CD79A	CD79a Molecule	Protein Coding	15.14	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)
8	LMBRD1	LMBR1 Domain Containing 1	Protein Coding	14.87	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : DISEASES inferred (show sections)

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Variations for Maxillary Sinusitis

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Expression for Maxillary Sinusitis

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Maxillary Sinusitis.

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Pathways for Maxillary Sinusitis

Pathways related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	NF-kappaB Signaling ⁴	11.44	CCL5 CD79A IRAK4 MPO
2	amb2 Integrin signaling ¹	10.64	MPO SELP

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GO Terms for Maxillary Sinusitis

Cellular components related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.02	CCL5 IRAK4 MPO RNASE3 SELP

Biological processes related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling	GO:0014068	9.16	CCL5 SELP
2	positive regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	GO:0048661	8.96	CCL5 IRAK4
3	leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	GO:0007159	8.62	CCL5 SELP

Molecular functions related to Maxillary Sinusitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	lipopolysaccharide binding	GO:0001530	8.62	RNASE3 SELP

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Sources for Maxillary Sinusitis

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia