Melancholia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: MLN003 MIFTS: 38	Melancholia Categories: Mental diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Melancholia

MalaCards integrated aliases for Melancholia:

Name: Melancholia ¹² ¹⁵ ⁷³

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:2848

MeSH ⁴⁴ D003866

NCIt ⁵⁰ C34812

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 35489007

UMLS ⁷³ C0025193

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Summaries for Melancholia

MalaCards based summary : Melancholia is related to endogenous depression and major depressive disorder. An important gene associated with Melancholia is CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone), and among its related pathways/superpathways are amb2 Integrin signaling and Overview of nanoparticle effects. The drugs Lamotrigine and Sertraline have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, cortex and brain.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁶ Melancholia, from Greek: µέλαινα �?ολή melaina chole "gall bladders" also Latin lugere lugubriousness to... more...

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Related Diseases for Melancholia

Diseases related to Melancholia via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 161)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	endogenous depression	32.4	CRH IER3IP1
2	major depressive disorder	30.3	CRH PRL TNF
3	depression	10.9
4	mood disorder	10.3
5	hypothalamic disease	10.2	CRH PRL
6	pituitary carcinoma	10.2	CRH PRL
7	nelson syndrome	10.2	CRH PRL
8	sheehan syndrome	10.2	CRH PRL
9	acth-secreting pituitary adenoma	10.2	CRH PRL
10	spinocerebellar degeneration	10.2	CRH PRL
11	fibromyalgia	10.2	CRH PRL
12	hypothyroidism, congenital, nongoitrous, 4	10.2	CRH PRL
13	adrenal cortex disease	10.2	CRH PRL
14	pituitary-dependent cushing's disease	10.2	CRH PRL
15	pituitary gland disease	10.2	CRH PRL
16	diabetes insipidus	10.1	CRH PRL
17	cell type benign neoplasm	10.1	CRH PRL
18	amenorrhea	10.1	CRH PRL
19	mental depression	10.1	CRH IER3IP1
20	congenital disorder of glycosylation, type ia	10.1	HP TF
21	hypopituitarism	10.1	CRH PRL
22	iron overload in africa	10.1	HP TF
23	fructose intolerance, hereditary	10.1	HP TF
24	testicular yolk sac tumor	10.1	HP TF
25	atransferrinemia	10.1	HP TF
26	substance abuse	10.1	PRL TF
27	sleeping sickness	10.1	HP TF
28	haemophilus influenzae	10.1	TF TNF
29	hemoglobinopathy	10.1	HP TF
30	radiation proctitis	10.1	TF TNF
31	eales disease	10.1	TF TNF
32	inclusion conjunctivitis	10.1	TF TNF
33	irritant dermatitis	10.1	IER3IP1 TNF
34	chronic pulmonary heart disease	10.1	HP TNF
35	irritable bowel syndrome	10.1	CRH TNF
36	congenital hemolytic anemia	10.1	HP TF
37	endometrial disease	10.1	HP TNF
38	spondylarthropathy	10.1	HP TNF
39	endometritis	10.1	HP TNF
40	adult respiratory distress syndrome	10.1	TF TNF
41	asthma	10.1
42	anxiety	10.1
43	bipolar disorder	10.1
44	dementia	10.1
45	personality disorder	10.1
46	rosacea	10.1	IER3IP1 TNF
47	rheumatic fever	10.0	HP TNF
48	guillain-barre syndrome	10.0	HP TNF
49	chronic fatigue syndrome	10.0	CRH TNF
50	parasitic protozoa infectious disease	10.0	HP TNF

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Melancholia:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Melancholia

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Melancholia

Drugs for Melancholia (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 70)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Lamotrigine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3

84057-84-1

3878

Sertraline

Approved

Phase 4

79617-96-2

68617

Nortriptyline

Approved

Phase 4

72-69-5

4543

Paroxetine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

61869-08-7

43815

Citalopram

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Not Applicable

59729-33-8

2771

Fluoxetine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

54910-89-3

3386

Mirtazapine

Approved

Phase 4

61337-67-5, 85650-52-8

4205

Bupropion

Approved

Phase 4

34841-39-9, 34911-55-2

444

Excitatory Amino Acids

Phase 4,Phase 3

Sodium Channel Blockers

Phase 4,Phase 3

Diuretics, Potassium Sparing

Phase 4,Phase 3

Anticonvulsants

Phase 4,Phase 3

Calcium, Dietary

Phase 4,Phase 3

calcium channel blockers

Phase 4,Phase 3

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Phase 4,Phase 3

Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Psychotropic Drugs

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic

Phase 4

Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Serotonin Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Antidepressive Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

Adrenergic Agents

Phase 4

Quetiapine Fumarate

Phase 4

111974-72-2

Tranquilizing Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Central Nervous System Depressants

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2

Antipsychotic Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3

Vilazodone Hydrochloride

Phase 4

163521-08-2

Duloxetine Hydrochloride

Phase 4,Phase 3

Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Phase 4

Desvenlafaxine Succinate

Phase 4

386750-22-7

Serotonin

Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

50-67-9

5202

Dopamine

Approved

Phase 3

51-61-6, 62-31-7

681

Norepinephrine

Approved

Phase 3

51-41-2

439260

Vortioxetine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3,Phase 2

508233-74-7

9966051

Risperidone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

106266-06-2

5073

Ziprasidone

Approved

Phase 3

146939-27-7

60854

Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors

Phase 3

Dopamine Agents

Phase 3

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 3,Not Applicable

Analgesics

Phase 3

Serotonin 5-HT1 Receptor Agonists

Phase 3,Phase 2

Serotonin Antagonists

Phase 3,Phase 2

Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

Phase 3,Phase 2

Anti-Anxiety Agents

Phase 3,Phase 2

Dopamine Antagonists

Phase 3

Muscarinic Antagonists

Phase 3,Not Applicable

Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation

Phase 3,Not Applicable

Cholinergic Antagonists

Phase 3,Not Applicable

Parasympatholytics

Phase 3,Not Applicable

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 33)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Melancholic Symptoms in Bipolar Depression and Responsiveness to Lamotrigine	Unknown status	NCT02989727	Phase 4	Lamotrigine;Placebos
2	Antidepressant Treatment of Melancholia in Late Life	Completed	NCT00000378	Phase 4	Sertraline;Nortriptyline
3	Quetiapine in Melancholic Depression	Completed	NCT01200901	Phase 4	Quetiapine
4	Effects of Treatment on Decision-making in Major Depression	Completed	NCT01916824	Phase 4	Any FDA Approved Antidepressant
5	Melancholic Depression and Insomnia as Predictors of Response to Quetiapine in Patients With Major Depression	Active, not recruiting	NCT03207438	Phase 4	Quetiapine 50 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet;Quetiapine Fumarate XR 150-300 mg;Placebos
6	Duloxetine in the Treatment of Melancholic Depression	Completed	NCT00191685	Phase 3	duloxetine
7	Depression And Bipolar Disorder	Completed	NCT00274677	Phase 3	Placebo;lamotrigine
8	Bipolar Disorder Study for Men and Women	Completed	NCT00056277	Phase 3	lamotrigine
9	Study Evaluating DVS-233 SR In Adult Outpatients With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT00072774	Phase 3	DVS-233 SR
10	Safety and Tolerability of Vortioxetine (LuAA21004) - Open Label Extension Study	Completed	NCT01152996	Phase 3	Vortioxetine
11	Efficacy and Safety Study of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) for Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT01255787	Phase 2, Phase 3	Vortioxetine;Placebo
12	Efficacy and Safety Study of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT01163266	Phase 3	Vortioxetine;Placebo
13	Safety and Efficacy of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT01153009	Phase 3	Vortioxetine;Duloxetine;Placebo
14	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Risperidone to Augment SSRI Therapy in Patients With Treatment-resistant Depression	Completed	NCT00044681	Phase 3	risperidone
15	Safety and Tolerability of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT00707980	Phase 3	Vortioxetine
16	A Six-Week Flexible Dose Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Geodon in Patients With Bipolar I Depression.	Completed	NCT00282464	Phase 3	Placebo;Geodon (Ziprasidone)
17	A Six-Week Study Evaluating The Efficacy And Safety Of Geodon In Patients With A Diagnosis Of Bipolar I Depression	Completed	NCT00141271	Phase 3	Geodon (Ziprasidone);Geodon (Ziprasidone);Placebo
18	Efficacy Study of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT00735709	Phase 3	Vortioxetine;Placebo
19	Escitalopram, Placebo and tDCS in Depression: a Non-inferiority Trial	Completed	NCT01894815	Phase 3	Escitalopram oxalate
20	Serotonin Transporter Density in Late-life Depression With and Without Dementia	Completed	NCT01548937	Phase 2	I-123 ADAM
21	A Study of the Effects of a New Antidepressant Treatment (GSK561679) in Females With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT00733980	Phase 2	GSK561679
22	Safety and Efficacy Study in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder	Completed	NCT00896363	Phase 2	GSK163090 1 mg;GSK163090 Placebo;GSK163090 3 mg
23	Orvepitant (GW823296) in Adult Post Traumatic Stress Disorder	Completed	NCT01000493	Phase 2	orvepitant
24	Proof of Concept Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of MIJ821 in Patients With Treatment-resistant Depression	Not yet recruiting	NCT03756129	Phase 2	MIJ821;Placebo;Ketamine
25	A Study Of The Efficacy And Safety Of CP-601,927 Augmentation Of Antidepressant Therapy In Major Depression	Terminated	NCT01098240	Phase 2	CP-601,927
26	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed Dose Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Orvepitant in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder	Terminated	NCT00880399	Phase 2	orvepitant
27	A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Orvepitant in Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder	Terminated	NCT00880048	Phase 2	orvepitant
28	Effects of 3 Months of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI)-Treatment on Metabolism and Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-Axis in Young Men Born With Low Birth Weight	Completed	NCT00971815	Not Applicable	Escitalopram;placebo
29	Study of the Hypothalmic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Its Role in Major Depression	Completed	NCT00001479
30	Stepped Care aiTBS 2 Depression Study (Ghent)	Recruiting	NCT03288675	Not Applicable	SSRI
31	Movement for Depression - An RCT Assessing the Effects of Physical Activity Promotion for People With MDD	Recruiting	NCT03403881	Not Applicable
32	Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation as an add-on Treatment for Bipolar Depression	Recruiting	NCT03603561	Not Applicable
33	Study of Quality of Life in Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome and Related Conditions	Terminated	NCT01307475

Search NIH Clinical Center for Melancholia

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Genetic Tests for Melancholia

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Anatomical Context for Melancholia

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Melancholia:

⁴¹

Testes, Cortex, Brain, Pituitary, Heart, Prostate, Adrenal Cortex

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Publications for Melancholia

Articles related to Melancholia:

(show top 50) (show all 409)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Aspects of Additional Psychiatric Disorders in Severe Depression/Melancholia: A Comparison between Suicides and Controls and General Pattern. ( 29933593 )	Heu U....BrAYdvik L.	2018
2	Putamen Volume Differences Among Older Adults: Depression Status, Melancholia, and Age. ( 29251178 )	Sachs-Ericsson N.J....Steffens D.C.	2018
3	Lipid Peroxidation and Immune Biomarkers Are Associated with Major Depression and Its Phenotypes, Including Treatment-Resistant Depression and Melancholia. ( 29103192 )		2018
4	Cortisol trajectory, melancholia, and response to electroconvulsive therapy. ( 29775916 )		2018
5	Melancholia and cancer: The bladder cancer narrative. ( 29660788 )		2018
6	And I feel fine: Melancholia. ( 30401449 )	Thomas L	2018
7	Social death, melancholia, and zombies: Same patterns? ( 28351493 )	Charlier P....HervAc C.	2017
8	Debate on &quot;Defining melancholia: A core mood disorder&quot;. ( 28987022 )	Primo de Carvalho Alves L....Sica da Rocha N.	2017
9	The genealogy of major depression: symptoms and signs of melancholia from 1880 to 1900. ( 28785109 )	Kendler K.S.	2017
10	Are there differences in lipid peroxidation and immune biomarkers between major depression and bipolar disorder: Effects of melancholia, atypical depression, severity of illness, episode number, suicidal ideation and prior suicide attempts. ( 28867391 )	Sowa-KuA8ma M....Maes M.	2017
11	Defining melancholia: A core mood disorder. ( 28599349 )	Parker G....Malhi G.S.	2017
12	The properties and utility of the CORE measure of melancholia. ( 27721186 )	Parker G....McCraw S.	2017
13	The Devolution of Melancholia Into Psychosis: The Case of a Child Whose Mother Was Unable to Grieve. ( 29022850 )	Roitman Y.	2017
14	To define melancholia, follow the path of catatonia. ( 28691306 )	Fink M.	2017
15	Retrospective: Pursuing melancholia - The Australian contribution. ( 28030975 )		2017
16	Love and melancholia in the analysis of women by women. ( 28671276 )		2017
17	Melancholia, Narcissism and Depression. ( 27377400 )	Pinheiro T....Viana D.	2016
18	Melancholia, Narcissism and Depression. ( 28638134 )	Pinheiro T....Viana D.	2016
19	Postpartum Psychosis: Madness, Mania, and Melancholia in Motherhood. ( 27609245 )	Bergink V....Wisner K.L.	2016
20	Anticipatory Reward Deficits in Melancholia. ( 27175986 )	Liu H....Shankman S.A.	2016
21	Associations of Serum Cytokine Receptor Levels with Melancholia, Staging of Illness, Depressive and Manic Phases, and Severity of Depression in Bipolar Disorder. ( 27660275 )	Siwek M....Maes M.	2016
22	The History of Melancholia Disease. ( 27516703 )		2016
23	The History of Melancholia Disease. ( 27840541 )		2016
24	THE SORROWS OF YOUNG WERTHER AND GOETHE'S UNDERSTANDING OF MELANCHOLIA. ( 26784722 )		2016
25	Relationship between prefrontal hemodynamic responses and quality of life differs between melancholia and non-melancholic depression. ( 27259838 )		2016
26	Melancholia. ( 26499302 )	Carta S.	2015
27	Disrupted effective connectivity of cortical systems supporting attention and interoception in melancholia. ( 25692565 )	Hyett M.P....Parker G.B.	2015
28	Melancholia before the twentieth century: fear and sorrow or partial insanity? ( 25691879 )	Telles-Correia D....Marques J.G.	2015
29	Scene unseen: Disrupted neuronal adaptation in melancholia during emotional film viewing. ( 26740919 )	Hyett M.P....Breakspear M.	2015
30	ON LOVE AND MELANCHOLIA IN MARGUERITE DURAS'S AUTOFICTION. ( 26198607 )	Simoglou V.N.	2015
31	Agoraphobia and Melancholia: Thoughts on Milrod's &quot;Emptiness in Agoraphobia Patients&quot;. ( 26263925 )		2015
32	Melancholia Associated With Severe Cognitive Disorders as the Expression of Late-Onset Postpartum Anti-N-Methyl-d-Aspartic Acid Receptor Limbic Encephalitis. ( 25923872 )		2015
33	Inaccessible Masturbation, Impossible Mourning: Collective Melancholia, the Prohibition on Female Sexual Subjects in India, and Masturbation Fantasy as a Zone of the Strange. ( 26653059 )		2015
34	Melancholia and catatonia: disorders or specifiers? ( 25417594 )	Parker G...Paterson A	2015
35	Sifting through the sands of time: mourning and melancholia revisited via the documentary Nostalgia for the Light (2011). ( 24628289 )	Edwards J.	2014
36	Melancholia in medieval Persian literature: The view of Hidayat of Al-Akhawayni. ( 25019055 )	Dalfardi B....Ghanizadeh A.	2014
37	Brief, unidimensional melancholia rating scales are highly sensitive to the effect of citalopram and may have biological validity: implications for the research domain criteria (RDoC). ( 24836083 )	Ostergaard S.D....Fava M.	2014
38	Major depressive disorder with melancholia displays robust alterations in resting state heart rate and its variability: implications for future morbidity and mortality. ( 25505893 )	Kemp A.H....Harris A.W.	2014
39	Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. ( 25309394 )	Smythies L.E....SMYTHIES J.R.	2014
40	Psychometric analysis of the Melancholia Scale in trials with non-pharmacological augmentation of patients with therapy-resistant depression. ( 25142191 )	Bech P....Martiny K.	2014
41	Association between core-assigned melancholia and the melancholia subscale of the HAM-D. ( 25451414 )	Caldieraro M.A....Fleck M.P.	2014
42	Fewer study participants needed to demonstrate superior antidepressant efficacy when using the Hamilton melancholia subscale (HAM-D6) as outcome measure. ( 25487682 )		2014
43	Right temporal activation differs between melancholia and nonmelancholic depression: a multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy study. ( 24780385 )		2014
44	Antidepressant treatment of melancholia in older adults. ( 24119858 )		2014
45	Melancholia: definition and management. ( 24270479 )		2014
46	The impact of melancholia versus non-melancholia on resting-state, EEG alpha asymmetry: electrophysiological evidence for depression heterogeneity. ( 24467874 )		2014
47	Melancholia in later life: late and early onset differences in presentation, course, and dementia risk. ( 24677247 )		2014
48	Melancholia: past and present. ( 23547641 )	Healy D.	2013
49	Treating melancholia at home: theoretical wisdom and grim reality in the career of E.C. Seguin. ( 23628930 )	Goetz C.G....Harter D.H.	2013
50	Melancholia: a distinct entity? ( 23547639 )	Grof P.	2013

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Genes for Melancholia

Genes related to Melancholia (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	CRH	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	22.48	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
2	PRL	Prolactin	Protein Coding	21.58	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
3	TF	Transferrin	Protein Coding	20.57	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	HP	Haptoglobin	Protein Coding	20.36	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
5	IER3IP1	Immediate Early Response 3 Interacting Protein 1	Protein Coding	20.27	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ ¹⁵
6	TNF	Tumor Necrosis Factor	Protein Coding	16.68	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
7	CRP	C-Reactive Protein	Protein Coding	16.68	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

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Variations for Melancholia

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Expression for Melancholia

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Melancholia.

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Pathways for Melancholia

Pathways related to Melancholia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	amb2 Integrin signaling ¹	10.84	HP TNF
2	Overview of nanoparticle effects ¹	10.23	CRP TNF
3	EV release from cardiac cells and their functional effects ¹	9.58	PRL TNF

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GO Terms for Melancholia

Cellular components related to Melancholia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	extracellular region	GO:0005576	9.43	CRH CRP HP PRL TF TNF
2	extracellular space	GO:0005615	9.1	CRH CRP HP PRL TF TNF

Biological processes related to Melancholia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	positive regulation of gene expression	GO:0010628	9.58	CRH CRP TNF
2	inflammatory response	GO:0006954	9.54	CRH CRP TNF
3	positive regulation of cell death	GO:0010942	9.32	CRH HP
4	negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	GO:0001937	9.26	PRL TNF
5	acute-phase response	GO:0006953	9.16	CRP HP
6	parturition	GO:0007567	8.96	CRH PRL
7	negative regulation of lipid storage	GO:0010888	8.62	CRP TNF

Sources

Sources for Melancholia

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia