Myopia disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: MYP006 MIFTS: 56	Myopia Categories: Eye diseases, Genetic diseases, Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases	Data Licensing For inquiries, contact: [email protected]
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Aliases & Classifications for Myopia

MalaCards integrated aliases for Myopia:

Name: Myopia ¹¹ ⁴² ⁷⁵ ²⁸ ⁵³ ⁵ ⁴³ ¹⁴ ³⁸ ⁷¹ ⁷⁵ ³¹ ³³

Near-Sightedness ¹¹ ⁴² ³³

Short-Sightedness ¹¹ ⁴²

Nearsightedness ⁴² ³³

Nearsighted ⁴² ³³

Close Sighted ⁴²

Short-Sighted ⁴²

Near Sighted ³³

Near Vision ¹¹

Myopic ⁴²

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Genetic diseases Rare diseases
Anatomical: Eye diseases Neuronal diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³¹

Diseases of the eye and adnexa

Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Disorders of refraction and accommodation

Myopia

ICD11: ³³

Diseases of the visual system

Disorders of refraction or accommodation

Disorders of refraction

Myopia

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹¹ DOID:11830

ICD9CM ³⁴ 367.1

MeSH ⁴³ D009216

NCIt ⁴⁹ C102533

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁸ 155133003

ICD10 ³¹ H52.1

ICD11 ³³ 1666440799

UMLS ⁷¹ C0027092

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Summaries for Myopia

MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Nearsightedness, also known as myopia, is an eye condition that causes blurry distance vision. People who are nearsighted have more trouble seeing things that are far away (such as when driving) than things that are close up (such as when reading or using a computer). If it is not treated with corrective lenses or surgery, nearsightedness can lead to squinting, eyestrain, headaches, and significant visual impairment.Nearsightedness usually begins in childhood or adolescence. It tends to worsen with age until adulthood, when it may stop getting worse (stabilize). In some people, nearsightedness improves in later adulthood.For normal vision, light passes through the clear cornea at the front of the eye and is focused by the lens onto the surface of the retina, which is the lining of the back of the eye that contains light-sensing cells. People who are nearsighted typically have eyeballs that are too long from front to back. As a result, light entering the eye is focused too far forward, in front of the retina instead of on its surface. It is this change that causes distant objects to appear blurry. The longer the eyeball is, the farther forward light rays will be focused and the more severely nearsighted a person will be.Nearsightedness is measured by how powerful a lens must be to correct it. The standard unit of lens power is called a diopter. Negative (minus) powered lenses are used to correct nearsightedness. The more severe a person's nearsightedness, the larger the number of diopters required for correction. In an individual with nearsightedness, one eye may be more nearsighted than the other.Eye doctors often refer to nearsightedness less than -5 or -6 diopters as "common myopia." Nearsightedness of -6 diopters or more is commonly called "high myopia." This distinction is important because high myopia increases a person's risk of developing other eye problems that can lead to permanent vision loss or blindness. These problems include tearing and detachment of the retina, clouding of the lens (cataract), and an eye disease called glaucoma that is usually related to increased pressure within the eye. The risk of these other eye problems increases with the severity of the nearsightedness. The term "pathological myopia" is used to describe cases in which high myopia leads to tissue damage within the eye.

MalaCards based summary: Myopia, also known as near-sightedness, is related to night blindness, congenital stationary, type 1a and degenerative myopia, and has symptoms including aniseikonia An important gene associated with Myopia is FBN1 (Fibrillin 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Extracellular matrix organization and Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events. The drugs Loteprednol etabonate and Fluorometholone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include eye, retina and endothelial.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ A refractive error characterized by the inability to see farther objects clearly.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Myopia, also known as near-sightedness and short-sightedness, is an eye disease where light focuses in... more...

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Related Diseases for Myopia

Diseases in the Myopia family:

Diseases related to Myopia via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 847)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	night blindness, congenital stationary, type 1a	33.1	NYX CACNA1F
2	degenerative myopia	33.0	ZNF644 SCO2
3	x-linked congenital stationary night blindness	32.8	NYX CACNA1F
4	achromatopsia 3	32.8	NYX CACNA1F
5	refractive error	32.8	ZNF644 VPS13B SLC39A5 SCO2 PRIMPOL P3H2
6	rare isolated myopia	32.8	SCO2 P3H2
7	marshall syndrome	32.5	COL2A1 COL11A1
8	stickler syndrome	32.5	ZNF644 SCO2 P3H2 NYX FBN1 COL2A1
9	aland island eye disease	32.4	NYX CACNA1F
10	spondyloperipheral dysplasia	32.4	COL2A1 COL11A1
11	retinal detachment	32.3	P3H2 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
12	kniest dysplasia	32.2	COL2A1 COL11A1
13	spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, strudwick type	32.0	FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
14	stickler syndrome, type i	31.9	FBN1 COL2A1
15	night blindness, congenital stationary, type 1c	31.9	NYX CACNA1F
16	night blindness, congenital stationary, type 2a	31.9	NYX CACNA1F
17	fibrochondrogenesis	31.9	COL2A1 COL11A1
18	cataract	31.9	TYR P3H2 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
19	anisometropia	31.8	ZNF644 SCO2 PRIMPOL
20	blue cone monochromacy	31.8	NYX CACNA1F
21	retinitis pigmentosa	31.7	ZNF644 VPS13B TYR SCO2 P3H2 NYX
22	megalocornea	31.6	FBN1 COL11A1
23	strabismus	31.5	TYR COL2A1 COL11A1 CHD7
24	eye disease	31.4	TYR NYX FBN1 COL2A1 CHD7 CACNA1F
25	retinal perforation	31.0	COL2A1 COL11A1
26	night blindness, congenital stationary, type 1e	30.8	NYX CACNA1F
27	ehlers-danlos syndrome	30.7	SLC39A5 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
28	brittle bone disorder	30.6	P3H2 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
29	lens subluxation	30.5	VPS13B P3H2 FBN1
30	fundus dystrophy	30.4	ZNF644 VPS13B TYR P3H2 NYX COL2A1
31	osteochondrodysplasia	30.3	P3H2 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
32	vitreous syneresis	30.2	COL2A1 COL11A1
33	achondrogenesis, type ii	30.2	COL2A1 COL11A1
34	deafness and myopia	11.7
35	epiphyseal dysplasia, multiple, with myopia and conductive deafness	11.5
36	polydactyly, postaxial, with progressive myopia	11.5
37	myopia 6	11.5
38	blepharoptosis, myopia, and ectopia lentis	11.5
39	donnai-barrow syndrome	11.5
40	myopia 26, x-linked, female-limited	11.5
41	myopia 27, autosomal dominant	11.5
42	myopia 2, autosomal dominant	11.4
43	myopia 21, autosomal dominant	11.4
44	myopia 23, autosomal recessive	11.4
45	myopia 22, autosomal dominant	11.4
46	myopia 24, autosomal dominant	11.4
47	myopia 28, autosomal recessive	11.4
48	joint laxity, short stature, and myopia	11.4
49	myopia 1, x-linked	11.4
50	myopia 3, autosomal dominant	11.4

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Myopia:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Myopia

UMLS symptoms related to Myopia:

aniseikonia

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Myopia

Drugs for Myopia (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 161)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Loteprednol etabonate

Approved, Experimental

Phase 4

82034-46-6, 129260-79-3

22227703 9865442 444025

Fluorometholone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

426-13-1

9878

Bevacizumab

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

216974-75-3

135329020

Ketorolac

Approved

Phase 4

74103-06-3, 66635-83-4

3826

Povidone-iodine

Approved

Phase 4

25655-41-8

Iodine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

7553-56-2

807

Povidone K30

Approved, Experimental, Withdrawn

Phase 4

9003-39-8

6917 131751496

Levofloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

100986-85-4

149096

Ofloxacin

Approved

Phase 4

82419-36-1

4583

Nepafenac

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

78281-72-8

151075

Propoxycaine

Approved

Phase 4

86-43-1

6843

Dipivefrin

Approved

Phase 4

52365-63-6

3105

Atropine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

101-31-5, 5908-99-6, 51-55-8

3661 154417 174174

Tropicamide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

1508-75-4

5593

Mitomycin

Approved

Phase 4

50-07-7

5746

Cadexomer iodine

Experimental

Phase 4

94820-09-4

Anti-Allergic Agents

Phase 4

Vitamins

Phase 4

Cathartics

Phase 4

Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium

Phase 4

Echothiophate Iodide

Phase 4

Laxatives

Phase 4

Cholinesterase Inhibitors

Phase 4

Omega 3 Fatty Acid

Phase 4

Pharmaceutical Solutions

Phase 4

Lubricant Eye Drops

Phase 4

Antirheumatic Agents

Phase 4

Ketorolac Tromethamine

Phase 4

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors

Phase 4

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal

Phase 4

Anesthetics, Local

Phase 4

Proxymetacaine

Phase 4

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4

Bronchodilator Agents

Phase 4

Parasympatholytics

Phase 4

Anti-Asthmatic Agents

Phase 4

Anti-Arrhythmia Agents

Phase 4

Ophthalmic Solutions

Phase 4

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 4

Mydriatics

Phase 4

Muscarinic Antagonists

Phase 4

Cholinergic Antagonists

Phase 4

Cholinergic Agents

Phase 4

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Phase 4

Alkylating Agents

Phase 4

Antibiotics, Antitubercular

Phase 4

Moxifloxacin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 2, Phase 3

186826-86-8, 354812-41-2, 151096-09-2

152946

Pilocarpine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 3

54-71-7, 92-13-7

4819 5910

Tobramycin, Dexamethasone Drug Combination

Phase 2, Phase 3

Norgestimate, ethinyl estradiol drug combination

Phase 2, Phase 3

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 866)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Comparison of Next Generation Laser Techniques of Myopia Correction: iDesign vs. SMILE	Unknown status	NCT03001401	Phase 4
2	Pilot Study of Prevention Myopia in Children With Low Concentration of Atropine	Unknown status	NCT00541177	Phase 4	atropine;tropicamide
3	Randomized, Single Blinded Controlled Trial for Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Loteprednol Versus Fluorometholone After Photorefractive Keratectomy for the Correction of Mild to Moderate Myopia, 3- Month Follow-up Study	Unknown status	NCT02974387	Phase 4	Fluorometholone(FML);Loteprednol (Lotemax)
4	Echothiophate Iodide for the Prevention of Progression of Myopia	Unknown status	NCT02544529	Phase 4	Echothiophate Iodide 0.03% Ophthalmic Solution;Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium (0.5%)
5	Atropine for Children and Adolescent Myopia Progression Study (ACAMP)	Unknown status	NCT03949101	Phase 4	Atropine Sulfate 1 % Ophthalmic Ointment and Atropine Sulfate 0.01% Eye Drop;atropine 0.01% eye drop
6	A Prospective, Randomized, Multi Center Clinical Comparison Of Fellow Eyes Undergoing Lasik Using The Amo/Visx Customvue™ , The Bausch And Lomb Zyoptix And Planoscan And The Wavelight Allegretto Wave™ Wavefront Guided And Wavefront Optimized Excimer Laser Systems	Unknown status	NCT00770094	Phase 4
7	A Prospective Safety and Effectiveness Study of the 500 Hz Technolas Perfect Vision Excimer Laser in Asian Eyes Using LASIK	Unknown status	NCT01977807	Phase 4
8	A Prospective Safety and Effectiveness Study of a New High Repetition Rate Excimer Laser Using LASIK for the Correction of Ammetropia and Presbyopia	Unknown status	NCT02112968	Phase 4
9	A Prospective Safety and Effectiveness Study of the 500 Hz Technolas Perfect Vision Excimer Laser Using LASIK	Unknown status	NCT02071576	Phase 4
10	Ranibizumabe Intravitreal Injection for Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization	Unknown status	NCT01246089	Phase 4	ranibizumab injection
11	A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Raindrop Near Vision Inlay in Presbyopes Implanted Under a Corneal Flap or Within a Small-Incision Pocket	Unknown status	NCT03376412	Phase 4
12	A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Raindrop Near Vision Inlay in Presbyopic Patients With Treatments to Optimize the Ocular Surface Before Implantation	Unknown status	NCT03126877	Phase 4	Mitomycin C
13	A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Raindrop Near Vision Inlay in Presbyopes Treated With Mitomycin C During Surgery and Extended Steroid After Surgery	Unknown status	NCT03242317	Phase 4	Mitomycin C
14	Aflibercept Intravitreal Injection for Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization	Unknown status	NCT02033018	Phase 4	Aflibercept Injection
15	Dosing Strategy of Intravitreal Ranibizumab for Myopia Choroidal Neovascularization: a Single Center Randomized Prospective Study	Completed	NCT03042871	Phase 4	0.5mg intravitreal ranibizumab
16	A Prospective, Randomised Trial of Photo-Refractive Keratectomy (PRK) and Laser-in-Situ-Keratomileusis (LASIK) for Correction of Myopia	Completed	NCT00404105	Phase 4
17	Evaluation of the Prophylactic Use of Mitomycin C 0.02% to Inhibit Haze Formation After Photorefractive Keratectomy for High Myopia: 15 x 30 Seconds	Completed	NCT00564213	Phase 4	PRK and a single intraoperative topical application of mitomycin C 0.02% for 15 seconds
18	SD-OCT-guided Intravitreal Ranibizumab Treatment in Choroidal Neovascularization Due to Myopia	Completed	NCT03409250	Phase 4	Ranibizumab, Lucentis
19	Effect of Orthokeratology on Myopia Progression in Chinese Children	Completed	NCT02186184	Phase 4
20	Product Performance of Bausch & Lomb PureVision® Contact Lens When Compared to Johnson & Johnson Acuvue Oasys Contact Lens and the Ciba Vision O2Optix Contact Lens Worn Daily.	Completed	NCT00640341	Phase 4
21	On-Eye Optical Quality of Lotrafilcon B Lenses Over 12 Hours	Completed	NCT03881670	Phase 4
22	A Single Center Prospective Evaluation of the Post-LASIK Flap Thickness of the FS200 Femtosecond Laser Flap	Completed	NCT01693939	Phase 4
23	A Prospective, Multi Center Clinical Comparison of Fellow Eyes Undergoing Lasik Using the Wavelight Allegretto Wave™ Excimer Laser in One Eye and the Amo/Visx Customvue™ or the Ladarvision 4000 Excimer Laser System in the Contralateral Eye	Completed	NCT00821236	Phase 4
24	Clinical Investigation of the Vision-R800 Device. Understanding the Value of High Precision Refractions and Lenses to Optometrists and Patients. Phase 2	Completed	NCT04208750	Phase 4
25	Corneal and Conjunctival Sensitivity and Staining Study	Completed	NCT00455455	Phase 4	Optifree RepleniSH Multipurpose Disinfecting Solution;ReNu Multiplus Multipurpose Solution
26	The Effects of Low Dose Atropine on Choroidal Thickness	Completed	NCT03544827	Phase 4	Atropine
27	Infiltrative Events During Silicone Hydrogel Daily Contact Lens (Daily Wear Corneal Infiltrative Event (DWCIE) Study)	Completed	NCT00937105	Phase 4
28	Long-term Effects of Laser Refractive Surgery	Completed	NCT00350246	Phase 4
29	Effects of Contact Lens Care Regimens on the Corneal Epithelium	Completed	NCT00349882	Phase 4	Marketed multipurpose disinfection regimen
30	Investigation of Multi-Purpose Solution-Based Corneal Staining and Ocular Comfort With Daily Wear FDA Group IV Hydrogel Lenses	Completed	NCT00349843	Phase 4	Marketed soft lens multipurpose disinfection regimen
31	Double Masked Evaluation of Acular LS Versus Nevanac for Postoperative Pain Control in Eyes Undergoing PRK	Completed	NCT00347204	Phase 4	ketorolac (Acular LS);Nepafenac (Nevanac)
32	Effect of Preoperative Pupil Size on Quality of Vision After Wavefront-Guided LASIK	Completed	NCT00889941	Phase 4
33	The Influence of Atropine on Choroidal Thickness	Completed	NCT03158142	Phase 4	Atropine Sulfate 1% Oph Soln
34	Efficacy of PEG-400 and Systane Artificial Tears (Alcon) on Quality of Vision	Completed	NCT00627302	Phase 4	PEG-400;Systane
35	Effect of Contact Lens Wear on Immune Cell Density and Morphology of the Ocular Surface: A Laser In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Study	Completed	NCT01250925	Phase 4	ReNu MultiPlus® MultiPurpose Solution;OPTI-FREE® RepleniSH®;Clear Care®
36	A Prospective Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of the Supracor Presbyopic Treatment Algorithm for Pseudophakic Eyes Using Lasik	Completed	NCT01387360	Phase 4
37	A Prospective Evaluation of Outcomes Following Wavefront Optimized or Wavefront Guided Lasik Procedure in Low to Moderate Myopic Patients	Completed	NCT01173198	Phase 4
38	A Prospective Eye to Eye Comparison of LASIK Using the Alcon Allegretto Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser Versus AMO Visx Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser	Completed	NCT01454843	Phase 4
39	Evaluation Of Visual Outcomes and Contrast Sensitivity After Myopic Wavefront-Optimized Lasik Using the 200 KHZ WAVELIGHT® FS200 Femtosecond Laser and the WAVELIGHT® ALLEGRETTO WAVE® EYE-Q Laser	Completed	NCT01746589	Phase 4
40	Bevacizumab Intravitreal for Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization	Completed	NCT00797992	Phase 4	Injection
41	A Three Arm Prospective Clinical Evaluation of Three FDA-approved Intraocular Lenses Designed to Improve Distance, Intermediate and Near Vision Following Lens Extraction	Completed	NCT01225952	Phase 4
42	A Three Arm Prospective Clinical Evaluation of Three FDA Approved Intraocular Lenses Designed to Improve Distance, Intermediate and Near Vision Following Lens Extraction.	Completed	NCT01122576	Phase 4
43	Bilateral, Masked Comparison of PEG-400 Based Artificial Tear vs. Systane for Dry Eye Signs, Symptoms & Refractive Regression Associated With Myopic Laser in Situ Keratomilieusis (LASIK).	Completed	NCT00620893	Phase 4	PEG- 400 based artificial tear;Systane
44	Multi-centered Clinical Trial on Myopia Intervention in Children and Adolescents and Establishment of a Precise Intervention Model Based on Deep Learning	Recruiting	NCT05357326	Phase 4	Atropine Sulfate 0.01% Eye Drop;Atropine Sulfate 0.04% Eye Drop
45	Efficacy and Safety of 1% Atropine "5+3" Regimen in Children and Adolescents Controlling Myopia	Recruiting	NCT05448989	Phase 4	1% atropine 5+3
46	Efficacy and Safety of Anesthetic Impregnated Bandage Soft Contact Lens (BSCL) in Pain Management After Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK).	Recruiting	NCT04283331	Phase 4	Proparacaine Ophthalmic
47	Patient Satisfaction With Contoura Vision Topography-Guided LASIK	Recruiting	NCT04903301	Phase 4
48	A Prospective Randomized Comparison of the AMO CustomVue to the Alcon Wavelight in Patients Undergoing LASIK	Active, not recruiting	NCT02565537	Phase 4
49	Study on the Effect of Two Ways of Cycloplegia on Biological Parameters of Ciliary Muscle	Not yet recruiting	NCT05449015	Phase 4	1% atropine
50	Improved Near Vision and Intermediate Without Loss of Binocular Distance Vision Using AGN-190584 in Subjects Utilizing Single -Use Daily, Contact Lenses for Distance Vision Correction in Both Eyes	Not yet recruiting	NCT05624320	Phase 4	AGN-190584

Search NIH Clinical Center for Myopia

Cochrane evidence based reviews: myopia

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Genetic Tests for Myopia

Genetic tests related to Myopia:

#	Genetic test	Affiliating Genes
1	Myopia ²⁸

Sources

Anatomical Context for Myopia

Organs/tissues related to Myopia:

MalaCards : Eye, Retina, Endothelial, Brain, Heart, Prefrontal Cortex, Cortex

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Publications for Myopia

Articles related to Myopia:

(show top 50) (show all 26128)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Whole-genome sequencing of patients with rare diseases in a national health system. ⁵	Turro E...Ouwehand WH	32581362	2020
2	Association analysis of retinoic acid receptor beta (RARbeta) gene with high myopia in Chinese subjects. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ding Y...Zhou X	20508731	2010
3	Mutations in RPGR and RP2 of Chinese patients with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ji Y...Zhang Q	20021257	2010
4	AC and AG dinucleotide repeats in the PAX6 P1 promoter are associated with high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ng TK...Pang CP	19907666	2009
5	The association of haplotype at the lumican gene with high myopia susceptibility in Taiwanese patients. ⁵³ ⁶²	Chen ZT...Lin LL	19616852	2009
6	COL1A1 and COL2A1 genes and myopia susceptibility: evidence of association and suggestive linkage to the COL2A1 locus. ⁵³ ⁶²	Metlapally R...Young TL	19387081	2009
7	Sclera-related gene polymorphisms in high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lin HJ...Tsai FJ	19710942	2009
8	Absence of association between COL1A1 polymorphisms and high myopia in the Japanese population. ⁵³ ⁶²	Nakanishi H...Yoshimura N	18836165	2009
9	Common variant in myocilin gene is associated with high myopia in isolated population of Korcula Island, Croatia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Vatavuk Z...Zgaga L	19260140	2009
10	Association of PAX6 polymorphisms with high myopia in Han Chinese nuclear families. ⁵³ ⁶²	Han W...Yip SP	19124844	2009
11	Myocilin polymorphisms and high myopia in subjects of European origin. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zayats T...Guggenheim JA	19180258	2009
12	Regulation of pigment epithelium-derived factor production and release by retinal glial (Müller) cells under hypoxia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lange J...Eichler W	18676622	2008
13	Changes in aqueous vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelial-derived factor levels following intravitreal bevacizumab injections for choroidal neovascularization secondary to age-related macular degeneration or pathologic myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Chan WM...Pang CP	18728623	2008
14	Cohen syndrome resulting from a novel large intragenic COH1 deletion segregating in an isolated Greek island population. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bugiani M...Petersen MB	18655112	2008
15	Collagen 11a1 is indirectly activated by lymphocyte enhancer-binding factor 1 (Lef1) and negatively regulates osteoblast maturation. ⁵³ ⁶²	Kahler RA...Westendorf JJ	18280717	2008
16	A PAX6 gene polymorphism is associated with genetic predisposition to extreme myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tsai YY...Tsai FJ	17948041	2008
17	Assessment of TGIF as a candidate gene for myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Pertile KK...Baird PN	18172074	2008
18	Application of fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis technology in searching for protein biomarkers in chick myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lam TC...To CH	17924678	2007
19	The COL1A1 gene and high myopia susceptibility in Japanese. ⁵³ ⁶²	Inamori Y...Mizuki N	17557158	2007
20	PAX6 mutations may be associated with high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hewitt AW...Mackey DA	17896318	2007
21	A population-based epidemiological and genetic study of X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. ⁵³ ⁶²	Prokisch H...Rosenberg T	17724181	2007
22	Candidate gene and locus analysis of myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Mutti DO...Zadnik K	17653045	2007
23	Novel mutations in the small leucine-rich repeat protein/proteoglycan (SLRP) genes in high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Majava M...Mannikko M	17117407	2007
24	Linkage and association of myocilin (MYOC) polymorphisms with high myopia in a Chinese population. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tang WC...Yap MK	17438518	2007
25	Mutations in NYX of individuals with high myopia, but without night blindness. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zhang Q...Hejtmancik JF	17392683	2007
26	Effects of intravitreally and intraperitoneally injected atropine on two types of experimental myopia in chicken. ⁵³ ⁶²	Diether S...Trendelenburg AU	17101130	2007
27	Systematic assessment of the tagging polymorphisms of the COL1A1 gene for high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Liang CL...Juo SH	17273809	2007
28	Analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms at 13 loci within the transforming growth factor-induced factor gene shows no association with high myopia in Japanese subjects. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hasumi Y...Mizuki N	17048038	2006
29	Basic fibroblast growth factor suppresses retinal neuronal apoptosis in form-deprivation myopia in chicks. ⁵³ ⁶²	Mao J...Fu C	17114124	2006
30	Mutational analysis of RPGR and RP2 genes in Japanese patients with retinitis pigmentosa: identification of four mutations. ⁵³ ⁶²	Jin ZB...Nao-i N	17093403	2006
31	The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'-regulatory region of the lumican gene with susceptibility to high myopia in Taiwan. ⁵³ ⁶²	Wang IJ...Lin LL	16902402	2006
32	[Establishing the linkage disequilibrium pattern for the all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) gene]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Han W...Yap MK	17081426	2006
33	Aqueous humor levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and pigment epithelium-derived factor in polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and choroidal neovascularization. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tong JP...Lam DS	16490490	2006
34	Retinal serotonin, eye growth and myopia development in chick. ⁵³ ⁶²	George A...Pow DV	15949800	2005
35	Low levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor in highly myopic eyes with chorioretinal atrophy. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ogata N...Matsumura M	16310484	2005
36	Magnification-corrected indirect biomicroscopy of the optic nerve head. ⁵³ ⁶²	Ansari-Shahrezaei S...Stur M	15455240	2005
37	Exclusion of lumican and fibromodulin as candidate genes in MYP3 linked high grade myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Paluru PC...Young TL	15592176	2004
38	A susceptibility locus for myopia in the normal population is linked to the PAX6 gene region on chromosome 11: a genomewide scan of dizygotic twins. ⁵³ ⁶²	Hammond CJ...Spector TD	15307048	2004
39	Cohen syndrome in the Ohio Amish. ⁵³ ⁶²	Falk MJ...Warman ML	15211651	2004
40	Sequence variants in the transforming growth beta-induced factor (TGIF) gene are not associated with high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Scavello GS...Young TL	15223781	2004
41	Pax-6 expression in posthatch chick retina during and recovery from form-deprivation myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Bhat SP...Ariyasu RG	15855761	2004
42	Using denaturing HPLC for SNP discovery and genotyping, and establishing the linkage disequilibrium pattern for the all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (RDH8) gene. ⁵³ ⁶²	Han W...Yap MKH	14661078	2004
43	[The SNPs analysis of encoding sequence of interacting factor gene in Chinese population]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Li J...Guo XM	14556208	2003
44	Autosomal dominant rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with an Arg453Ter mutation in the COL2A1 gene. ⁵³ ⁶²	Go SL...Hoyng CB	12939326	2003
45	A glycine to aspartic acid substitution of COL2A1 in a family with the Strudwick variant of spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Tysoe C...Pope FM	12925722	2003
46	TGFbeta-induced factor: a candidate gene for high myopia. ⁵³ ⁶²	Lam DS...Pang CP	12601022	2003
47	[Comparison of PKR and LASIK for the treatment of low myopia: statistic study of refractive and optic results]. ⁵³ ⁶²	Montard M...Perone JM	11965115	2002
48	Novel deletion of the RPGR gene in a Chinese family with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. ⁵³ ⁶²	Zhao K...Wang Q	11559860	2001
49	Clinical features and a follow-up study in a family with X-linked progressive cone-rod dystrophy. ⁵³ ⁶²	Mantyjarvi M...Alitalo T	11453854	2001
50	Audiovestibular phenotype associated with a COL11A1 mutation in Marshall syndrome. ⁵³ ⁶²	Griffith AJ...Kileny PR	10889003	2000

Sources

Genes for Myopia

Genes related to Myopia (10 elite genes):

(show top 50) (show all 156)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubMed IDs
1	FBN1	Fibrillin 1	Protein Coding	452.61	Pathogenic ⁵ Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	9430549
2	COL2A1	Collagen Type II Alpha 1 Chain	Protein Coding	433.2	Pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	19387081 12939326 17653045 (more) 12925722
3	CHD7	Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 7	Protein Coding	411.88	Pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
4	TYR	Tyrosinase	Protein Coding	404.2	Pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
5	CEMIP2	Cell Migration Inducing Hyaluronidase 2	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁵
6	MYP10	Myopia 10	Genetic Locus	66.37	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Gene name (show sections)
7	MYP7	Myopia 7	Genetic Locus	66	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Gene name (show sections)
8	MYP8	Myopia 8	Genetic Locus	66	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Gene name (show sections)
9	MYP9	Myopia 9	Genetic Locus	66	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Gene name (show sections)
10	MYP14	Myopia 14	Genetic Locus	57.56	MalaCards inferred ³⁹ GeneCards inferred via : Gene name (show sections)
11	MIR100HG	Mir-100-Let-7a-2-Mir-125b-1 Cluster Host Gene	RNA Gene	157.78	Experimental evidence: Locus ³⁷ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19779542
12	COL11A1	Collagen Type XI Alpha 1 Chain	Protein Coding	58.54	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	10889003 18280717
13	CACNA1F	Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 F	Protein Coding	49.2	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
14	SCO2	Synthesis Of Cytochrome C Oxidase 2	Protein Coding	42	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Gene name Summaries (show sections)
15	NYX	Nyctalopin	Protein Coding	41.71	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)	17392683
16	PRIMPOL	Primase And DNA Directed Polymerase	Protein Coding	41.7	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries Proteins (show sections)
17	VPS13B	Vacuolar Protein Sorting 13 Homolog B	Protein Coding	40.78	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³	32581362 18655112 15211651
18	ZNF644	Zinc Finger Protein 644	Protein Coding	33.45	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
19	P3H2	Prolyl 3-Hydroxylase 2	Protein Coding	32.93	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
20	SLC39A5	Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 5	Protein Coding	32.19	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
21	ADAMTS17	ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 17	Protein Coding	31.41	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
22	LRPAP1	LDL Receptor Related Protein Associated Protein 1	Protein Coding	31.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
23	SLITRK6	SLIT And NTRK Like Family Member 6	Protein Coding	30.96	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
24	COL4A4	Collagen Type IV Alpha 4 Chain	Protein Coding	30.49	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
25	RPGR	Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator	Protein Coding	29.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	20021257 1357178 11559860 (more) 11453854 17724181 17093403
26	MYH11	Myosin Heavy Chain 11	Protein Coding	29.48	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
27	POGZ	Pogo Transposable Element Derived With ZNF Domain	Protein Coding	28.54	Likely pathogenic ⁵ DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
28	FMOD	Fibromodulin	Protein Coding	27.99	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Summaries (show sections)	15592176 19710942 17117407
29	NDE1	NudE Neurodevelopment Protein 1	Protein Coding	25	Likely pathogenic ⁵
30	RSRC2	Arginine And Serine Rich Coiled-Coil 2	Protein Coding	25	Likely pathogenic ⁵
31	SLC25A4	Solute Carrier Family 25 Member 4	Protein Coding	25	Likely pathogenic ⁵
32	OPN1LW	Opsin 1, Long Wave Sensitive	Protein Coding	22.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
33	COL18A1	Collagen Type XVIII Alpha 1 Chain	Protein Coding	22.64	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
34	LAMA1	Laminin Subunit Alpha 1	Protein Coding	22.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
35	CLDN19	Claudin 19	Protein Coding	22.14	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Summaries (show sections)
36	ARR3	Arrestin 3	Protein Coding	22.07	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
37	ADAMTS10	ADAM Metallopeptidase With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif 10	Protein Coding	22.04	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
38	LOXL3	Lysyl Oxidase Like 3	Protein Coding	21.96	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
39	RHO	Rhodopsin	Protein Coding	21.85	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
40	P4HA2	Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase Subunit Alpha 2	Protein Coding	21.73	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
41	NDUFAF7	NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Complex Assembly Factor 7	Protein Coding	21.68	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
42	COL9A2	Collagen Type IX Alpha 2 Chain	Protein Coding	21.68	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
43	PAX6	Paired Box 6	Protein Coding	20.78	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19907666 19124844 17653045 (more) 15855761 15307048 17948041 17896318
44	CPSF1	Cleavage And Polyadenylation Specific Factor 1	Protein Coding	20.72	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
45	MYOC	Myocilin	Protein Coding	20.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	19180258 17438518 19260140
46	RDH8	Retinol Dehydrogenase 8	Protein Coding	19.55	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17081426 14661078
47	CRYAA	Crystallin Alpha A	Protein Coding	19.08	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
48	COL1A1	Collagen Type I Alpha 1 Chain	Protein Coding	18.46	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ Novoseek inferred ⁵³ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	17557158 17273809 18836165 (more) 19387081 19260140
49	HS6ST2	Heparan Sulfate 6-O-Sulfotransferase 2	Protein Coding	18.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)
50	MYP2	Myopia 2 (High Grade, Autosomal Dominant)	Genetic Locus	16.99	GeneCards inferred via : Publications Gene name (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Myopia

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Myopia:

⁵ (show all 32)

#	Gene	Name	Type	Significance	ClinVarId	dbSNP ID	Position
1	CHD7	NM_017780.4(CHD7):c.6892C>T (p.Gln2298Ter)	SNV	Pathogenic	374090	rs1057518891	GRCh37: 8:61767038-61767038 GRCh38: 8:60854479-60854479
2	overlap with 7 genes	GRCh37/hg19 7p22.1(chr7:5096876-5569338)x1	CN LOSS	Pathogenic	1330190		GRCh37: 7:5096876-5569338 GRCh38:
3	CEMIP2	NM_013390.3(CEMIP2):c.1358G>A (p.Cys453Tyr)	SNV	Pathogenic	827846	rs755447989	GRCh37: 9:74349757-74349757 GRCh38: 9:71734841-71734841
4	CEMIP2	NM_013390.3(CEMIP2):c.3144G>A (p.Trp1048Ter)	SNV	Pathogenic	827847	rs766829965	GRCh37: 9:74319561-74319561 GRCh38: 9:71704645-71704645
5	TYR	NM_000372.5(TYR):c.1A>G (p.Met1Val)	SNV	Pathogenic	3807	rs28940881	GRCh37: 11:88911122-88911122 GRCh38: 11:89177954-89177954
6	overlap with 22 genes	GRCh37/hg19 17p11.2(chr17:16936603-18184130)	CN LOSS	Pathogenic	523258		GRCh37: 17:16936603-18184130 GRCh38:
7	TYR	NM_000372.5(TYR):c.1037-7T>A	SNV	Pathogenic	99527	rs61754381	GRCh37: 11:88960984-88960984 GRCh38: 11:89227816-89227816
8	FBN1	NM_000138.5(FBN1):c.6800A>T (p.Asn2267Ile)	SNV	Pathogenic	373981	rs1057518812	GRCh37: 15:48722939-48722939 GRCh38: 15:48430742-48430742
9	FBN1	NM_000138.5(FBN1):c.840_843del (p.Asn280fs)	DEL	Pathogenic	374115	rs1057518909	GRCh37: 15:48826296-48826299 GRCh38: 15:48534099-48534102
10	FBN1	NM_000138.5(FBN1):c.3757_3760del (p.Gln1253fs)	DEL	Pathogenic	978559	rs2043485390	GRCh37: 15:48776093-48776096 GRCh38: 15:48483896-48483899
11	COL2A1	NM_001844.5(COL2A1):c.2710C>T (p.Arg904Cys)	SNV	Pathogenic	17379	rs121912882	GRCh37: 12:48373317-48373317 GRCh38: 12:47979534-47979534
12	FBN1	NM_000138.5(FBN1):c.1481G>T (p.Cys494Phe)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	374079	rs1057518881	GRCh37: 15:48805853-48805853 GRCh38: 15:48513656-48513656
13	COL11A1	NM_001854.4(COL11A1):c.4048_4065del (p.Ser1350_Pro1355del)	DEL	Likely Pathogenic	523552	rs1553200431	GRCh37: 1:103377736-103377753 GRCh38: 1:102912180-102912197
14	MYH11, NDE1	NM_002474.3(MYH11):c.4360G>C (p.Asp1454His)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	374162	rs1057518938	GRCh37: 16:15818023-15818023 GRCh38: 16:15724166-15724166
15	POGZ	NM_015100.4(POGZ):c.402_409dup (p.His137fs)	DUP	Likely Pathogenic	373957	rs1057518799	GRCh37: 1:151403191-151403192 GRCh38: 1:151430715-151430716
16	COL4A4	NM_000092.5(COL4A4):c.2320G>C (p.Gly774Arg)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	242442	rs569681869	GRCh37: 2:227924184-227924184 GRCh38: 2:227059468-227059468
17	COL4A4	NM_000092.5(COL4A4):c.4394G>A (p.Gly1465Asp)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	523324	rs533297350	GRCh37: 2:227875157-227875157 GRCh38: 2:227010441-227010441
18	VPS13B	NM_152564.5(VPS13B):c.4745+1G>A	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	812992	rs1469729130	GRCh37: 8:100533239-100533239 GRCh38: 8:99521011-99521011
19	VPS13B	NM_152564.5(VPS13B):c.11699_11702dup (p.Val3903fs)	DUP	Likely Pathogenic	812993	rs1364947213	GRCh37: 8:100883875-100883876 GRCh38: 8:99871647-99871648
20	RSRC2	NM_023012.6(RSRC2):c.425G>A (p.Arg142Gln)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	242899	rs752134549	GRCh37: 12:123001951-123001951 GRCh38: 12:122517404-122517404
21	CACNA1F	NM_001256789.3(CACNA1F):c.694A>T (p.Lys232Ter)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	374004	rs1057518829	GRCh37: X:49086805-49086805 GRCh38: X:49230343-49230343
22	SLC25A4	NM_001151.4(SLC25A4):c.368C>A (p.Ala123Asp)	SNV	Likely Pathogenic	18249	rs121912683	GRCh37: 4:186066174-186066174 GRCh38: 4:185145020-185145020
23	TNC	NM_002160.4(TNC):c.890A>G (p.Asn297Ser)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	523449	rs1554717312	GRCh37: 9:117849120-117849120 GRCh38: 9:115086841-115086841
24	MT-TL1	NC_012920.1:m.3275C>T	SNV	Uncertain Significance	370045	rs1057516057	GRCh37: MT:3275-3275 GRCh38: MT:3275-3275
25	AFF2	NM_002025.4(AFF2):c.3209A>G (p.His1070Arg)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	373939	rs1057518785	GRCh37: X:148049164-148049164 GRCh38: X:148967634-148967634
26	EP300	NM_001429.4(EP300):c.2053+4A>T	SNV	Uncertain Significance	374087	rs1057518889	GRCh37: 22:41537230-41537230 GRCh38: 22:41141226-41141226
27	ZNF469	NM_001367624.2(ZNF469):c.470G>A (p.Gly157Glu)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	320853	rs781096189	GRCh37: 16:88494348-88494348 GRCh38: 16:88427940-88427940
28	ZNF469	NM_001367624.2(ZNF469):c.9532G>A (p.Gly3178Ser)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	523412	rs887755283	GRCh37: 16:88503410-88503410 GRCh38: 16:88437002-88437002
29	SLC39A13	NM_001128225.3(SLC39A13):c.398C>T (p.Thr133Met)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	196579	rs140574574	GRCh37: 11:47433573-47433573 GRCh38: 11:47412022-47412022
30	ZNF469	NM_001367624.2(ZNF469):c.2569A>G (p.Asn857Asp)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	523411	rs1555518955	GRCh37: 16:88496447-88496447 GRCh38: 16:88430039-88430039
31	FLNA	NM_001110556.2(FLNA):c.3934C>T (p.Arg1312Cys)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	617640	rs781928289	GRCh37: X:153588145-153588145 GRCh38: X:154359777-154359777
32	PTCH1	NM_000264.5(PTCH1):c.1274C>T (p.Thr425Met)	SNV	Uncertain Significance	216369	rs768956985	GRCh37: 9:98240410-98240410 GRCh38: 9:95478128-95478128

Sources

Expression for Myopia

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Myopia.

Sources

Pathways for Myopia

Pathways related to Myopia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Extracellular matrix organization ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Degradation of the extracellular matrix ⁶⁶	11.9	P3H2 FBN1 COL2A1 COL11A1
2	Syndecan-1-mediated signaling events ⁶¹	10.1	COL2A1 COL11A1

Sources

GO Terms for Myopia

Cellular components related to Myopia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	collagen type XI trimer	GO:0005592	8.92	COL2A1 COL11A1

Biological processes related to Myopia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	inner ear morphogenesis	GO:0042472	9.63	COL2A1 COL11A1 CHD7
2	proteoglycan metabolic process	GO:0006029	9.56	COL2A1 COL11A1
3	heart morphogenesis	GO:0003007	9.35	COL2A1 COL11A1 CHD7
4	visual perception	GO:0007601	9.32	TYR NYX COL2A1 COL11A1 CACNA1F