Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: NNS044 MIFTS: 23	Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness Categories: Ear diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Variations Related diseases Pathways Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

MalaCards integrated aliases for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness:

Name: Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness ⁵⁹

Isolated Genetic Deafness ⁵⁹

Characteristics:

Orphanet epidemiological data:

⁵⁹

non-syndromic genetic deafness
Inheritance: Autosomal dominant,Autosomal recessive,X-linked recessive; Age of onset: Infancy,Neonatal; Age of death: normal life expectancy;

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Ear diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³⁴

Diseases of the ear and mastoid process

Other disorders of ear

Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss

Sensorineural hearing loss, unspecified

Orphanet: ⁵⁹

Rare otorhinolaryngological diseases

External Ids:

Orphanet ⁵⁹ ORPHA87884

ICD10 via Orphanet ³⁴ H90.5

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Summaries for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

MalaCards based summary : Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness, also known as isolated genetic deafness, is related to deafness, x-linked 2 and prelingual non-syndromic genetic deafness. An important gene associated with Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness is MYO15A (Myosin XVA), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Cytoskeleton remodeling_RalA regulation pathway and Cytoskeleton remodeling_RalB regulation pathway. Related phenotypes are hearing/vestibular/ear and behavior/neurological

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Related Diseases for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Diseases related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 43)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	deafness, x-linked 2	31.9	GJB2 POU3F4
2	prelingual non-syndromic genetic deafness	12.4
3	postlingual non-syndromic genetic deafness	12.4
4	deafness, autosomal recessive 3	10.3	GJB2 MYO15A
5	deafness, autosomal dominant 9	10.2	COCH GSDME
6	deafness, autosomal recessive 59	10.2	GJB2 OTOF
7	deafness, autosomal dominant 11	10.2	GSDME MYO15A MYO6
8	deafness, autosomal recessive 28	10.2	GJB2 TRIOBP
9	deafness, autosomal recessive 35	10.2	COCH GRXCR1
10	deafness, autosomal dominant 48	10.2	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
11	hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosis	10.2	GJB2 MYO15A
12	deafness, autosomal recessive 21	10.2	GJB2 OTOG
13	auditory neuropathy, autosomal dominant, 1	10.2	GJB2 OTOF
14	deafness, autosomal recessive 85	10.2	MYO15A OTOA OTOF
15	deafness, autosomal recessive 83	10.2	MYO15A OTOA OTOF
16	dfnb1	10.2	GJB2 OTOF
17	deafness, autosomal recessive 9	10.2	GJB2 OTOF
18	deafness, autosomal dominant 12	10.2	GSDME OTOG
19	deafness, autosomal dominant 22	10.2	COCH MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
20	deafness, autosomal dominant 17	10.2	GSDME MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
21	deafness, autosomal recessive 37	10.2	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6 TRIOBP
22	deafness, autosomal recessive 1a	10.1	GJB2 OTOF
23	deafness, autosomal recessive 49	10.1	GJB2 MARVELD2 POU3F4
24	deafness, autosomal recessive 2	10.1	GJB2 MYO15A MYO6 OTOF
25	deafness, autosomal recessive 26	10.1	GJB2 OTOF
26	deafness, autosomal recessive 30	10.1	GJB2 MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
27	deafness, autosomal dominant 2a	10.1	COCH GJB2 KCNQ4 WFS1
28	deafness, autosomal recessive 16	10.1	COCH GJB2 OTOF WFS1
29	deafness, autosomal recessive 4, with enlarged vestibular aqueduct	10.1	COCH GJB2 OTOF WFS1
30	autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness 3	10.1	GJB2 MYH9 MYO15A MYO6 OTOF
31	deafness, autosomal recessive 6	10.0	GJB2 USH2A
32	deafness, autosomal dominant 6	10.0	COCH GJB2 GSDME OTOF WFS1
33	vestibular disease	10.0	COCH GJB2
34	inner ear disease	10.0	COCH GJB2 KCNQ4 MYH9 WFS1
35	autosomal recessive nonsyndromic deafness	10.0	GIPC3 GJB2 MYO15A OTOF OTOG TRIOBP
36	auditory system disease	9.9	COCH GJB2 KCNQ4 MYH9 MYO15A OTOF
37	branchiootic syndrome 1	9.9	GJB2 GRXCR1 MARVELD2 OTOF OTOG USH2A
38	deafness, autosomal dominant 13	9.8	COCH GJB2 GSDME OTOF OTOG USH2A
39	deafness, autosomal recessive	9.8	GIPC3 GRXCR1 KARS MARVELD2 MYO6 OTOA
40	autosomal dominant nonsyndromic deafness	9.6	CEACAM16 COCH GJB2 GSDME KCNQ4 MYH9
41	sensorineural hearing loss	9.4	COCH GIPC3 GJB2 GSDME KARS KCNQ4
42	autosomal recessive non-syndromic sensorineural deafness type dfnb	9.4	GIPC3 GJB2 GRXCR1 KARS MARVELD2 MYH9
43	nonsyndromic deafness	8.8	CEACAM16 COCH GIPC3 GJB2 GRXCR1 GSDME

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	hearing/vestibular/ear	MP:0005377	9.91	CEACAM16 COCH GIPC3 GJB2 GRXCR1 GSDME
2	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	9.9	CEACAM16 GIPC3 GRXCR1 MARVELD2 MYO15A MYO6
3	nervous system	MP:0003631	9.53	GIPC3 GJB2 GRXCR1 GSDME KCNQ4 MARVELD2

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Search Clinical Trials , NIH Clinical Center for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

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Genetic Tests for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

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Anatomical Context for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

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Publications for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

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Genes for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Genes related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness (27 elite genes):

(show all 27)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	MYO15A	Myosin XVA	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
2	GIPC3	GIPC PDZ Domain Containing Family Member 3	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
3	COCH	Cochlin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
4	KARS	Lysyl-TRNA Synthetase	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
5	KCNQ4	Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily Q Member 4	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
6	OTOF	Otoferlin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
7	GSDME	Gasdermin E	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
8	RDX	Radixin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
9	MYH9	Myosin Heavy Chain 9	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
10	TRIOBP	TRIO And F-Actin Binding Protein	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
11	MARVELD2	MARVEL Domain Containing 2	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
12	MYO6	Myosin VI	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
13	OTOG	Otogelin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
14	POU3F4	POU Class 3 Homeobox 4	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
15	OTOA	Otoancorin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
16	USH2A	Usherin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
17	CEACAM16	Carcinoembryonic Antigen Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 16	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
18	GJB2	Gap Junction Protein Beta 2	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic ⁶
19	GRXCR1	Glutaredoxin And Cysteine Rich Domain Containing 1	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
20	WFS1	Wolframin ER Transmembrane Glycoprotein	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
21	TMC1	Transmembrane Channel Like 1	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic ⁶
22	TECTA	Tectorin Alpha	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
23	TMPRSS3	Transmembrane Serine Protease 3	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
24	STRC	Stereocilin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
25	LOXHD1	Lipoxygenase Homology Domains 1	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶ Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic ⁶
26	OTOGL	Otogelin Like	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶
27	PJVK	Pejvakin	Protein Coding	400	Pathogenic ⁶

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Variations for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness:

⁶ (show top 50) (show all 595)

#	Gene	Variation	Type	Significance	SNP ID	Assembly	Location
1	LRTOMT	NM_001145308.4(LRTOMT): c.242G> A (p.Arg81Gln)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs137853185	GRCh37	Chromosome 11, 71817140: 71817140
2	LRTOMT	NM_001145308.4(LRTOMT): c.242G> A (p.Arg81Gln)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs137853185	GRCh38	Chromosome 11, 72106094: 72106094
3	MARVELD2	NM_001038603.2(MARVELD2): c.1498C> T (p.Arg500Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs118203957	GRCh37	Chromosome 5, 68728915: 68728915
4	MARVELD2	NM_001038603.2(MARVELD2): c.1498C> T (p.Arg500Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs118203957	GRCh38	Chromosome 5, 69433088: 69433088
5	PJVK	NM_001042702.3(PJVK): c.499C> T (p.Arg167Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs118203989	GRCh37	Chromosome 2, 179320828: 179320828
6	PJVK	NM_001042702.3(PJVK): c.499C> T (p.Arg167Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs118203989	GRCh38	Chromosome 2, 178456101: 178456101
7	TMC1	NM_138691.2(TMC1): c.1714G> A (p.Asp572Asn)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908072	GRCh37	Chromosome 9, 75431077: 75431077
8	TMC1	NM_138691.2(TMC1): c.1714G> A (p.Asp572Asn)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908072	GRCh38	Chromosome 9, 72816161: 72816161
9	TMC1	NM_138691.2(TMC1): c.100C> T (p.Arg34Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908073	GRCh37	Chromosome 9, 75309494: 75309494
10	TMC1	NM_138691.2(TMC1): c.100C> T (p.Arg34Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908073	GRCh38	Chromosome 9, 72694578: 72694578
11	WFS1	NM_006005.3(WFS1): c.2146G> A (p.Ala716Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	rs28937893	GRCh37	Chromosome 4, 6303668: 6303668
12	WFS1	NM_006005.3(WFS1): c.2146G> A (p.Ala716Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	rs28937893	GRCh38	Chromosome 4, 6301941: 6301941
13	WFS1	NM_006005.3(WFS1): c.2590G> A (p.Glu864Lys)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	rs74315205	GRCh37	Chromosome 4, 6304112: 6304112
14	WFS1	NM_006005.3(WFS1): c.2590G> A (p.Glu864Lys)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic/Likely pathogenic	rs74315205	GRCh38	Chromosome 4, 6302385: 6302385
15	PCDH15	NM_033056.3(PCDH15): c.400C> G (p.Arg134Gly)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs137853003	GRCh37	Chromosome 10, 56128954: 56128954
16	PCDH15	NM_033056.3(PCDH15): c.400C> G (p.Arg134Gly)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs137853003	GRCh38	Chromosome 10, 54369194: 54369194
17	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.4491T> A (p.Tyr1497Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80356600	GRCh37	Chromosome 2, 26689591: 26689591
18	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.4491T> A (p.Tyr1497Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80356600	GRCh38	Chromosome 2, 26466723: 26466723
19	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.2485C> T (p.Gln829Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80356593	GRCh37	Chromosome 2, 26700078: 26700078
20	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.2485C> T (p.Gln829Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80356593	GRCh38	Chromosome 2, 26477210: 26477210
21	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.1544T> C (p.Ile515Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs80356586	GRCh37	Chromosome 2, 26705309: 26705309
22	OTOF	NM_194248.2(OTOF): c.1544T> C (p.Ile515Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs80356586	GRCh38	Chromosome 2, 26482441: 26482441
23	KCNQ4	NM_004700.3(KCNQ4): c.853G> A (p.Gly285Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs28937588	GRCh37	Chromosome 1, 41285565: 41285565
24	KCNQ4	NM_004700.3(KCNQ4): c.853G> A (p.Gly285Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs28937588	GRCh38	Chromosome 1, 40819893: 40819893
25	KCNQ4	NM_004700.3(KCNQ4): c.827G> C (p.Trp276Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80358277	GRCh37	Chromosome 1, 41285137: 41285137
26	KCNQ4	NM_004700.3(KCNQ4): c.827G> C (p.Trp276Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80358277	GRCh38	Chromosome 1, 40819465: 40819465
27	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.151C> T (p.Pro51Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs28938175	GRCh37	Chromosome 14, 31346846: 31346846
28	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.151C> T (p.Pro51Ser)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs28938175	GRCh38	Chromosome 14, 30877640: 30877640
29	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.355G> A (p.Ala119Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Uncertain significance	rs121908931	GRCh37	Chromosome 14, 31348132: 31348132
30	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.355G> A (p.Ala119Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Uncertain significance	rs121908931	GRCh38	Chromosome 14, 30878926: 30878926
31	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.1625G> T (p.Cys542Phe)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908932	GRCh37	Chromosome 14, 31358969: 31358969
32	COCH	NM_004086.2(COCH): c.1625G> T (p.Cys542Phe)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121908932	GRCh38	Chromosome 14, 30889763: 30889763
33	MYO6	NM_004999.3(MYO6): c.737A> G (p.His246Arg)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs121912560	GRCh37	Chromosome 6, 76551016: 76551016
34	MYO6	NM_004999.3(MYO6): c.737A> G (p.His246Arg)	single nucleotide variant	Likely pathogenic	rs121912560	GRCh38	Chromosome 6, 75841299: 75841299
35	MYO6	NM_004999.3(MYO6): c.2545C> T (p.Arg849Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121912561	GRCh37	Chromosome 6, 76596598: 76596598
36	MYO6	NM_004999.3(MYO6): c.2545C> T (p.Arg849Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs121912561	GRCh38	Chromosome 6, 75886881: 75886881
37	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.101T> C (p.Met34Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity	rs35887622	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763620: 20763620
38	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.101T> C (p.Met34Thr)	single nucleotide variant	Conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity	rs35887622	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189481: 20189481
39	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.231G> A (p.Trp77Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80338944	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763490: 20763490
40	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.231G> A (p.Trp77Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs80338944	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189351: 20189351
41	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.71G> A (p.Trp24Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894396	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763650: 20763650
42	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.71G> A (p.Trp24Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894396	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189511: 20189511
43	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.229T> C (p.Trp77Arg)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894397	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763492: 20763492
44	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.229T> C (p.Trp77Arg)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894397	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189353: 20189353
45	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.35delG (p.Gly12Valfs)	deletion	Pathogenic	rs80338939	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763686: 20763686
46	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.35delG (p.Gly12Valfs)	deletion	Pathogenic	rs80338939	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189547: 20189547
47	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.139G> T (p.Glu47Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894398	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763582: 20763582
48	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.139G> T (p.Glu47Ter)	single nucleotide variant	Pathogenic	rs104894398	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189443: 20189443
49	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.358_360delGAG (p.Glu120del)	deletion	Pathogenic	rs80338947	GRCh37	Chromosome 13, 20763361: 20763363
50	GJB2	NM_004004.5(GJB2): c.358_360delGAG (p.Glu120del)	deletion	Pathogenic	rs80338947	GRCh38	Chromosome 13, 20189222: 20189224

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Expression for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness.

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Pathways for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Pathways related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Cytoskeleton remodeling_RalA regulation pathway ²²	10.47	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6 RDX
2	Cytoskeleton remodeling_RalB regulation pathway ²²	10.28	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6

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GO Terms for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

Cellular components related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	ruffle	GO:0001726	9.54	MYH9 MYO6 RDX
2	microvillus	GO:0005902	9.43	GRXCR1 MYO6 RDX
3	myosin complex	GO:0016459	9.33	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
4	stereocilium bundle	GO:0032421	9.32	MYO15A USH2A
5	stereocilium	GO:0032420	9.13	GRXCR1 MYO15A RDX
6	apical plasma membrane	GO:0016324	9.02	MARVELD2 OTOA OTOG RDX USH2A
7	plasma membrane	GO:0005886	10.18	GJB2 GSDME KARS KCNQ4 MARVELD2 MYH9

Biological processes related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	regulation of cell shape	GO:0008360	9.54	COCH MYH9 RDX
2	sensory perception of sound	GO:0007605	9.53	CEACAM16 COCH GJB2 GRXCR1 GSDME KCNQ4
3	actin filament-based movement	GO:0030048	9.32	MYH9 MYO6
4	establishment of endothelial barrier	GO:0061028	9.26	MARVELD2 RDX
5	barbed-end actin filament capping	GO:0051016	9.16	RDX TRIOBP
6	inner ear receptor cell differentiation	GO:0060113	8.96	GSDME USH2A

Molecular functions related to Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	actin binding	GO:0003779	9.46	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6 RDX
2	motor activity	GO:0003774	9.13	MYH9 MYO15A MYO6
3	calmodulin binding	GO:0005516	9.02	KCNQ4 MYH9 MYO15A MYO6 WFS1

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Sources for Non-Syndromic Genetic Deafness

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

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¹⁰ dbSNP

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¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

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³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

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⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

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⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

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⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

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⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

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⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

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⁷¹ TGDB

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⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia