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OCD
MCID: OBS002
MIFTS: 69

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Categories: Genetic diseases, Mental diseases, Neuronal diseases
Genes Variations Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Symptoms & Phenotypes Drugs
Sources

Aliases & Classifications for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

MalaCards integrated aliases for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

Name: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 57 12 75 25 37 29 55 43 44 15 63 17 72 33
Ocd 57 75 25
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Susceptibility to 57 6
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder 12 40
Anancastic Neurosis 12 25
Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis 25
Obsessive Compulsive Behavior 72
Anankastic Neurosis 25

Characteristics:

OMIM:

57
Inheritance:
autosomal dominant form


HPO:

32
obsessive-compulsive disorder:
Inheritance autosomal dominant inheritance


Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Genetic diseases
Anatomical: Mental diseases Neuronal diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 33


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:10933
OMIM 57 164230
KEGG 37 H01450
ICD9CM 35 300.3
MeSH 44 D009771
NCIt 50 C88411
SNOMED-CT 68 71478004
ICD10 33 F42 F42.8 F42.9
MedGen 42 C0028768
UMLS 72 C0028768 C0600104
Sources

Summaries for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section
Genetics Home Reference : 25 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by features called obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are intrusive thoughts, mental images, or urges to perform specific actions. While the particular obsessions vary widely, they often include fear of illness or contamination; a desire for symmetry or getting things "just right;" or intrusive thoughts involving religion, sex, or aggression. Compulsions consist of the repetitive performance of certain actions, such as checking or verifying, washing, counting, arranging, acting out specific routines, or seeking assurance. These behaviors are performed to relieve anxiety, rather than to seek pleasure as in other compulsive behaviors like gambling, eating, or sex. While almost everyone experiences obsessive feelings and compulsive behaviors occasionally or in particular contexts, in OCD they take up more than an hour a day and cause problems with work, school, or social life. People with OCD generally experience anxiety and other distress around their need to accommodate their obsessions or compulsions. About half the time, OCD becomes evident in childhood or adolescence, and most other cases appear in early adulthood. It is unusual for OCD to start after age 40. It tends to appear earlier in males, but by adulthood it is slightly more common in females. Affected individuals can experience periods when their symptoms increase or decrease in severity, but the condition usually does not go away completely. Some people with OCD have additional mental health disorders such as generalized anxiety, depression, phobias, panic disorders, or schizophrenia. OCD can also occur in people with other neurological conditions such as Tourette syndrome and similar disorders, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.

MalaCards based summary : Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, also known as ocd, is related to fibromyalgia and autism spectrum disorder, and has symptoms including photophobia, restlessness and personality changes. An important gene associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is SLC6A4 (Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Serotonergic synapse and Dopaminergic synapse. The drugs Ethanol and Methylphenidate have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and cortex, and related phenotypes are obsessive-compulsive behavior and depressivity

Disease Ontology : 12 An anxiety disorder that involves unwanted and repeated thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions), or behaviors that make them feel driven to do something (compulsions).

OMIM : 57 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurring obsessions and/or compulsions and has been estimated to affect nearly 5 million people in the United States (Karno et al., 1988). Evidence for a strong genetic component in OCD comes from twin studies, family genetics studies, and segregation analyses, as reviewed by Alsobrook et al. (2002). Zhang et al. (2002) suggested that hoarding is likely to be an evolutionarily conserved trait that, in times of adversity, was associated with increased survival and reproductive fitness. However, extreme forms of this trait are associated with marked disability and poor response to treatment (Black et al., 1998; Mataix-Cols et al., 1999). (164230)

MedlinePlus : 43 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder. If you have OCD, you have frequent, upsetting thoughts called obsessions. To try to control the thoughts, you feel an overwhelming urge to repeat certain rituals or behaviors. These are called compulsions. Examples of obsessions are a fear of germs or a fear of being hurt. Compulsions include washing your hands, counting, checking on things, or cleaning. With OCD, the thoughts and rituals cause distress and get in the way of your daily life. Researchers think brain circuits may not work properly in people who have OCD. It tends to run in families. The symptoms often begin in children or teens. Treatments include therapy, medicines, or both. One type of therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, is useful for treating OCD. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health

KEGG : 37
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by recurrent, intrusive and disturbing thoughts as well as by repetitive stereotypic behaviors. OCD is a complex disorder and its pathogenesis is most likely influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Although more than 140 candidate gene studies have been conducted, the findings have been inconclusive due to small sample size and few study replications. Many studies suggest that abnormal serotonergic neurotransmission is one of the most consistent biological findings in OCD. Studies have also reported dopaminergic abnormalities in the basal ganglia and nucleus accumbens, as well as altered glutamate transmission. First line treatments for this disorder are cognitive behavioral therapy (exposure and response prevention) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In recent years, one of the promising novel treatment strategies developed to improve the efficacy of treatment for patients with OCD is acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Recent studies have suggested that age of onset is an important factor in subtyping OCD. Early-onset OCD has been proposed to be associated with greater symptom severity, a higher prevalence of tic-related disorders, a more familial form of the condition, and a greater prevalence of psychiatry disorders in first-degree relatives as compared to late-onset OCD.

PubMed Health : 63 About obsessive-compulsive disorder: We all know the worrying feeling that we have forgotten to do something, like turning off the oven or locking the door. And it might be a good idea to double-check if you aren't absolutely sure. But some people are so worried about forgetting to do something that they feel the urge to check over and over again. Compulsive urges like this may gradually come to dominate their whole life. There are different types of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Some people are so afraid of germs that they constantly wash their hands. Others can't stop counting things, cleaning their surroundings or obsessing over the same repetitive thoughts. Regardless of the kind of ritual they may have developed, people who have OCD just can't stop doing these things.

Wikipedia : 75 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which a person feels the need to perform... more...

Sources

Related Diseases for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Diseases related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 394)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 fibromyalgia 33.5 SLC6A4 HTR3A HTR2A COMT
2 autism spectrum disorder 33.4 TPH2 SLC6A4 HTR2A BDNF
3 trichotillomania 33.3 SLITRK1 DLGAP3
4 anxiety 33.1 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A
5 gilles de la tourette syndrome 33.0 SLITRK1 SLC6A3 SGCE HTR3A DRD4 DRD2
6 avoidant personality disorder 32.6 SLC6A4 MAOA
7 anorexia nervosa 32.5 SLC6A4 HTR2A COMT BDNF
8 eating disorder 32.4 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD2 COMT BDNF
9 agoraphobia 32.4 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR1A
10 tic disorder 32.4 TPH2 SLITRK1 SLC6A3 HTR2A DRD4 DRD2
11 depression 32.3 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A HTR1A BDNF
12 social phobia 32.2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR1A DRD2
13 dysthymic disorder 32.2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A
14 mental depression 32.1 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A HTR1A COMT
15 alexithymia 32.0 SLC6A4 HTR1A DRD2 COMT
16 panic disorder 32.0 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A
17 brain injury 31.9 DRD2 COMT BDNF
18 post-traumatic stress disorder 31.9 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A DRD2 COMT BDNF
19 kleptomania 31.9 SLITRK1 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR1A
20 traumatic brain injury 31.9 DRD2 COMT BDNF
21 bulimia nervosa 31.9 SLC6A4 HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B COMT BDNF
22 generalized anxiety disorder 31.8 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A DRD2
23 phobia, specific 31.8 MAOA COMT
24 phobic disorder 31.8 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR1A COMT
25 movement disease 31.8 SLC6A3 SGCE DRD3 DRD2
26 bipolar disorder 31.7 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 HTR2A HTR1A DRD3 DRD2
27 personality disorder 31.7 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A
28 endogenous depression 31.7 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A HTR1A BDNF
29 bipolar i disorder 31.6 SLC6A4 HTR2A HTR1A COMT BDNF
30 temporal lobe epilepsy 31.6 SLC1A1 HTR1A BDNF
31 early-onset schizophrenia 31.6 HTR2A DRD2 BDNF
32 postpartum depression 31.5 SLC6A4 MAOA COMT BDNF
33 pathological gambling 31.4 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA HTR2A DRD4 DRD3
34 delusional disorder 31.4 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
35 schizoaffective disorder 31.4 SLC6A4 SLC1A1 HTR2A DRD3 DRD2 COMT
36 tardive dyskinesia 31.4 HTR2A DRD3 DRD2 COMT
37 conduct disorder 31.4 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA DRD4 DRD2 COMT
38 drug dependence 31.3 SLC6A4 DRD3 DRD2 BDNF
39 serotonin syndrome 31.3 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A
40 oppositional defiant disorder 31.2 TPH2 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA DRD4 DRD2
41 amnestic disorder 31.2 HTR3A HTR1A BDNF
42 schizoid personality disorder 31.2 HTR2A HTR1A
43 borderline personality disorder 31.2 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A
44 antisocial personality disorder 31.1 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA HTR1B DRD2 COMT
45 impulse control disorder 31.1 SLITRK1 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2 DLGAP3
46 dystonia 1, torsion, autosomal dominant 31.1 SGCE MAOA COMT
47 central nervous system disease 31.0 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 HTR2A BDNF
48 specific developmental disorder 31.0 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 DRD4 COMT BDNF
49 substance abuse 31.0 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA HTR1B DRD4 DRD3
50 paranoid schizophrenia 31.0 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR2A COMT BDNF

Comorbidity relations with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder via Phenotypic Disease Network (PDN):


Anxiety Dependent Personality Disorder
Dysthymic Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Hypothyroidism Major Depressive Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Schizophreniform Disorder

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:



Diseases related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

Human phenotypes related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

32
# Description HPO Frequency HPO Source Accession
1 obsessive-compulsive behavior 32 very rare (1%) HP:0000722
2 depressivity 32 HP:0000716
3 anxiety 32 HP:0000739
4 collectionism 32 HP:0030212
5 skin-picking 32 HP:0012166

Symptoms via clinical synopsis from OMIM:

57
Neuro:
obsessive-compulsive disorder

Clinical features from OMIM:

164230

UMLS symptoms related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:


photophobia, restlessness, personality changes, pseudobulbar behavioral symptoms, sleep disturbances, mental and behavioral signs and symptoms, psychiatric symptom

GenomeRNAi Phenotypes related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

26
# Description GenomeRNAi Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 Decreased viability GR00381-A-1 9.28 HTR1A HTR3A SLC6A4
2 Decreased viability GR00381-A-3 9.28 HTR1A HTR3A SLC6A4
3 Decreased viability GR00402-S-2 9.28 HTR1A HTR3A SLC6A4

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

46
# Description MGI Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 behavior/neurological MP:0005386 10.33 BDNF COMT DLGAP3 DRD2 DRD3 DRD4
2 homeostasis/metabolism MP:0005376 10.07 BDNF COMT DRD2 DRD3 DRD4 HTR1A
3 cardiovascular system MP:0005385 10.02 COMT DRD2 DRD3 HTR1A HTR1B MAOA
4 endocrine/exocrine gland MP:0005379 9.97 BDNF COMT DRD2 HTR1B HTR2A HTR3A
5 nervous system MP:0003631 9.86 BDNF CDK20 COMT DLGAP3 DRD2 DRD3
6 muscle MP:0005369 9.7 DRD2 HTR1B HTR2A HTR3A SGCE SLC6A3
7 taste/olfaction MP:0005394 8.92 BDNF DRD2 SLC6A3 TPH2
Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

PubMed Health treatment related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: 63

Although there's no “cure” for OCD, with good professional help the symptoms can be reduced to a tolerable level, enabling people with OCD to start leading normal lives again. People with OCD are usually advised to have psychological treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in particular has been proven to be an effective treatment for OCD. In Germany, it is offered by behavioral therapists (in German: Verhaltenstherapeuten). Medication for depression (antidepressants) may be considered in addition to CBT, or if psychological treatment isn't an option (yet). Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly used for this purpose. Apart from these treatments, self-help is an option, for example by talking to other people with OCD in a support group. Some people like to use books or websites to learn about their obsessive-compulsive behaviors and deal with them. Others may try to manage their OCD using relaxation techniques like meditation or autogenic training.

Drugs for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 266)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Ethanol Approved Phase 4 64-17-5 702
2
Methylphenidate Approved, Investigational Phase 4 113-45-1 4158
3
Topiramate Approved Phase 4 97240-79-4 5284627
4
Acetylcysteine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 616-91-1 12035
5
Olanzapine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 132539-06-1 4585
6
Haloperidol Approved Phase 4 52-86-8 3559
7
Pregabalin Approved, Illicit, Investigational Phase 4 148553-50-8 5486971
8
Amoxicillin Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 26787-78-0 33613
9
Galantamine Approved Phase 4 357-70-0 9651
10
Citalopram Approved Phase 4 59729-33-8 2771
11
Ondansetron Approved Phase 4 99614-02-5 4595
12
Norepinephrine Approved Phase 4 51-41-2 439260
13
Cycloserine Approved Phase 4 68-41-7 6234 401
14
Naproxen Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 22204-53-1 1302 156391
15
Propranolol Approved, Investigational Phase 4 525-66-6 4946
16
Fluvoxamine Approved, Investigational Phase 4 54739-18-3 3404 5324346
17
Fluoxetine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 54910-89-3 3386
18
Sertraline Approved Phase 4 79617-96-2 68617
19
Calcium Approved, Nutraceutical Phase 4 7440-70-2 271
20
Maleic acid Experimental, Investigational Phase 4 110-17-8, 110-16-7 444972
21 Anti-Infective Agents Phase 4
22 Quetiapine Fumarate Phase 4 111974-72-2
23 Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic Phase 4
24 Antidotes Phase 4
25 Protective Agents Phase 4
26 Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors Phase 4
27 Parasympatholytics Phase 4
28 Cholinergic Agents Phase 4
29 Cholinergic Antagonists Phase 4
30 Muscarinic Antagonists Phase 4
31 Antiparkinson Agents Phase 4
32 Hypoglycemic Agents Phase 4
33 N-monoacetylcystine Phase 4
34 Respiratory System Agents Phase 4
35 Free Radical Scavengers Phase 4
36 Antioxidants Phase 4
37 Expectorants Phase 4
38 Antiviral Agents Phase 4
39 Tryptophan Phase 4
40 Haloperidol decanoate Phase 4
41 Hormones Phase 4
42 Nootropic Agents Phase 4
43 calcium channel blockers Phase 4
44 Calcium, Dietary Phase 4
45 Cholinesterase Inhibitors Phase 4
46 cysteine Phase 4
47 Peripheral Nervous System Agents Phase 4
48 Autonomic Agents Phase 4
49 Antiemetics Phase 4
50 Gastrointestinal Agents Phase 4

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 482)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 A Study of Topiramate Augmentation in Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SRI) -Refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Unknown status NCT00182520 Phase 4 Topiramate;placebo
2 Efficacy of Exposure and Response Prevention（ERP） and SSRIs, and Its Predictors in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Unknown status NCT02022709 Phase 4 Fluoxetine;Sertraline;Paroxetine;Citalopram;Fluvoxamine
3 Treatment With Escitalopram (Cipralex®) for Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy, Safety, and Changes in Executive Functions, Metacognition, and Regional Brain Activations. Unknown status NCT00708240 Phase 4 Escitalopram
4 Cost-Effectiveness of Adding Web-Based CBT to Luvox CR for OCD Unknown status NCT00743834 Phase 4 Luvox CR
5 Tolerability And Efficacy Of High Dose Escitalopram In The Treatment Of Patients Suffering From Schizophrenia And Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - An Open Label Study Unknown status NCT00708396 Phase 4 Escitalopram
6 Methylphenidate Hydrochloride Controlled-Release Tablets Augmentation Strategy for Patients With Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT02194075 Phase 4 Fluvoxamine+Methylphenidate hydrochloride;Fluvoxamine+sugar pill
7 Escitalopram in the Treatment of Patient Suffering From Scizophrenia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder- an Open Label Study Completed NCT00456937 Phase 4 Escitalopram
8 Comparison of Effects Between Conventional Dose and High Dose Escitalopram on Clinical Improvement in Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Study) Completed NCT00723060 Phase 4 escitalopram
9 Ondansetron Augmentation in Treatment Resistant Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Preliminary Single-Blind Prospective Study Completed NCT00796497 Phase 4 ondansetron
10 Topiramate Augmentation in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00211744 Phase 4 topiramate
11 Escitalopram for the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00116532 Phase 4 Escitalopram
12 Pharmacological Augmentation Strategies for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Patients Non-respondent to First Line Medication Treatment: a Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study Completed NCT00466609 Phase 4 Clomipramine (fluoxetine plus clomipramine);Quetiapine (fluoxetine plus quetiapine);Placebo (fluoxetine plus placebo)
13 Quetiapine Augmentation Versus Clomipramine Augmentation of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors for Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Patients That do Not Respond to a SSRI Trial: a Randomized Open-trial. Completed NCT00564564 Phase 4 Quetiapine;Clomipramine
14 Ondansetron Augmentation in Treatment-resistant OCD Completed NCT01303536 Phase 4 Ondansetron
15 Neurobiology/Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00000373 Phase 4 olanzapine + fluoxetine;placebo + fluoxetine
16 Internet-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Combination With D-Cycloserine for Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial Completed NCT01649895 Phase 4 D-Cycloserine;Placebo
17 Reclaim® Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Post-Market Clinical Follow-up Study (OCD PMCF) Completed NCT01135745 Phase 4
18 A Study of Pregabalin (Lyrica) Augmentation in Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor-Refractory Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00994786 Phase 4 pregabalin;Placebo
19 An Long Term Trial on Effectiveness and Safety of Atypical Antipsychotic Agents in Augmenting SSRI-Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00854919 Phase 4 atypical antipsychotic drug
20 Duloxetine for the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00464698 Phase 4 Duloxetine
21 A 12-Week, Double-Blind Trial of Olanzapine and Placebo in the Treatment of Trichotillomania Completed NCT00182507 Phase 4 Olanzapine
22 Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Versus Fluoxetine for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: a Randomized Open Trial for Any Patient. Completed NCT00680602 Phase 4 SSRI (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, citalopram)
23 SSRI-Induced Activation Syndrome in Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Completed NCT00382291 Phase 4 Regular Titration;Placebo;Slow Titration
24 A Placebo Controlled Trial of Amoxicillin for Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections Completed NCT00001658 Phase 4 Amoxicillin
25 Riluzole in Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study Incorporating Biomarker Assay Completed NCT00895752 Phase 4 Riluzole
26 The Efficacy and Safety of Galantamine for Dysfunction in Bipolar Disorder Completed NCT00741598 Phase 4 Galantamine-ER;Galantamine placebo
27 12 Week Prospective Double Blind Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Seroquel SR for Alcohol Dependence and Comorbid Anxiety Completed NCT00352469 Phase 4 Seroquel XR
28 D-Cycloserine Enhancement of Exposure in Social Phobia Completed NCT00633984 Phase 4 D-Cycloserine;Placebo
29 The Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine on Cortical Erosion in Early Stage Schizophrenia Completed NCT01339858 Phase 4 N-Acetyl Cysteine
30 Fear Conditioning, Extinction and Recall in Healthy Subjects and in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder Patients Pre and Post Treatment With Sertraline. Recruiting NCT03068429 Phase 4 Sertraline Hydrochloride
31 Effects of Ondansetron in Obsessive-compulsive and Tic Disorders Recruiting NCT03239210 Phase 4 Ondansetron;Placebo
32 Clinical, Neurocognitive and Neuroimaging Variables Associated With Response to Treatment in Patients With OCD Recruiting NCT03993535 Phase 4 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
33 A 12-week Randomized Controlled Trial of Probiotic Treatment (Lactobacillus Helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium Longum R0175) vs Placebo in Adult Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Recruiting NCT02334644 Phase 4
34 Impact of Duloxetine on Male Fertility Recruiting NCT03038867 Phase 4 Duloxetine
35 A Multi-site, Open-Label, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Benefit of Octagam 5%® in Subjects With Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) Active, not recruiting NCT03348618 Phase 4
36 Translational Approach to the Understanding and Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Can D-Cycloserine Enhance and Stabilize the Treatment-response in Relapsed and Non-responding OCD-patients? A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled National Study Active, not recruiting NCT02656342 Phase 4 D-Cycloserine;Placebo
37 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Naproxen Sodium for the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Symptoms in Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS) Not yet recruiting NCT04015596 Phase 4 Naproxen Sodium
38 Brief Intervention for OCD Fears Suspended NCT02790710 Phase 4 Propanolol;Placebo
39 SME3110 (Fluvoxamine Maleate) in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Post-marketing Clinical Study in Children and Adolescents (8 Through 18 Years of Age) -A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Study Terminated NCT00352768 Phase 4 Fluvoxamine maleate;Placebo
40 Sertraline in the Treatment of Generalized Social Phobia With Comorbidity Terminated NCT00182533 Phase 4 Sertraline;Placebo
41 A Pilot Treatment Study of Fluoxetine for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder Terminated NCT00592852 Phase 4 fluoxetine
42 Safety and Effectiveness of Capsulotomy in Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Unknown status NCT02375152 Phase 2, Phase 3
43 Novel Deep Brain Stimulation in Ventral Capsule and Stratum for Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Pilot Study Unknown status NCT02590445 Phase 2, Phase 3
44 Pharmacogenetics in Primary Care Psychotropics Unknown status NCT03232502 Phase 3
45 A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) for PANDAS (Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections) Unknown status NCT01281969 Phase 3 Gamunex Intravenous Immunoglobulin;Placebo
46 Leuprolide Acetate Suppresses Pedophilic Urges and Arousability Unknown status NCT00220350 Phase 2, Phase 3 leuprolide acetate
47 A Prospective Multicenter Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Tolerability, Safety and Efficacy of the H1-Coil Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in Subjects With Schizophrenia Experiencing Auditory Hallucinations Unknown status NCT00564096 Phase 2, Phase 3
48 Quetiapine Augmentation in Severe Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Pilot Study Completed NCT00254735 Phase 3 quetiapine fumarate;SSRI/Clomipramine
49 Comparison of the Efficacy of Subthalamic Nucleus, Caudate Nucleus and Nucleus Accumbens Electric Stimulation in Severe and Resistant Obsessive-compulsive Disorder. Completed NCT01807403 Phase 3
50 Family Based Treatment of Early Childhood OCD Completed NCT00055068 Phase 3

Search NIH Clinical Center for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 72 / NDF-RT 51 :


Citalopram
Citalopram
Citalopram hydrobromide
Clomipramine
Clomipramine
Clomipramine Hydrochloride
Escitalopram
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine
Fluoxetine Hydrochloride
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine Maleate
Haloperidol
Mirtazapine
Paroxetine
Paroxetine
Paroxetine Hydrochloride
Quetiapine
Sertraline
Sertraline
Sertraline Hydrochloride
St. John's Wort
venlafaxine
Venlafaxine hydrochloride

Cochrane evidence based reviews: obsessive-compulsive disorder

Sources

Genetic Tests for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

Genetic tests related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

# Genetic test Affiliating Genes
1 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 29 HTR2A SLC6A4
Sources

Anatomical Context for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

41
Brain, Testes, Cortex, Skin, Subthalamic Nucleus, Prefrontal Cortex, Eye
Sources

Publications for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section

Articles related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

(show top 50) (show all 11808)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
5-HT2A promoter polymorphism -1438G/A in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorders. 9 38 8 71
12476319 2002
2
Serotonin transporter missense mutation associated with a complex neuropsychiatric phenotype. 8 71
14593431 2003
3
Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38 8
16642437 2006
4
Association between the COMT locus and obsessive-compulsive disorder in females but not males. 9 38 8
11840516 2002
5
Family-based association studies support a sexually dimorphic effect of COMT and MAOA on genetic susceptibility to obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38 8
10331110 1999
6
5-HT2A promoter polymorphism -1438G/A, anorexia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38 71
9635956 1998
7
Genotype determining low catechol-O-methyltransferase activity as a risk factor for obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38 8
9114031 1997
8
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette's syndrome and healthy controls. 9 38 8
7524462 1994
9
Genomewide linkage analysis in Costa Rican families implicates chromosome 15q14 as a candidate region for OCD. 38 8
21691774 2011
10
Slitrk5 deficiency impairs corticostriatal circuitry and leads to obsessive-compulsive-like behaviors in mice. 38 8
20418887 2010
11
Cortico-striatal synaptic defects and OCD-like behaviours in Sapap3-mutant mice. 38 8
17713528 2007
12
Familial and sporadic subtypes of early-onset Obsessive-Compulsive disorder. 38 8
15820710 2005
13
Replication study supports evidence for linkage to 9p24 in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 38 8
15272418 2004
14
Genome-wide linkage analysis of families with obsessive-compulsive disorder ascertained through pediatric probands. 38 8
12116192 2002
15
Genomewide scan of hoarding in sib pairs in which both sibs have Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. 38 8
11840360 2002
16
Complex segregation analysis provides compelling evidence for a major gene underlying obsessive-compulsive disorder and for heterogeneity by sex. 38 8
11058433 2000
17
Use of factor-analyzed symptom dimensions to predict outcome with serotonin reuptake inhibitors and placebo in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 38 8
10484953 1999
18
Hoarding and treatment response in 38 nondepressed subjects with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 38 8
9721822 1998
19
The epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder in five US communities. 38 8
3264144 1988
20
Treatment of the obsessive-compulsive and bipolar disorders comorbidity: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic evaluation. 38 17
31271537 2019
21
Using Interactive 3D Visualisations in Neuropsychiatric Education. 38 17
31313255 2019
22
The -1438A/G polymorphism in the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2A receptor gene affects promoter activity. 71
15364038 2004
23
A human serotonin transporter mutation causes constitutive activation of transport activity. 71
12869649 2003
24
PANDAS: What nurses need to know. 17
31343533 2019
25
Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in drug-naïve obsessive-compulsive patients: a case-control study. 9 38
19664825 2010
26
Reduced 3-O-methyl-dopa levels in OCD patients and their unaffected parents is associated with the low activity M158 COMT allele. 9 38
19676096 2010
27
Reduced serotonin transporter binding in the insular cortex in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a [11C]DASB PET study. 9 38
19660554 2010
28
The drug-naïve OCD patients imaging genetics, cognitive and treatment response study: methods and sample description. 9 38
20098825 2009
29
Diencephalic serotonin transporter availability predicts both transporter occupancy and treatment response to sertraline in obsessive-compulsive checkers. 9 38
19717141 2009
30
The role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val66met variant in the phenotypic expression of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). 9 38
19219856 2009
31
In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system: II. Mental and affective disorders. 9 38
19523495 2009
32
Dopamine D1 receptor binding in the striatum of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18706700 2009
33
Functional coding variation in recombinant inbred mouse lines reveals multiple serotonin transporter-associated phenotypes. 9 38
19179283 2009
34
Enhanced activity of human serotonin transporter variants associated with autism. 9 38
18957375 2009
35
Changes in thalamus-hypothalamus serotonin transporter availability during clomipramine administration in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18354388 2008
36
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): a gene contributing to sex differences in brain function, and to sexual dimorphism in the predisposition to psychiatric disorders. 9 38
17805313 2008
37
Decision-making impairment is related to serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism in a sample of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18603313 2008
38
Association of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive disorder: systematic review. 9 38
18186076 2008
39
The role of 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in the signal attenuation rat model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18339223 2008
40
Polymorphism C in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) in questionable dementia and Alzheimer's disease. 9 38
18490109 2008
41
Association between a common haplotype in the COMT gene region and psychiatric disorders in individuals with 22q11.2DS. 9 38
17949513 2008
42
A novel, putative gain-of-function haplotype at SLC6A4 associates with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18055562 2008
43
Extensive genotyping of the BDNF and NTRK2 genes define protective haplotypes against obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
17884018 2008
44
SERT Ileu425Val in autism, Asperger syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
18197083 2008
45
Design of electrochemical biosensor systems for the detection of specific DNA sequences in PCR-amplified nucleic acids related to the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val108/158Met polymorphism based on intrinsic guanine signal. 9 38
18181582 2008
46
The role of oxytocin in neuropsychiatric disorders. 9 38
18336283 2008
47
A large case-control study of common functional SLC6A4 and BDNF variants in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
17375136 2007
48
Serotonin transporter phosphorylation by cGMP-dependent protein kinase is altered by a mutation associated with obsessive compulsive disorder. 9 38
17913921 2007
49
The met(158) allele of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder in men: case-control study and meta-analysis. 9 38
17264842 2007
50
Reduced midbrain-pons serotonin transporter binding in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. 9 38
17430417 2007
Sources

Variations for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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ClinVar genetic disease variations for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

6
# Gene Variation Type Significance SNP ID GRCh37 Pos GRCh38 Pos
1 HIVEP1 NM_002114.4(HIVEP1): c.4089G> C (p.Met1363Ile) single nucleotide variant Pathogenic rs776300630 6:12124117-12124117 6:12123884-12123884
2 CDK20 NM_001039803.2(CDK20): c.564G> A (p.Trp188Ter) single nucleotide variant Pathogenic rs1057519438 9:90584834-90584834 9:87969919-87969919
3 SLC6A4 NM_001045.6(SLC6A4): c.1273A> G (p.Ile425Val) single nucleotide variant risk factor rs28914832 17:28538374-28538374 17:30211356-30211356
4 HTR2A HTR2A, -1438G-A single nucleotide variant risk factor
5 46;XY;t(1;2)(q31.2;p15) Translocation Likely pathogenic
6 46;XX;t(2;5)(q33;p15.3) Translocation Uncertain significance
7 46;XY;t(2;11)(q31;q13.5)pat Translocation Uncertain significance

Copy number variations for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder from CNVD:

7
# CNVD ID Chromosom Start End Type Gene Symbol CNVD Disease
1 77765 13 47471310 47471410 Deletion Obsessive-compulsive disorder
2 160222 22 11800000 24300000 Deletion Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Sources

Expression for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section
Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.
Sources

Pathways for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Pathways related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to KEGG:

37
# Name Kegg Source Accession
1 Serotonergic synapse hsa04726
2 Dopaminergic synapse hsa04728
3 Glutamatergic synapse hsa04724

Pathways related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 17)
# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
Circadian entrainment 37
Show member pathways
 12.85 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 MAOA DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
2
Transmission across Chemical Synapses 66
Show member pathways
 12.81 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 MAOA DLGAP3 COMT
3
Neuroscience 4
12.4 TPH2 SLC1A1 HTR1A COMT
4
cAMP signaling pathway 37
12.13 HTR1B HTR1A DRD2 BDNF
6
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Susceptibility Pathways 1
11.91 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A
7
Amphetamine addiction 37
Show member pathways
 11.83 SLC6A3 MAOA DRD2 BDNF
8
Taste transduction 37
Show member pathways
 11.82 HTR3A HTR1B HTR1A
9
Monoamine GPCRs 1
Show member pathways
 11.78 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
10
Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron), Pharmacodynamics 61
Show member pathways
 11.73 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
11
GPCRs, Other 1
11.72 HTR2A DRD4 DRD3
12
Serotonergic synapse 37
11.56 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B
13
Monoamine Transport 1
Show member pathways
 11.3 TPH2 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA
14
Neurotransmitter Clearance In The Synaptic Cleft 66
Show member pathways
 11.04 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 MAOA COMT
15
noradrenaline and adrenaline degradation 1
Show member pathways
 10.7 MAOA COMT
16
Dopamine metabolism 1
10.66 MAOA COMT
17
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Pathway, Pharmacodynamics 61
10.61 TPH2 SLC6A4 MAOA HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B
Sources

GO Terms for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Cellular components related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 12)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 axon GO:0030424 9.88 SLC6A3 HTR3A HTR2A DRD2 COMT BDNF
2 glutamatergic synapse GO:0098978 9.87 SLITRK1 HTR3A HTR2A DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
3 dendrite GO:0030425 9.76 SGCE HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4 DRD2
4 GABA-ergic synapse GO:0098982 9.67 SLITRK1 DRD3 DRD2
5 dopaminergic synapse GO:0098691 9.54 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2
6 serotonergic synapse GO:0099154 9.43 SLC6A4 HTR1B
7 integral component of postsynaptic membrane GO:0099055 9.35 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 HTR3A HTR2A DRD2
8 integral component of presynaptic membrane GO:0099056 9.1 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B DRD2
9 membrane GO:0016020 10.39 SLITRK1 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 SGCE MAOA
10 integral component of membrane GO:0016021 10.32 SLITRK1 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 SGCE MAOA
11 plasma membrane GO:0005886 10.3 SLITRK1 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 SGCE HTR3A
12 integral component of plasma membrane GO:0005887 10 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1 SGCE HTR3A HTR2A

Biological processes related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 51)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 chemical synaptic transmission GO:0007268 9.91 SLC1A1 HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4
2 cellular calcium ion homeostasis GO:0006874 9.87 HTR2A DRD4 DRD3
3 locomotory behavior GO:0007626 9.87 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2
4 response to drug GO:0042493 9.87 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 HTR2A HTR1B DRD3 DRD2
5 memory GO:0007613 9.86 SLC6A4 HTR2A BDNF
6 G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger GO:0007187 9.86 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4
7 synapse assembly GO:0007416 9.83 SLITRK1 DRD2 BDNF
8 social behavior GO:0035176 9.83 SLC6A4 DRD4 DRD3
9 regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis GO:2000300 9.82 HTR2A HTR1B DRD2
10 response to ethanol GO:0045471 9.8 SLC6A3 HTR3A HTR1B DRD3 DRD2
11 response to amphetamine GO:0001975 9.79 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
12 regulation of dopamine secretion GO:0014059 9.78 HTR2A HTR1B DRD3
13 arachidonic acid secretion GO:0050482 9.77 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
14 negative regulation of protein secretion GO:0050709 9.77 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
15 dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007212 9.76 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
16 vasoconstriction GO:0042310 9.75 SLC6A4 HTR1B HTR1A
17 prepulse inhibition GO:0060134 9.74 SLC6A3 DRD3 DRD2
18 G protein-coupled receptor internalization GO:0002031 9.72 HTR1B DRD3 DRD2
19 temperature homeostasis GO:0001659 9.71 HTR2A DRD2
20 positive regulation of kinase activity GO:0033674 9.71 HTR2A DRD4
21 adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway GO:0071880 9.71 DRD3 DRD2
22 regulation of dopamine metabolic process GO:0042053 9.71 SLC6A3 HTR1A DRD4
23 synaptic transmission, dopaminergic GO:0001963 9.7 DRD3 DRD2
24 response to iron ion GO:0010039 9.7 SLC6A3 DRD2
25 positive regulation of renal sodium excretion GO:0035815 9.7 DRD3 DRD2
26 adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0007195 9.7 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
27 neurotransmitter biosynthetic process GO:0042136 9.69 SLC6A4 SLC6A3
28 regulation of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptor internalization GO:0099149 9.69 DRD4 DRD3
29 serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007210 9.69 HTR3A HTR2A HTR1A
30 regulation of behavior GO:0050795 9.68 HTR1B HTR1A
31 neurotransmitter catabolic process GO:0042135 9.68 MAOA COMT
32 catecholamine metabolic process GO:0006584 9.68 MAOA COMT
33 negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity GO:1901386 9.67 DRD4 DRD2
34 monoamine transport GO:0015844 9.67 SLC6A4 SLC6A3
35 behavioral response to ethanol GO:0048149 9.67 DRD4 DRD2
36 negative regulation of synaptic transmission, glutamatergic GO:0051967 9.67 HTR2A HTR1B DRD2
37 G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0098664 9.67 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4
38 adenohypophysis development GO:0021984 9.66 SLC6A3 DRD2
39 drinking behavior GO:0042756 9.66 HTR1B DRD2
40 behavior GO:0007610 9.65 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A
41 regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission GO:0051584 9.64 DRD3 DRD2
42 negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway GO:0060160 9.64 DRD3 DRD2
43 regulation of locomotion involved in locomotory behavior GO:0090325 9.63 DRD3 DRD2
44 positive regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission GO:0051586 9.63 DRD4 DRD2
45 dopamine catabolic process GO:0042420 9.63 SLC6A3 MAOA COMT
46 adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway GO:0007198 9.62 HTR1B HTR1A
47 acid secretion GO:0046717 9.62 DRD3 DRD2
48 behavioral response to cocaine GO:0048148 9.46 HTR2A DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
49 response to histamine GO:0034776 9.43 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
50 dopamine metabolic process GO:0042417 9.26 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2 COMT

Molecular functions related to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 12)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 G protein-coupled receptor activity GO:0004930 9.93 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
2 symporter activity GO:0015293 9.69 SLC6A4 SLC6A3 SLC1A1
3 neurotransmitter receptor activity GO:0030594 9.67 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4
4 G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity GO:0004993 9.62 HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A DRD4
5 dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go GO:0001591 9.58 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
6 adrenergic receptor activity GO:0004935 9.49 DRD3 DRD2
7 neurotransmitter:sodium symporter activity GO:0005328 9.48 SLC6A4 SLC6A3
8 dopamine binding GO:0035240 9.46 SLC6A3 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
9 monoamine transmembrane transporter activity GO:0008504 9.43 SLC6A4 SLC6A3
10 dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity GO:0004952 9.43 DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
11 drug binding GO:0008144 9.43 SLC6A3 HTR2A HTR1B DRD4 DRD3 DRD2
12 serotonin binding GO:0051378 9.02 SLC6A4 HTR3A HTR2A HTR1B HTR1A
Sources

Sources for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

About this section
3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HGMD
31 HMDB
32 HPO
33 ICD10
34 ICD10 via Orphanet
35 ICD9CM
36 IUPHAR
37 KEGG
38 LifeMap
40 LOVD
42 MedGen
44 MeSH
45 MESH via Orphanet
46 MGI
49 NCI
50 NCIt
51 NDF-RT
54 NINDS
55 Novoseek
57 OMIM
58 OMIM via Orphanet
62 PubMed
64 QIAGEN
69 SNOMED-CT via HPO
70 TGDB
71 Tocris
72 UMLS
73 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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