Opiate Dependence disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: OPT003 MIFTS: 55	Opiate Dependence Categories: Mental diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Opiate Dependence

MalaCards integrated aliases for Opiate Dependence:

Name: Opiate Dependence ¹² ¹⁵

Opioid Dependence ⁷⁷ ⁵⁶ ¹⁷

Opioid-Related Disorders ⁷⁴

Opioid Type Dependence ¹²

Opiate Addiction ⁷⁴

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Mental diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³⁴

Mental and behavioural disorders

Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use

Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids

Mental and behavioural disorders due to use of opioids: Dependence syndrome

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:2559

ICD9CM ³⁶ 304.0 304.00

MeSH ⁴⁵ D009293

SNOMED-CT ⁶⁹ 75544000

ICD10 ³⁴ F11.2

EFO ¹⁷ EFO_0005611

UMLS ⁷⁴ C0027412 C0524662

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Summaries for Opiate Dependence

Disease Ontology : ¹² A drug dependence that involves the continued use of opiate drugs despite despite problems related to use of the substance.

MalaCards based summary : Opiate Dependence, also known as opioid dependence, is related to opioid dependence 1 and morphine dependence. An important gene associated with Opiate Dependence is ODS1 (Opioid Dependence, Susceptibility To, 1), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Signaling by GPCR and Peptide ligand-binding receptors. The drugs Buprenorphine and Naloxone have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, testes and liver, and related phenotypes are behavior/neurological and homeostasis/metabolism

Wikipedia : ⁷⁷ Opioid use disorder is a problematic pattern of opioid use that causes significant impairment or... more...

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Related Diseases for Opiate Dependence

Diseases related to Opiate Dependence via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 111)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	opioid dependence 1	34.0	ODS1 OPRM1
2	morphine dependence	31.4	CREB1 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
3	opioid addiction	31.1	DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
4	heroin dependence	30.8	DRD2 OPRD1 OPRM1 PDYN
5	psychotic disorder	30.2	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4 TPH1
6	withdrawal disorder	30.0	OPRM1 PDYN POMC
7	neonatal abstinence syndrome	29.9	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
8	substance abuse	29.9	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
9	anxiety	29.8	OPRL1 SLC6A4 TPH1
10	personality disorder	29.8	DRD2 SLC6A4 TPH1
11	conduct disorder	29.8	DRD2 SLC6A4 TPH1
12	alcohol abuse	29.6	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
13	schizoaffective disorder	29.5	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4
14	schizophrenia	29.2	DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4 TH TPH1
15	pain agnosia	29.1	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1 PDYN POMC
16	attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder	29.1	DRD2 DRD3 OPRM1 SLC6A4 TH TPH1
17	bipolar disorder	28.8	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4 TH TPH1
18	mood disorder	28.8	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 POMC SLC6A4 TH
19	disease of mental health	28.4	DRD2 DRD3 OPRM1 PDYN POMC SLC6A4
20	alcohol dependence	27.4	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
21	drug dependence	27.4	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
22	gangliocytoma	10.4	POMC TH
23	acidophil adenoma	10.3	IGF1 POMC
24	avoidant personality disorder	10.3	SLC6A4 TPH1
25	pituitary infarct	10.3	IGF1 POMC
26	sick building syndrome	10.3	POMC VEGFA
27	empty sella syndrome	10.3	IGF1 POMC
28	sheehan syndrome	10.3	IGF1 POMC
29	toxic encephalopathy	10.2	CREB1 NGF TH
30	cerebral hypoxia	10.2	CREB1 IGF1
31	mental depression	10.2	POMC SLC6A4 TPH1
32	chronic fatigue syndrome	10.2	IGF1 POMC SLC6A4
33	endocrine organ benign neoplasm	10.2	IGF1 NGF POMC
34	pituitary tumors	10.2	IGF1 POMC VEGFA
35	anorexia nervosa	10.2	IGF1 POMC SLC6A4
36	hyperpituitarism	10.2	IGF1 POMC
37	gonadal disease	10.2	IGF1 POMC VEGFA
38	nervous system disease	10.1	NGF TH VEGFA
39	west syndrome	10.1	POMC TH TPH1
40	sexual disorder	10.1
41	somatoform disorder	10.1	NGF OPRM1 TPH1
42	central nervous system disease	10.1	NGF SLC6A4 TH
43	phobic disorder	10.1	OPRK1 SLC6A4
44	ovarian disease	10.1	IGF1 NGF VEGFA
45	retrograde amnesia	10.1	PDYN POMC SLC6A4
46	hepatitis	10.1
47	depression	10.1
48	alcohol-induced mental disorder	10.0	DRD2 SLC6A4
49	polysubstance abuse	10.0	DRD2 DRD3
50	pol iii-related leukodystrophies	10.0

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Opiate Dependence:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Opiate Dependence

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Opiate Dependence:

⁴⁷ (show all 11)

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.32	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 NGF OPRD1 OPRK1
2	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.24	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 NGF OPRD1
3	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.18	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 NGF OPRM1
4	cardiovascular system	MP:0005385	10.16	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 NGF POMC
5	integument	MP:0010771	10.13	DRD2 IGF1 NGF OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1
6	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.09	CREB1 DRD2 IGF1 OPRK1 OPRM1 POMC
7	adipose tissue	MP:0005375	10.04	DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 OPRM1 PDYN POMC
8	nervous system	MP:0003631	10	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 NGF OPRD1
9	muscle	MP:0005369	9.8	CREB1 DRD2 IGF1 NGF SLC6A4 TPH1
10	no phenotypic analysis	MP:0003012	9.56	DRD2 NGF OPRD1 OPRM1 PDYN POMC
11	normal	MP:0002873	9.28	CREB1 DRD2 IGF1 NGF OPRL1 OPRM1

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Opiate Dependence

Drugs for Opiate Dependence (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 311)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Buprenorphine

Approved, Illicit, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

52485-79-7

40400 644073

Naloxone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

465-65-6

5284596

Naltrexone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

16590-41-3

5360515

Ethanol

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

64-17-5

702

Guaifenesin

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

93-14-1

3516

Methadone

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

76-99-3

4095

Dopamine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

62-31-7, 51-61-6

681

Bupivacaine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Not Applicable

2180-92-9, 38396-39-3

2474

Peginterferon alfa-2b

Approved

Phase 4

99210-65-8, 215647-85-1

Ribavirin

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3

36791-04-5

37542

Ketamine

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

6740-88-1

3821

Valproic Acid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Not Applicable

99-66-1

3121

Nicotine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

54-11-5

942 89594

Norepinephrine

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 1,Phase 2

51-41-2

439260

Tramadol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1

27203-92-5

33741

Oxycodone

Approved, Illicit, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

76-42-6

5284603

Benzocaine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

94-09-7, 1994-09-7

2337

Morphine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

57-27-2

5288826

tannic acid

Approved

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Not Applicable

1401-55-4

Gabapentin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

60142-96-3

3446

Sofosbuvir

Approved

Phase 4

1190307-88-0

45375808

Velpatasvir

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

1377049-84-7

67683363

Rifapentine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

61379-65-5

6323497

Isoniazid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

54-85-3

3767

Acetaminophen

Approved

Phase 4,Not Applicable

103-90-2

1983

Parathyroid hormone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

9002-64-6

Codeine

Approved, Illicit

Phase 4

76-57-3

5284371

Emtricitabine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

143491-57-0

60877

Cobicistat

Approved

Phase 4

1004316-88-4

Oxymorphone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

76-41-5

5284604

Tenofovir

Experimental, Investigational

Phase 4

147127-20-6

464205

Central Nervous System Depressants

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Peripheral Nervous System Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Analgesics, Opioid

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Early Phase 1,Not Applicable

Narcotics

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Analgesics

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Narcotic Antagonists

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Opiate Alkaloids

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Heroin

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

5462328

Buprenorphine, Naloxone Drug Combination

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Antiviral Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Anti-Infective Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Anesthetics

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Anesthetics, Intravenous

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Neurotransmitter Agents

Phase 4,Phase 2,Phase 3,Phase 1,Not Applicable,Early Phase 1

Excitatory Amino Acids

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Anesthetics, General

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Respiratory System Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Antitussive Agents

Phase 4,Phase 3,Phase 2,Phase 1,Not Applicable

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 500)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Buprenorphine and Integrated HIV Care Evaluation	Unknown status	NCT00124358	Phase 4	Buprenorphine
2	Integrating Buprenorphine Into HIV Treatment	Unknown status	NCT00241930	Phase 4
3	Determine the Safety of a Sublingual Tablet Formulation of Buprenorphine and Naloxone by Extending the Combination Tablet Availability to Physicians in Office-Based Practice	Completed	NCT00007527	Phase 4	naloxone;buprenorphine
4	Buprenorphine Maintenance vs. Detoxification in Prescription Opioid Dependence	Completed	NCT00555425	Phase 4
5	Hepatitis C in a Cohort of Patients With Maintenance Therapy for Opiate Dependence - Prevalence, Severity and Outcome of Antiviral Therapy	Completed	NCT01045278	Phase 4	Pegylated interferon-alfa-2b and ribavirin
6	Multi-Center, Open-Label, 24-Week Study of OX219 Safety and Efficacy for Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence	Completed	NCT01903005	Phase 4	Higher bioavailability BNX sublingual tablets
7	Multicentre Trial of Suboxone in Opiate-dependent Subjects in Taiwan	Completed	NCT00901875	Phase 4	Buprenorphine + naloxone (Suboxone);Buprenorphine + naloxone (Suboxone)
8	Integrating Buprenorphine Into the SFGH AIDS Program	Completed	NCT00263458	Phase 4
9	Buprenorphine/Naloxone in the Treatment of Heroin Dependence - 14	Completed	NCT00015340	Phase 4	Buprenorphine/naloxone
10	Usability of Zubsolv Sublingual Tablets 5.7/1.4 to Suboxone Sublingual Film 8/2 In Buprenorphine/Naloxone Treated Opioid Dependent Population	Completed	NCT02038790	Phase 4	Suboxone Sublingual Film;Zubsolv sublingual tablets
11	A Study of VIVITROL in the Prevention of Re-arrest and Re-incarceration	Completed	NCT01453374	Phase 4	VIVITROL 380mg
12	Counseling for Primary Care Office-based Buprenorphine	Completed	NCT00595764	Phase 4
13	Effects of Ketamine On Precipitated Opioid Withdrawal Under General Anaesthesia	Completed	NCT00300794	Phase 4	Ketamine
14	Buprenorphine and Methadone for Opioid Dependent Chronic Pain Patients	Completed	NCT00879996	Phase 4	Methadone;Buprenorphine/naloxone
15	Intensive Outpatient Versus Outpatient Treatment With Buprenorphine Among African Americans	Completed	NCT01096550	Phase 4
16	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of the Transfer From Subutex to Suboxone in Opioid- Dependent Subjects (Study P04843)(COMPLETED)	Completed	NCT00605033	Phase 4	Suboxone, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride + Naloxone, SCH 484;Subutex, Buprenorphine Hydrochloride, SCH 28444
17	Psychoeducation Reaches HCV-infected Methadone/Buprenorphine Substituted Patients in Standard Antiviral Treatment	Completed	NCT00844272	Phase 4
18	Treatment of Polydrug-Using Opiate Dependents During Withdrawal	Completed	NCT00367874	Phase 4	Buprenorphine;Valproate
19	HIV, Buprenorphine, and the Criminal Justice System (STRIDE2)	Completed	NCT03583138	Phase 4	buprenorphine
20	Buprenorphine and Methadone for Opioid-dependent Chronic Back Pain Patients	Completed	NCT01559454	Phase 4	Methadone;Buprenorphine/naloxone
21	Relapse Prevention to Reduce HIV Among Women Prisoners	Completed	NCT00763958	Phase 4	Placebo;Buprenorphine
22	A Randomized Acceptability and Safety Study of Suboxone Induction in Heroin Users (P05042)(COMPLETED)	Completed	NCT00604188	Phase 4	Suboxone (SCH 000484);Subutex (SCH 028444)
23	Preference for Subutex® (Buprenorphine) Versus Suboxone® (Buprenorphine/Naloxone) in Opioid Dependent Patients on Subutex® (Study P05094)(COMPLETED)	Completed	NCT00684073	Phase 4	buprenorphine;buprenorphine/naloxone
24	Integration of Buprenorphine Into HIV Clinical Settings - Primary Care Model (PCM)	Completed	NCT00798538	Phase 4
25	Pre-Release VIVITROL for Opioid Dependent Inmates	Completed	NCT01563718	Phase 4	naltrexone for extended release injectable suspension
26	An Effectiveness Trial of Maintenance Therapy for Nicotine Dependence	Completed	NCT01047527	Phase 4	Transdermal nicotine patch
27	Desvenlafaxine in Opioid-Dependent Patients	Completed	NCT02200406	Phase 4	Desvenlafaxine
28	Neurocognitive Effects of Opiate Agonist Treatment	Completed	NCT01733693	Phase 4	Buprenorphine;Methadone
29	Extended-Release Naltrexone vs. Buprenorphine for Opioid Treatment	Completed	NCT02032433	Phase 4	Extended-Release Naltrexone;Buprenorphine-Naloxone
30	Intervention of HIV, Drug Use and the Criminal Justice System in Malaysia	Completed	NCT02396979	Phase 4	Methadone
31	Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholic Women	Completed	NCT00000448	Phase 4	naltrexone;Placebo
32	Depot Naltrexone Mechanism of Action in Heroin Dependent Patients Using fMRI and SPECT	Completed	NCT01471145	Phase 4	Naltrexone
33	Buprenorphine and Integrated HIV Care	Completed	NCT00317460	Phase 4
34	Long Acting Naltrexone for Opioid Addiction: Focus on Sustained Abstinence and Recovery	Recruiting	NCT03647774	Phase 4	Extended release naltrexone
35	A Pilot Study of Treating HCV at a Psychiatrist-staffed Outpatient Addiction Clinic	Recruiting	NCT03235154	Phase 4	sofosbuvir/velpatasvir
36	Houston Emergency Opioid Engagement System	Recruiting	NCT03396276	Phase 4	Suboxone
37	Addiction, HIV and Tuberculosis in Malaysian Criminal Justice Settings	Recruiting	NCT03089983	Phase 4	Naltrexone;Methadone;Isoniazid;Rifapentine
38	Trial of Injected Liposomal Bupivacaine vs Bupivacaine Infusion After Surgical Stabilization of Rib Fractures	Recruiting	NCT03305666	Phase 4	Liposomal bupivacaine injection;Bupivacaine indwelling catheter
39	A Pragmatic Randomized Control Trial Comparing Models of Care in the Management of Prescription Opioid Misuse	Recruiting	NCT03033732	Phase 4	Methadone;Buprenorphine-Naloxone
40	Minimizing Narcotic Analgesics After Endocrine Surgery	Recruiting	NCT03469310	Phase 4	Acetaminophen 500Mg Cap;Tylenol #3 Oral Tablet;Tramadol
41	Switch to Genvoya Followed by HCV Therapy With Epclusa in Patients With HIV/HCV Co-Infection on Methadone	Recruiting	NCT03549312	Phase 4	Genvoya;Epclusa
42	Biomarkers of Injectable Extended Release Naltrexone Treatment	Active, not recruiting	NCT02324725	Phase 4	Naltrexone
43	Buprenorphine to Improve HIV Care Engagement and Outcomes (BRAVO)	Active, not recruiting	NCT01936857	Phase 4	Buprenorphine/naloxone;Methadone Maintenance Therapy
44	Extended Release Naltrexone for Opioid-Dependent Youth	Active, not recruiting	NCT01843023	Phase 4	Extended Release Naltrexone;Buprenorphine
45	Structured Discontinuation vs Continued Therapy in Suboptimal and Optimal Responders to High-dose Long-term Opioids for Chronic Pain	Active, not recruiting	NCT02741076	Phase 4	Morphine Sulfate ER;Oxycodone ER;Oxymorphone ER
46	Feasibility Study of Extended-release Naltrexone (Vivitrol) in Drug Court Settings	Enrolling by invitation	NCT02978417	Phase 4	Naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension;Oral naltrexone
47	Liposomal Bupivacaine in Ambulatory Hand Surgery	Enrolling by invitation	NCT02933814	Phase 4	Liposomal Bupivicaine
48	XRB vs. SLB in Jail and at Re-entry: Pilot, Proof of Concept	Not yet recruiting	NCT03604159	Phase 4	Buprenorphine Extended Release;Sublingual Buprenorphine (SUBOXONE, Zubsolv, or generic tablets)
49	Can Simplified and More Detailed Instructions Affect Post-Operative Narcotic Consumption	Not yet recruiting	NCT03534102	Phase 4	Improved Opioid-Tapering Instructions
50	Gabapentin Regimens and Their Effects on Opioid Consumption	Not yet recruiting	NCT03334903	Phase 4	Gabapentin

Search NIH Clinical Center for Opiate Dependence

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷⁴ / NDF-RT ⁵² :

clonidine hcl pwdr

clonidine hydrochloride

levomethadyl

levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride

methadone

methadone hydrochloride

nalmefene

nalmefene hydrochloride

naloxone hydrochloride

naltrexone

naltrexone hydrochloride

Sources

Genetic Tests for Opiate Dependence

Sources

Anatomical Context for Opiate Dependence

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Opiate Dependence:

⁴²

Brain, Testes, Liver, Bone, Breast, Skin, Eye

Sources

Publications for Opiate Dependence

Articles related to Opiate Dependence:

(show top 50) (show all 1013)

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Editorial Commentary: Scoping Knees With Osteoarthritis and Opioid Dependence? Brace Yourself for Postop Pain. ( 30712633 )	Westermann RW	2019
2	Transcranial direct current stimulation to prevent and treat surgery-induced opioid dependence: a systematic review. ( 30516441 )	Gallucci A...Fregni F	2019
3	Epidemiology of dependence on illicit substances, with a special focus on opioid dependence, in the State of Punjab, India: Results from two different yet complementary survey methods. ( 30593987 )	Avasthi A...Ghosh A	2019
4	Treating Opioid Dependence: Pain Medicine Physiology of Tolerance and Addiction. ( 30614846 )	James DL...Jowza M	2019
5	Rostral and Caudal Ventral Tegmental Area GABAergic Inputs to Different Dorsal Raphe Neurons Participate in Opioid Dependence. ( 30638902 )	Li Y...Li XM	2019
6	Gender differences in subjective stress and neuroendocrine response to a stress task among individuals with opioid dependence: A pilot study. ( 30640146 )	Gilmore AK...Back SE	2019
7	Review article: Effective management of opioid withdrawal symptoms: A gateway to opioid dependence treatment. ( 30701615 )	Kosten TR...Baxter LE	2019
8	Perinatal Navigator Approach to Smoking Cessation for Women With Prevalent Opioid Dependence. ( 30724661 )	Fallin-Bennett A...Goodin A	2019
9	Predicting opioid dependence from electronic health records with machine learning. ( 30728857 )	Ellis RJ...Ma'ayan A	2019
10	Transdermal buprenorphine patch: Potential for role in management of opioid dependence. ( 30772733 )	Modak T...Sarkar S	2019
11	Risk, reversibility and resilience of brain circuitries linked to opioid dependence: A diffusion tensor imaging study of actively opioid-using subjects and three comparison groups. ( 30785033 )	Ghosh A...Rana D	2019
12	Genomewide Study of Epigenetic Biomarkers of Opioid Dependence in European- American Women. ( 30874594 )	Montalvo-Ortiz JL...Gelernter J	2019
13	Meeting the challenges of opioid dependence in China: experience of opioid agonist treatment. ( 30893091 )	Chen T...Zhao M	2019
14	Opiate Dependence or Addiction?: A Review of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guidelines for Management of Chronic Pain. ( 29505462 )	Dobbs G.C....Fogger S.A.	2018
15	Predicting health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5A L) and capability wellbeing (ICECAP-A) in the context of opiate dependence using routine clinical outcome measures: CORE-OM, LDQ and TOP. ( 29843726 )	Peak J....Frew E.	2018
16	Factors predicting opioid dependence in patients undergoing surgery for degenerative spondylolisthesis: analysis from the MarketScan databases. ( 29914294 )	Sharma M....Boakye M.	2018
17	Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia Among Adults With Opioid Dependence Treated With Extended-Release Naltrexone vs Buprenorphine-Naloxone: A Randomized Clinical Trial and Follow-up Study. ( 30566177 )	Latif ZE...Tanum L	2018
18	The effectiveness of different singly administered high doses of buprenorphine in reducing suicidal ideation in acutely depressed people with co-morbid opiate dependence: a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. ( 30157924 )	Ahmadi J...Ehsaei Z	2018
19	Opioid Dependence and Health Care Utilization Following Decompression and Fusion in Patients with Adult Degenerative Scoliosis. ( 30015717 )	Sharma M...Boakye M	2018
20	Health care utilization and overall costs based on opioid dependence in patients undergoing surgery for degenerative spondylolisthesis. ( 29712535 )	Sharma M...Boakye M	2018
21	Alcohol use disorder and associated physical health complications and treatment amongst individuals with and without opioid dependence: A case-control study. ( 29807218 )	Pikovsky M...Degenhardt L	2018
22	Positivity rates of drugs in patients treated for opioid dependence with buprenorphine: A comparison of oral fluid and urine using paired collections and LC-MS/MS. ( 30391868 )	West R...Guevara M	2018
23	Supervised Injectable Opioid Treatment for the Management of Opioid Dependence. ( 30132259 )	Bell J...Lintzeris N	2018
24	Effect of opioid dependence or abuse on opioid utilization after shoulder arthroplasty. ( 30148070 )	Berglund DD...Levy JC	2018
25	Which Criteria to Use to Identify Metabolic Syndrome among Patients with Addictive Disorders?: Observations among Patients with Alcohol and Opioid Dependence Syndrome. ( 30148108 )	Singh Balhara YP...Gupta R	2018
26	Improving outcomes in the treatment of opioid dependence (IOTOD): reflections on the impact of a medical education initiative on healthcare professionals' attitudes and clinical practice. ( 30202635 )	Webster S...Marsden J	2018
27	Understanding an emerging treatment population: Protocol for and baseline characteristics of a prospective cohort of people receiving treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependence. ( 30280448 )	Nielsen S...Larance B	2018
28	Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder After Ibogaine Treatment for Opioid Dependence. ( 30300292 )	Knuijver T...Schellekens A	2018
29	Chronic co-administration of nalbuphine attenuates the development of opioid dependence. ( 30312633 )	Raghav R...Kumar P	2018
30	Substance misuse in patients who have comorbid chronic pain in a clinical population receiving methadone maintenance therapy for the treatment of opioid dependence. ( 30368067 )	Higgins C...Matthews K	2018
31	Can Tramadol be Used for Maintenance Treatment of Opioid Dependence? ( 30395757 )	Sarkar S...Singh Balhara YP	2018
32	A computational strategy for finding novel targets and therapeutic compounds for opioid dependence. ( 30403753 )	Wu X...Wu W	2018
33	ANCO-GeneDB: annotations and comprehensive analysis of candidate genes for alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and opioid dependence. ( 30403795 )	Hu R...Zhao Z	2018
34	Interrelationship of Opioid Dependence, Impaired Impulse Control, and Depressive Symptoms: An Open-Label Cross-Sectional Study of Patients in Maintenance Therapy. ( 30453290 )	Peters L...Soyka M	2018
35	Treatment of opioid dependence with buprenorphine/naloxone sublingual tablets: A phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ( 30460781 )	Wang X...Hao W	2018
36	Withdrawal symptoms predict prescription opioid dependence in chronic pain patients. ( 30562677 )	Coloma-Carmona A...P?rez-Carbonell A	2018
37	Chronic opioid use after spine surgery: what is the prescription for reducing opioid dependence? ( 30714017 )	Esfahani K...Dunn LK	2018
38	Which Criteria to Use to Identify Metabolic Syndrome among Patients with Addictive Disorders? Observations among Patients with Alcohol and Opioid Dependence Syndrome. ( 30766833 )	Al-Mendalawi MD	2018
39	A polymorphism in the OPRM1 3'-untranslated region is associated with methadone efficacy in treating opioid dependence. ( 27958381 )	Crist RC...Berrettini WH	2018
40	Ibogaine treatment outcomes for opioid dependence from a twelve-month follow-up observational study. ( 28402682 )	Noller GE...Yazar-Klosinski B	2018
41	Healthcare utilization in adults with opioid dependence receiving extended release naltrexone compared to treatment as usual. ( 28576389 )	Soares WE...Friedmann PD	2018
42	Characteristics and response to treatment among Indigenous people receiving injectable diacetylmorphine or hydromorphone in a randomised controlled trial for the treatment of long-term opioid dependence. ( 28593748 )	Oviedo-Joekes E...Schechter MT	2018
43	An analysis of genetic association in opioid dependence susceptibility. ( 28656735 )	Nagaya D...Yusoff NM	2018
44	Perceived stigma and social support in treatment for pharmaceutical opioid dependence. ( 28884866 )	Cooper S...Nielsen S	2018
45	Compulsivity in opioid dependence. ( 28918267 )	Tolomeo S...Baldacchino A	2018
46	Genetic addiction risk score (GARS) ™, a predictor of vulnerability to opioid dependence. ( 28930612 )	Blum K...Badgaiyan RD	2018
47	Creating opioid dependence in the emergency department. ( 28958216 )	Upadhye S	2018
48	Large variation in measures used to assess outcomes of opioid dependence treatment: A systematic review of longitudinal observational studies. ( 28971544 )	Wiessing L...Griffiths P	2018
49	Pilot Study of a Tailored Smoking Cessation Intervention for Individuals in Treatment for Opioid Dependence. ( 29059389 )	Cooperman NA...Williams JM	2018
50	Opioid dependence and pregnancy in early twentieth-century America. ( 29130600 )	Tauger N	2018

Sources

Genes for Opiate Dependence

Genes related to Opiate Dependence (1 elite genes):

(show all 16)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubmedIds
1	ODS1	Opioid Dependence, Susceptibility To, 1	Genetic Locus	50	MalaCards inferred ⁴²
2	OPRM1	Opioid Receptor Mu 1	Protein Coding	26.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶	12960749 17416470 15558714 (more) 12648891 17503481 18193922 16536895 20357116 9756053 18424454 19403243 9517399
3	OPRK1	Opioid Receptor Kappa 1	Protein Coding	24.26	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶	9365966 9517399
4	DRD3	Dopamine Receptor D3	Protein Coding	24.06	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)	9702743
5	OPRD1	Opioid Receptor Delta 1	Protein Coding	23.03	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶	17503481 20300121
6	PDYN	Prodynorphin	Protein Coding	22.17	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶	9190848 16314761
7	CREB1	CAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1	Protein Coding	22.16	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
8	DRD2	Dopamine Receptor D2	Protein Coding	21.97	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ Novoseek inferred ⁵⁶	11054765 16583408 12497624 (more) 20305222 10881203 11256581
9	SLC6A4	Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4	Protein Coding	21.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
10	TH	Tyrosine Hydroxylase	Protein Coding	21.23	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
11	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	21.14	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
12	NGF	Nerve Growth Factor	Protein Coding	20.13	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
13	OPRL1	Opioid Related Nociceptin Receptor 1	Protein Coding	16.56	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
14	VEGFA	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A	Protein Coding	16.48	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
15	IGF1	Insulin Like Growth Factor 1	Protein Coding	16.48	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)
16	TPH1	Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1	Protein Coding	16.48	GeneCards inferred via : Publications (show sections)

Sources

Variations for Opiate Dependence

Sources

Expression for Opiate Dependence

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Opiate Dependence.

Sources

Pathways for Opiate Dependence

Pathways related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 15)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Signaling by GPCR ⁶⁷ Show member pathways GPCR downstream signaling ⁶⁷ Signal Transduction ⁶⁷	13.88	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 IGF1 NGF OPRD1
2	Peptide ligand-binding receptors ⁶⁷ Show member pathways Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) ⁶⁷ Defective AVP causes neurohypophyseal diabetes insipidus (NDI) ⁶⁷ Formyl peptide receptors bind formyl peptides and many other ligands ⁶⁷ G alpha (i) signalling events ⁶⁷ GPCR ligand binding ⁶⁷ GPCRs, Class A Rhodopsin-like ¹ Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction ³⁸ Orexin and neuropeptides FF and QRFP bind to their respective receptors ⁶⁷ Peptide GPCRs ¹ Tachykinin receptors bind tachykinins ⁶⁷ Vasopressin-like receptors ⁶⁷	13.36	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
3	Circadian entrainment ³⁸ Show member pathways Cholinergic synapse ³⁸ Dopaminergic synapse ³⁸ Estrogen signaling pathway ³⁸ Glutamatergic synapse ³⁸ Relaxin receptors ⁶⁷ Relaxin signaling pathway ³⁸ Synaptic Neurotransmission Pathways: Glutamatergic Excitation ⁶⁶	12.8	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRM1 TH VEGFA
4	ADP signalling through P2Y purinoceptor 12 ⁶⁷ Show member pathways Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion ⁶⁷ Beta-agonist/Beta-blocker Pathway, Pharmacodynamics ⁶² Cooperation of PDCL (PhLP1) and TRiC/CCT in G-protein beta folding ⁶⁷ G alpha (z) signalling events ⁶⁷ G-protein activation ⁶⁷ Signal transduction cAMP signaling ²³	12.31	CREB1 OPRM1 PDYN POMC
5	Neuroscience ⁴	12.17	CREB1 NGF OPRM1 POMC TH TPH1
6	Amphetamine addiction ³⁸ Show member pathways Cocaine addiction ³⁸	11.74	CREB1 DRD2 PDYN TH
7	Nicotine Pathway (Dopaminergic Neuron), Pharmacodynamics ⁶² Show member pathways Nicotine Activity on Dopaminergic Neurons ¹ SNARE interactions in vesicular transport ³⁸	11.68	DRD2 DRD3 TH
8	Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling ⁶⁷	11.68	OPRD1 OPRM1 POMC VEGFA
9	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) Susceptibility Pathways ¹	11.65	CREB1 NGF SLC6A4 TH TPH1 VEGFA
10	Circadian rythm related genes ¹	11.48	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 OPRL1 SLC6A4 TH
11	Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers ⁶⁶	11.46	IGF1 NGF TH VEGFA
12	Microglia Activation During Neuroinflammation: Steady-State Microglia ⁶⁶	11.26	DRD2 IGF1 NGF
13	Biogenic Amine Synthesis ¹ Show member pathways catecholamine biosynthesis ¹ Catecholamine biosynthesis ⁶⁷	10.89	TH TPH1
14	DARPP-32 Phosphorylation ⁶⁶	10.88	DRD2 DRD3
15	p38 signaling mediated by MAPKAP kinases ¹	10.83	CREB1 TH

Sources

GO Terms for Opiate Dependence

Cellular components related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	integral component of plasma membrane	GO:0005887	9.98	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
2	axon	GO:0030424	9.8	CREB1 DRD2 NGF OPRM1 TH
3	dendrite	GO:0030425	9.73	DRD2 NGF OPRK1 OPRM1 PDYN TH
4	perikaryon	GO:0043204	9.62	DRD2 OPRK1 OPRM1 TH
5	dopaminergic synapse	GO:0098691	9.46	DRD2 DRD3
6	axon terminus	GO:0043679	9.46	DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 PDYN
7	spine apparatus	GO:0097444	9.37	OPRD1 OPRM1
8	integral component of postsynaptic membrane	GO:0099055	9.26	DRD2 OPRK1 OPRM1 SLC6A4
9	integral component of presynaptic membrane	GO:0099056	9.02	DRD2 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1 SLC6A4

Biological processes related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 62)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	GO:0019221	9.99	OPRD1 OPRM1 POMC VEGFA
2	response to drug	GO:0042493	9.99	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3 SLC6A4 TH
3	negative regulation of gene expression	GO:0010629	9.98	CREB1 IGF1 OPRD1 VEGFA
4	response to estradiol	GO:0032355	9.88	OPRL1 SLC6A4 TH
5	response to hypoxia	GO:0001666	9.88	CREB1 DRD2 SLC6A4 TH VEGFA
6	circadian rhythm	GO:0007623	9.86	CREB1 SLC6A4 TPH1
7	cellular response to growth factor stimulus	GO:0071363	9.84	CREB1 OPRD1 TH
8	phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007200	9.83	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRM1
9	memory	GO:0007613	9.83	CREB1 NGF SLC6A4 TH
10	sensory perception of pain	GO:0019233	9.82	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
11	social behavior	GO:0035176	9.82	DRD3 SLC6A4 TH
12	visual learning	GO:0008542	9.81	CREB1 DRD2 DRD3
13	response to nicotine	GO:0035094	9.8	CREB1 DRD2 TH
14	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007193	9.8	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
15	response to ethanol	GO:0045471	9.8	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1 TH
16	response to amphetamine	GO:0001975	9.77	DRD2 DRD3 TH
17	negative regulation of blood pressure	GO:0045776	9.76	DRD2 DRD3 OPRL1
18	positive regulation of receptor internalization	GO:0002092	9.73	DRD2 VEGFA
19	positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	GO:0002052	9.73	DRD2 VEGFA
20	adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	GO:0071880	9.73	DRD2 DRD3
21	positive regulation of Ras protein signal transduction	GO:0046579	9.73	IGF1 NGF
22	behavioral response to cocaine	GO:0048148	9.73	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1
23	response to cocaine	GO:0042220	9.73	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1
24	dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007212	9.72	DRD2 DRD3
25	eye photoreceptor cell development	GO:0042462	9.72	TH VEGFA
26	negative regulation of protein secretion	GO:0050709	9.72	DRD2 DRD3
27	positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiation	GO:1900273	9.72	CREB1 DRD2
28	mammary gland alveolus development	GO:0060749	9.72	TPH1 VEGFA
29	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	GO:0001963	9.72	DRD2 DRD3 TH
30	positive regulation of CREB transcription factor activity	GO:0032793	9.71	OPRD1 VEGFA
31	response to growth factor	GO:0070848	9.71	OPRM1 TH
32	dopamine metabolic process	GO:0042417	9.71	DRD2 DRD3
33	prepulse inhibition	GO:0060134	9.71	DRD2 DRD3
34	neurotransmitter biosynthetic process	GO:0042136	9.7	SLC6A4 TH
35	positive regulation of renal sodium excretion	GO:0035815	9.7	DRD2 DRD3
36	positive regulation of urine volume	GO:0035810	9.7	DRD2 OPRL1
37	G protein-coupled receptor internalization	GO:0002031	9.69	DRD2 DRD3
38	estrous cycle	GO:0044849	9.69	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
39	adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007191	9.68	DRD3 OPRM1
40	adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0007195	9.68	DRD2 DRD3
41	aromatic amino acid family metabolic process	GO:0009072	9.68	TH TPH1
42	behavior	GO:0007610	9.67	OPRK1 OPRL1
43	behavioral response to ethanol	GO:0048149	9.67	DRD2 OPRM1
44	negative regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	GO:1901386	9.67	DRD2 OPRL1
45	regulation of sensory perception of pain	GO:0051930	9.67	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
46	negative regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	GO:0106072	9.66	OPRL1 OPRM1
47	locomotory behavior	GO:0007626	9.65	DRD2 DRD3 OPRK1 OPRM1 TH
48	regulation of dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051584	9.64	DRD2 DRD3
49	negative regulation of dopamine receptor signaling pathway	GO:0060160	9.63	DRD2 DRD3
50	sensory perception	GO:0007600	9.63	OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1

Molecular functions related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G protein-coupled receptor activity	GO:0004930	9.85	DRD2 DRD3 OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
2	adrenergic receptor activity	GO:0004935	9.46	DRD2 DRD3
3	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity, coupled via Gi/Go	GO:0001591	9.43	DRD2 DRD3
4	receptor serine/threonine kinase binding	GO:0033612	9.4	OPRD1 OPRK1
5	dopamine binding	GO:0035240	9.33	DRD2 DRD3 TH
6	dopamine neurotransmitter receptor activity	GO:0004952	9.32	DRD2 DRD3
7	oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced pteridine as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen	GO:0016714	9.26	TH TPH1
8	neuropeptide binding	GO:0042923	9.26	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1
9	opioid receptor activity	GO:0004985	8.92	OPRD1 OPRK1 OPRL1 OPRM1

Sources

Sources for Opiate Dependence

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FDA Approved Drugs

²⁰ FMA

²¹ GeneAnalytics

²² GeneCards

²³ GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²⁴ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁵ GeneReviews

²⁶ Genetics Home Reference

²⁷ GenomeRNAi

²⁸ GEO DataSets

²⁹ GO

³⁰ GTR

³¹ HGMD

³² HMDB

³³ HPO

³⁴ ICD10

³⁵ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁶ ICD9CM

³⁷ IUPHAR

³⁸ KEGG

³⁹ LifeMap

⁴⁰ LncRNADisease

⁴¹ LOVD

⁴² MalaCards

⁴³ MedGen

⁴⁴ MedlinePlus

⁴⁵ MeSH

⁴⁶ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁷ MGI

⁴⁸ miR2Disease

⁴⁹ NCBI Bookshelf

⁵⁰ NCI

⁵¹ NCIt

⁵² NDF-RT

⁵³ NIH Clinical Center

⁵⁴ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁵ NINDS

⁵⁶ Novoseek

⁵⁷ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁸ OMIM

⁵⁹ OMIM via Orphanet

⁶⁰ Orphanet

⁶¹ PathCards

⁶² PharmGKB

⁶³ PubMed

⁶⁴ PubMed Health

⁶⁵ QIAGEN

⁶⁶ R&D Systems

⁶⁷ Reactome

⁶⁸ Sino Biological

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷¹ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷² TGDB

⁷³ Tocris

⁷⁴ UMLS

⁷⁵ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁶ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁷ Wikipedia

Opiate Dependence

Aliases & Classifications for Opiate Dependence

MalaCards integrated aliases for Opiate Dependence:

Classifications:

External Ids:

Summaries for Opiate Dependence

Related Diseases for Opiate Dependence

Diseases related to Opiate Dependence via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Opiate Dependence:

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Opiate Dependence

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Opiate Dependence:

Drugs & Therapeutics for Opiate Dependence

Drugs for Opiate Dependence (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

Interventional clinical trials:

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 74 / NDF-RT 52 :

Genetic Tests for Opiate Dependence

Anatomical Context for Opiate Dependence

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Opiate Dependence:

Publications for Opiate Dependence

Articles related to Opiate Dependence:

Genes for Opiate Dependence

Genes related to Opiate Dependence (1 elite genes):

Variations for Opiate Dependence

Expression for Opiate Dependence

Pathways for Opiate Dependence

Pathways related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

GO Terms for Opiate Dependence

Cellular components related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Biological processes related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Molecular functions related to Opiate Dependence according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

Sources for Opiate Dependence

Inferred drug relations via UMLS ⁷⁴ / NDF-RT ⁵² :