Parkinsonism disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: PRK039 MIFTS: 55	Parkinsonism Categories: Neuronal diseases, Rare diseases
Genes Variations Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs Expand all tables

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Aliases & Classifications for Parkinsonism

MalaCards integrated aliases for Parkinsonism:

Name: Parkinsonism ¹² ⁷⁴ ⁵⁴ ⁶

Parkinsonism-Plus ⁶

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Neuronal diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

ICD10: ³²

Diseases of the nervous system

Extrapyramidal and movement disorders

Parkinsonism in diseases classified elsewhere

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:0080855

ICD10 ³² G22

Sources

Summaries for Parkinsonism

Disease Ontology : ¹² A movement disorder that is characterized by disturbances of balance, gait and posture.

MalaCards based summary : Parkinsonism, also known as parkinsonism-plus, is related to dystonia 3, torsion, x-linked and dystonia, dopa-responsive. An important gene associated with Parkinsonism is TBC1D24 (TBC1 Domain Family Member 24), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases and Neuroscience. The drugs Zonisamide and Tadalafil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include brain, subthalamic nucleus and eye, and related phenotypes are cellular and behavior/neurological

Wikipedia : ⁷⁴ Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural... more...

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Related Diseases for Parkinsonism

Diseases in the Parkinsonism family:

Atp13a2-Related Parkinsonism

Diseases related to Parkinsonism via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 917)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	dystonia 3, torsion, x-linked	32.9	TAF1 ATP1A3
2	dystonia, dopa-responsive	32.3	TAF1 SLC6A3 ATP1A3
3	frontotemporal dementia	32.2	SNCA MAPT LRRK2 ATXN2
4	postencephalitic parkinson disease	32.1	SNCA SLC6A3 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
5	multiple system atrophy 1	32.0	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT LRRK2
6	dystonia 12	32.0	TAF1 SLC39A14 SLC30A10 PINK1 PARK7 ATP1A3
7	kufor-rakeb syndrome	31.9	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2
8	parkinson disease 2, autosomal recessive juvenile	31.6	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 MT-ND6 LRRK2
9	hypermanganesemia with dystonia	31.5	SLC39A14 SLC30A10
10	neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease	31.4	SNCA MAPT
11	parkinson disease 6, autosomal recessive early-onset	31.4	PINK1 PARK7 MT-ND6
12	neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation	31.3	SNCA SLC39A14 PINK1 PARK7 ATP1A3
13	parkinson disease 1, autosomal dominant	31.3	SNCA MAPT LRRK2 ATXN2
14	supranuclear palsy, progressive, 1	31.2	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
15	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1	31.2	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
16	tremor	31.1	SNCA MAPT LRRK2 LOC106627981
17	von economo's disease	30.8	SNCA LRRK2
18	dementia, lewy body	30.8	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
19	amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-parkinsonism/dementia complex 1	30.7	TRPM7 TBC1D24 SNCA PARK7 MT-ND6 MAPT
20	essential tremor	30.7	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT LRRK2
21	mutism	30.7	SLC6A3 MAPT ATP1A3
22	apraxia	30.7	SLC6A3 POLG MAPT
23	aphasia	30.7	SNCA MAPT LRRK2
24	akinetic mutism	30.6	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT
25	sleep disorder	30.4	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT LRRK2
26	choreatic disease	30.4	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 ATXN2 ATP1A3
27	parkinson disease 4, autosomal dominant	30.4	SNCA SLC6A3
28	early-onset parkinson's disease	30.4	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2
29	rem sleep behavior disorder	30.3	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 MAPT LRRK2
30	machado-joseph disease	30.3	SNCA SLC6A3 ATXN2
31	hemidystonia	30.2	TAF1 ATP1A3
32	pick disease of brain	30.2	SNCA PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
33	gaucher's disease	30.1	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2 LOC106627981
34	olivopontocerebellar atrophy	30.1	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT ATXN2
35	arteriolosclerosis	30.0	SNCA MAPT
36	communicating hydrocephalus	30.0	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT
37	parkinson disease 3, autosomal dominant	30.0	SNCA PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
38	ideomotor apraxia	30.0	SNCA MAPT
39	speech disorder	30.0	SLC6A3 MAPT LOC106627981
40	parkinson disease, late-onset	29.9	TAF1 SNCA SLC6A3 POLG PINK1 PARK7
41	autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia	29.8	SNCA POLG PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
42	restless legs syndrome	29.8	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT ATXN2
43	parkinson disease 17	29.8	SNCA PARK7
44	prion disease	29.8	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
45	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, type iii	29.7	POLG PINK1 MT-ND6 LRRK2
46	peripheral nervous system disease	29.6	SNCA POLG PINK1 MT-ND6 MAPT LRRK2
47	nervous system disease	29.6	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 MAPT LRRK2
48	dementia	29.5	TRPM7 SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT
49	speech and communication disorders	29.5	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT
50	early myoclonic encephalopathy	29.4	TBC1D24 POLG MT-ND6

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Parkinsonism:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Parkinsonism

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Parkinsonism:

⁴⁶

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cellular	MP:0005384	10.21	ATP6AP2 LRRK2 MAPT MT-ND6 PARK7 PINK1
2	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.2	ATP1A3 ATXN2 LRRK2 MAPT PARK7 PINK1
3	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.18	ATP1A3 ATXN2 MAPT MT-ND6 PARK7 PINK1
4	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.17	ATP1A3 ATP6AP2 ATXN2 LRRK2 MAPT MT-ND6
5	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	10.07	ATP1A3 ATP6AP2 ATXN2 LRRK2 MAPT PINK1
6	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.01	ATXN2 LRRK2 PINK1 POLG SLC30A10 SLC6A3
7	nervous system	MP:0003631	9.8	ATP1A3 ATP6AP2 ATXN2 LRRK2 MAPT MT-ND6
8	muscle	MP:0005369	9.7	ATP1A3 ATP6AP2 MAPT MT-ND6 POLG SLC39A14
9	taste/olfaction	MP:0005394	8.92	MAPT PINK1 SLC6A3 SNCA

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Parkinsonism

Drugs for Parkinsonism (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show top 50) (show all 449)

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

Zonisamide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

68291-97-4

5734

Tadalafil

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

171596-29-5

110635

Selegiline

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

14611-51-9

26757 5195

Amantadine

Approved

Phase 4

768-94-5

2130

Bromocriptine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

25614-03-3

31101

Olanzapine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

132539-06-1

4585 135398745

Risperidone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

106266-06-2

5073

Donepezil

Approved

Phase 4

120014-06-4

3152

Benserazide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

322-35-0

Sulfamethazine

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

57-68-1

5327

Domperidone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

57808-66-9

3151

Opicapone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

923287-50-7

Sodium citrate

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

68-04-2

Naltrexone

Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved

Phase 4

16590-41-3

5360515

Mirabegron

Approved

Phase 4

223673-61-8

9865528

Aripiprazole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

129722-12-9

60795

Trimethobenzamide

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

138-56-7

5577

Lubiprostone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

136790-76-6

656719

Pimavanserin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

706779-91-1

16058810

Droxidopa

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

23651-95-8

443940

Zoledronic Acid

Approved

Phase 4

118072-93-8

68740

Diphenhydramine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

147-24-0, 58-73-1

3100

Promethazine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

60-87-7

4927

Vortioxetine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

508233-74-7

9966051

Suvorexant

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

1030377-33-3

Apomorphine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

58-00-4, 41372-20-7

6005

Iodine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

7553-56-2

807

Memantine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

19982-08-2

4054

Amitriptyline

Approved

Phase 4

50-48-6

2160

Prednisolone acetate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

52-21-1

Prednisolone phosphate

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

302-25-0

Methylprednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

83-43-2

6741

Prednisolone

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-24-8

5755

Aspirin

Approved, Vet_approved

Phase 4

50-78-2

2244

Methylprednisolone hemisuccinate

Approved

Phase 4

2921-57-5

Clopidogrel

Approved

Phase 4

120202-66-6, 113665-84-2

60606

Valproic acid

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

99-66-1

3121

Sumatriptan

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

103628-46-2

5358

Zolmitriptan

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

139264-17-8

441240 60857

Propranolol

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

525-66-6

4946

Pregabalin

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

148553-50-8

5486971

Lamotrigine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

84057-84-1

3878

Rizatriptan

Approved

Phase 4

144034-80-0, 145202-66-0

5078

Idebenone

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

58186-27-9

Cabergoline

Approved

Phase 4

81409-90-7

54746

Rotigotine

Approved

Phase 4

99755-59-6, 92206-54-7

57537

Pramipexole

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

104632-26-0

59868 119570

Rasagiline

Approved

Phase 4

136236-51-6

3052776

Rivastigmine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

123441-03-2

77991

Acetylcholine

Approved, Investigational

Phase 4

51-84-3

187

Interventional clinical trials:

(show top 50) (show all 2651)

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism	Unknown status	NCT01098383	Phase 4	Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors and Choline supplements;Indistinguishable placebo tablets, matching both donepezil and choline
2	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep Disturbances in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT02768077	Phase 4	Melatonin(Circadin®);Placebo
3	Nicotine Treatment of Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease: A Pilot Study	Unknown status	NCT01216904	Phase 4	nicotine patch;placebo
4	The Effects of Rasagiline on Cognitive Deficits Associated With Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multi-Center Study Over 3 Months	Unknown status	NCT00696215	Phase 4	placebo;rasagiline
5	Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Gait of Patients With Parkinson's Disease Depending on Electrode Location in Subthalamic Area.	Unknown status	NCT01782638	Phase 4
6	Evaluation of the Efficacy of Rasagiline in Apathy in Drug-naïve Patients With Parkinson's Disease by a Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled Study.	Unknown status	NCT01765257	Phase 4	AZILECT®;Placebo
7	Effects of Azilect (Rasagiline) on Processing of Emotions, Mood and Executive Function in Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT01385735	Phase 4	Rasagiline;Placebo
8	Efficacy of Levodopa/Benserazide Dispersible Tablet on Response Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Delayed ON: a Multicenter Randomized Open-label Cross-over Trial	Unknown status	NCT02769793	Phase 4	Levodopa dispersible;Levodopa
9	A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effect of Donepezil on Gait and Balance in Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT01521117	Phase 4	Donepezil
10	An Open-label, Randomized, Multi-center, Crossover Study to Observe the Effect of Once-daily Mirapex ER® and Twice-daily Mirapex ER® in Patients With Parkinson Disease	Unknown status	NCT01515774	Phase 4	Mirapex ER
11	An Open-label Trial of Oral Selegiline 5 or 10 mg and Tadalafil 2.5mg Co-administration to Male Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Moderate Erectile Dysfunction.	Unknown status	NCT02225548	Phase 4	Selegiline;Tadalafil
12	Effects of Different Concentrations of Dexmedetomidine on Basal Ganglia Neuronal Activity (Local Field Potentials) in Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT02982512	Phase 4	Dexmedetomidine
13	A Prospective Randomized Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Study Assessing Change in Olfactory Function After Initiation of Rasagiline in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT01007630	Phase 4	Rasagiline;Placebo
14	Effect of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors on the Gait of the Patients With Parkinson Disease Characterized by Postural Instability and Gait Disturbance	Unknown status	NCT03011476	Phase 4	Donepezil;Placebos
15	Effect of Melatonin on Sleep Disturbances in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT03258294	Phase 4	Melatonin(Circadin®);Placebo Oral Tablet
16	A Study of the Utility of Botulinum Toxin Type A for Pain in Advanced Parkinson's Disease Double Blind Placebo Control Crossover Pilot Study	Unknown status	NCT02472210	Phase 4	Botulinum Toxin
17	The Use of Toxin Botulinum A Toxin in Patients With Parkinson's Disease and Multiple System Disease, Affected by Refractory Detrusor Overactivity.	Unknown status	NCT00822913	Phase 4	Intravesical injection of Botulinum A toxin
18	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Droxidopa for Fatigue in Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT03034564	Phase 4	Northera;Placebo Oral Tablet
19	An Open-Label Tolerability and Exploratory Efficacy Study of Zonisamide for Dyskinesias in Parkinson's Disease	Unknown status	NCT03034538	Phase 4	Zonegran;Zonegran
20	Wuling Powder for the Treatment and Underlying Mechanism of Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: a Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial.	Unknown status	NCT03195231	Phase 4	Wuling Powder;Placebo
21	Mirabegron for Treatment of Overactive Bladder Symptoms in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: a Double-blind, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial	Unknown status	NCT03412513	Phase 4	Mirabegron;Placebo
22	Role of Dopamine on Loss Aversion Behaviour: Study on Parkinsonian Patients.	Unknown status	NCT01780467	Phase 4
23	A Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study for the Effect of IV Amantadine on Freezing of Gait (FOG) Resistant to Dopaminergic Therapy	Unknown status	NCT01313819	Phase 4	PK-Merz® 200mg/500ml inj(Amantadine) , Normal saline 500ml inj
24	A Multicenter, Open-Label, Two-Arm Study to Evaluate the Impact of Using Wearable Devices in Addition to Standard Clinical Practice on Parkinson´s Subject Symptoms Management	Completed	NCT03103919	Phase 4	Rotigotine
25	A Multicenter, Multinational, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm, Phase 4 Study To Evaluate The Efficacy Of Rotigotine On Parkinson's Disease-Associated Apathy, Motor Symptoms, And Mood	Completed	NCT01782222	Phase 4	Rotigotine
26	Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Phase IV Study to Assess the Effect of Rotigotine on Non-motor Symptoms in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01300819	Phase 4	Rotigotine
27	Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel, Multicenter, Randomized Interventional Phase IV Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Rotigotine on Depressive Symptoms in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Patients	Completed	NCT01523301	Phase 4	Rotigotine;Placebo
28	A Fixed Dose, Dose Response Study for Ropinirole Prolonged Release (PR) in Patients With Early Stage Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01485172	Phase 4	ropinirole monotherapy;placebo monotherapy
29	A Multicentre, Randomised, Open Label, Comparative Phase 4 Trial to Assess Changes in Clinical Management After DaTSCAN Imaging of Subjects With Clinically Uncertain Parkinsonism in a General Neurologist Setting.	Completed	NCT00382967	Phase 4
30	A Randomized Controlled Trial Study of Risperidone and Olanzapine for the Schizophrenic Patients With Neuroleptic-Induced Acute Dystonia or Parkinsonism	Completed	NCT00331825	Phase 4	Risperidone and Olanzapine
31	Treatment of Agitation/Psychosis in Dementia/Parkinsonism (TAP/DAP)	Completed	NCT00043849	Phase 4	Quetiapine
32	A Phase IV Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Single Site Study Of Exelon® Patch (Rivastigmine Transdermal System) For Mild Cognitive Impairment In Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01519271	Phase 4	Exelon Patch (rivastigmine transdermal system);Placebo Patches
33	The REmission of the Impulse Control Disorder and the Changes of the Neuropsychiatric Characteristics After Switching Into Levodopa/Carbidopa in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Who Have Developed Impulse Control Disorders Due to the Dopamine Replacement Therapy	Completed	NCT01683253	Phase 4	Levodopa/Carbidopa(200mg/50mg);Dopaminergic Agonists
34	Effects of Dexmedetomidine vs Propofol on the Recordings of Deep Brain Activity (Local Field Potentials) Measured Through Implanted Stimulators	Completed	NCT02256319	Phase 4	Dexmedetomidine;Propofol
35	Onabotulinum Toxin Type A (BTX-A) For Treatment of Neurogenic Overactive Bladder Due to Parkinson's Disease: Safety and Efficacy	Completed	NCT01421719	Phase 4	Cystoscopic injection of Botox into the urinary bladder
36	Effect of Short-term Motilitone Therapy on Health-related Quality of Life in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Gastrointestinal Symptoms: a Multicenter, Double-blind Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial	Completed	NCT02775591	Phase 4	DA-9701;DA-9701 placebo
37	A Two- Stage Multicenter, Open-label, Randomized, Active Controlled Parallel Group Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Pramipexole SR Versus Pramipexole IR Administered Orally Over an 18-week Treatment on Nocturnal Symptoms in L-Dopa+ Treated Patients With Advanced Parkinson's Disease (PD)	Completed	NCT03521635	Phase 4	Pramipexole SR;Pramipexole IR
38	Open-label, Multicenter, Effectiveness and Safety Study of Once Daily AZILECT® as Mono- or Adjunct Therapy in Patients With Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD)	Completed	NCT00399477	Phase 4	rasagiline mesylate;Rasagiline mesylate plus Mirapex;Rasagiline mesylate with Levodopa;Rasagiline mesylate with Requip
39	Influence of Catechol-O-methyltransferase Polymorphism on Entacapone Efficacy in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT00373087	Phase 4	entacapone;l dopa versus placebo
40	A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group Clinical Trial to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of Early Pramipexole (PPX) Treatment Versus Delayed Pramipexole Treatment in Patients With New Onset Parkinson's Disease.	Completed	NCT00321854	Phase 4	pramipexole
41	Continuous Delivery of Levodopa/Carbidopa (Duodopa) in Patients With Advanced Idiopathic Parkinsons Disease - a Health Economic Evaluation	Completed	NCT00272688	Phase 4	Levodopa (drug), intraduodenal administration
42	Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of Naltrexone for Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01052831	Phase 4	Naltrexone;Placebo
43	A Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Randomized, Multicenter Study to Assess the Safety and Clinical Benefit of Rasagiline as an Add on Therapy to Stable Dose of Dopamine Agonists in the Treatment of Early Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01049984	Phase 4	Rasagiline;Placebo
44	URGE-PD: A Multi-site, Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Solifenacin Succinate (VESIcare) for the Treatment of Overactive Bladder in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01018264	Phase 4	solifenacin succinate (VESIcare);placebo
45	A 24-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled, Add-on, Parallel-Group Study to Assess the Effect of Rasagiline on Cognition in Patients With Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01723228	Phase 4	Rasagiline;Placebo
46	The Effect of Rasagiline on Cognition in Parkinson's Disease	Completed	NCT01382342	Phase 4	Rasagiline;Placebo
47	Motor Response to Acute Challenge to Sildenafil in Parkinsons Disease	Completed	NCT01941732	Phase 4	Sildenafil
48	Depression Diagnosis and Treatment in Parkinson Disease	Completed	NCT00304161	Phase 4	Atomoxetine;Placebo
49	A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel Group Efficacy Study of Pramipexole and Placebo Administered Orally Over a 12 Week Treatment Phase in Parkinson's Disease Patients With Stable Motor Function and Depressive Symptoms	Completed	NCT00297778	Phase 4	Pramipexole
50	A Prospective, Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label Study With Blinded Raters to Evaluate the Effects of Immediate Versus Delayed Switch to Carbidopa/Levodopa/Entacapone on Motor Function and Quality of Life in Patients With Parkinson's Disease With End-of-dose Wearing Off	Completed	NCT00219284	Phase 4	Carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone

Search NIH Clinical Center for Parkinsonism

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Genetic Tests for Parkinsonism

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Anatomical Context for Parkinsonism

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Parkinsonism:

⁴⁰

Brain, Subthalamic Nucleus, Eye, Cortex, Globus Pallidus, Spinal Cord, Bone Marrow

Sources

Publications for Parkinsonism

Articles related to Parkinsonism:

(show top 50) (show all 17379)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Narcolepsy in Parkinson's disease. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Haq IZ...Chaudhuri KR	20518604	2010
2	Comment on "compound heterozygosity in DJ-1 gene non-coding portion related to Parkinsonism". ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Sironi F...Goldwurm S	20227322	2010
3	Glucocerebrosidase mutations are not a common risk factor for Parkinson disease in North Africa. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Nishioka K...Farrer MJ	19945510	2010
4	POLG1 polyglutamine tract variants associated with Parkinson's disease. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Eerola J...Tienari PJ	20399836	2010
5	Disease-causing mutations in parkin impair mitochondrial ubiquitination, aggregation, and HDAC6-dependent mitophagy. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Lee JY...Yao TP	20457763	2010
6	DJ-1 is critical for mitochondrial function and rescues PINK1 loss of function. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Hao LY...Bonini NM	20457924	2010
7	The role of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson disease and Lewy body disorders. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Velayati A...Sidransky E	20425034	2010
8	Degenerative parkinsonism in patients with psychogenic parkinsonism: A dopamine transporter imaging study. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Felicio AC...Ferraz HB	20061077	2010
9	LRRK2 and Parkinson disease. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Dachsel JC...Farrer MJ	20457952	2010
10	Drosophila models of human tauopathies indicate that Tau protein toxicity in vivo is mediated by soluble cytosolic phosphorylated forms of the protein. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Feuillette S...Lecourtois M	20193038	2010
11	Identification and characterization of a novel endogenous murine parkin mutation. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Ramsey CP...Giasson BI	20089136	2010
12	Lysosomal degradation of alpha-synuclein in vivo. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Mak SK...Di Monte DA	20200163	2010
13	Synergistic anti-Parkinsonism activity of high doses of B vitamins in a chronic cellular model. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Jia H...Liu J	18639366	2010
14	A pivotal role for PINK1 and autophagy in mitochondrial quality control: implications for Parkinson disease. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Chu CT	20385539	2010
15	The mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor mitofusin is a substrate of the PINK1/parkin pathway. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Poole AC...Pallanck L	20383334	2010
16	Increased interaction between DJ-1 and the Mi-2/ nucleosome remodelling and deacetylase complex during cellular stress. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Opsahl JA...Fladmark KE	20127688	2010
17	[Establishment and application of an analytical method for PINK1 gene exon copy number]. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Zhang HN...Tang BS	20376796	2010
18	Parkinson's disease: insights from pathways. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Cookson MR...Bandmann O	20421364	2010
19	In vivo assessment of brain monoamine systems in parkin gene carriers: a PET study. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Pavese N...Piccini P	20043906	2010
20	Mechanisms in dominant parkinsonism: The toxic triangle of LRRK2, alpha-synuclein, and tau. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Taymans JM...Cookson MR	20127702	2010
21	alpha-Synuclein multiplication analysis in Italian familial Parkinson disease. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Sironi F...Goldwurm S	19833540	2010
22	SCA17 repeat expansion: mildly expanded CAG/CAA repeat alleles in neurological disorders and the functional implications. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Chen CM...Wu YR	20004653	2010
23	Genetic screening reveals high frequency of PARK2 mutations and reduced Parkin expression conferring risk for Parkinsonism in North West India. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Vinish M...Anand A	19734163	2010
24	The role of imaging in the diagnosis of vascular parkinsonism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Zijlmans JC	19959019	2010
25	Differential neuropsychological profiles in Parkinsonian patients with or without vascular lesions. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Santangelo G...Barone P	20014112	2010
26	Neurodegenerative dementia and parkinsonism. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Gabelle A...Touchon J	20082052	2010
27	Tickled PINK1: mitochondrial homeostasis and autophagy in recessive Parkinsonism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Chu CT	19595762	2010
28	Brain alpha-synuclein accumulation in multiple system atrophy, Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy: a comparative investigation. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Tong J...Furukawa Y	19903734	2010
29	The role of DAT-SPECT in movement disorders. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Kagi G...Tolosa E	20019219	2010
30	'Prion-like' propagation of mouse and human tau aggregates in an inducible mouse model of tauopathy. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Sydow A...Mandelkow EM	20160454	2010
31	The biology and pathology of the familial Parkinson's disease protein LRRK2. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Dauer W...Ho CC	20187256	2010
32	Synphilin-1 exhibits trophic and protective effects against Rotenone toxicity. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Li X...Smith WW	19857556	2010
33	Parkin and PINK1 parkinsonism may represent nigral mitochondrial cytopathies distinct from Lewy body Parkinson's disease. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Ahlskog JE	19815446	2009
34	Clinical features of LRRK2 parkinsonism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Haugarvoll K...Wszolek ZK	20082991	2009
35	The PINK1/Parkin pathway: a mitochondrial quality control system? ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Whitworth AJ...Pallanck LJ	19967438	2009
36	Genome-wide association study identifies common variants at four loci as genetic risk factors for Parkinson's disease. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Satake W...Toda T	19915576	2009
37	Involvement of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase in proteolysis of tau protein in cultured cells, and attenuated proteolysis of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17) mutant tau. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Yanagi K...Takeda M	20377816	2009
38	Alpha-synuclein polymorphisms are associated with Parkinson's disease in a Saskatchewan population. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Rajput A...Rajput A	19890971	2009
39	Small CGG repeat expansion alleles of FMR1 gene are associated with parkinsonism. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Loesch DZ...Horne M	19796183	2009
40	Nigrostriatal dysfunction in homozygous and heterozygous parkin gene carriers: an 18F-dopa PET progression study. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Pavese N...Piccini P	19845000	2009
41	[Clinical, pathological, and genetic characteristics of frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 with mutations in the MAPT and PGRN]. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Tsuboi Y	19938685	2009
42	The LRRK2 G2019S mutation as the cause of Parkinson's disease in Ashkenazi Jews. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Thaler A...Giladi N	19756366	2009
43	The role of PTEN-induced kinase 1 in mitochondrial dysfunction and dynamics. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Thomas KJ...Cookson MR	19703660	2009
44	Enhanced alpha-synuclein expression in human neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	McCormack AL...Di Monte DA	19538156	2009
45	Nitroindazole compounds inhibit the oxidative activation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) neurotoxin to neurotoxic pyridinium cations by human monoamine oxidase (MAO). ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Herraiz T...Guillen H	19669997	2009
46	Parkin protects against LRRK2 G2019S mutant-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Drosophila. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Ng CH...Lim KL	19741132	2009
47	Expanding the clinical phenotype of SNCA duplication carriers. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Nishioka K...Hattori N	19562770	2009
48	Mitochondrial inhibitor 3-nitroproprionic acid enhances oxidative modification of alpha-synuclein in a transgenic mouse model of multiple system atrophy. ⁶¹ ⁵⁴	Ubhi K...Masliah E	19405128	2009
49	Parkin promotes intracellular Abeta1-42 clearance. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Burns MP...Moussa CE	19483198	2009
50	Parkin deficiency delays motor decline and disease manifestation in a mouse model of synucleinopathy. ⁵⁴ ⁶¹	Fournier M...Corti O	19680561	2009

Sources

Genes for Parkinsonism

Genes related to Parkinsonism (1 elite genes):

(show all 17)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence	PubMed IDs
1	TBC1D24	TBC1 Domain Family Member 24	Protein Coding	406.65	Pathogenic ⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Variants (show sections)
2	PARK7	Parkinsonism Associated Deglycase	Protein Coding	47.42	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Gene name Variants (show sections)	19429112 15565491 19124468 (more) 15542239 12446870 15970950 15372597 15935068 14705119 18626009 18785233 14652021 16447757 12548343 15368505 17268184 15655263 15294138 18922803 17620882 12952867 14504966 19815446 12891685 20411780 17975812 19006224 19146923 19425177 18722801 16997464 20227322 20421364 17996022 17761553 17052189 20457924 20127688 15663963 15576821 14985393 20430682 15721232 14712351 16836655 19087301 18647263
3	TAF1	TATA-Box Binding Protein Associated Factor 1	Protein Coding	44.85	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Gene name Summaries Variants (show sections)
4	MT-ND6	Mitochondrially Encoded NADH:Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase Core Subunit 6	Protein Coding	39.68	Likely pathogenic ⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Variants (show sections)
5	SLC6A3	Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 3	Protein Coding	37.85	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Variants (show sections)	7695230 11315592 14531041 (more) 17017535 11094111 9399211 19131852 17969308 20061077 10375668 11775602 14673877 14531049 15471834 19380697 15719156 15313838 11456307 11258400 9711973 19959019 19877234 19711116 14648150 12971118 10783572 17960343 17332612 16908744 15830229 15254794 14631126 11524505 11453057 20096859 19504720 17486648 16463120 16513606 15375677 15682332 10540602 9763484 9191769 19478460 17914722 16941463 15174010 12621642 11717374 11685496 9629849 9394097 8667208 1642464 20014112 19097795 17362445 16380622 17985644 12952503 20019219 17504864 15019297 1353885 10601804
6	TRPM7	Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily M Member 7	Protein Coding	33.6	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries Variants (show sections)
7	LOC106627981	GBA Recombination Region	Biological Region	31.85	Risk factor ⁶ GeneCards inferred via : Variants (show sections)
8	MAPT	Microtubule Associated Protein Tau	Protein Coding	28.5	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	19938685 10931371 11585254 (more) 11455179 10214944 10393977 10430438 19535823 15266787 20377816 10495033 9786340 9877531 10349506 11207421 11520930 11960887 15651318 18509094 18199773 17596718 17409229 17127334 16782711 15814784 15977985 15615634 15033141 14624025 12805366 12937143 12481984 11470966 11193141 11117541 11134413 11914409 11891833 11447840 11170176 10967355 10963357 10318930 10553987 9824291 18616804 18346797 17969346 17923640 17579875 17493040 17319286 16240366 16987883 16157749 16106215 16008820 15646255 15050686 12975286 12672175 12446970 12444595 16866983 16571759 16416390 16014652 11738505 11597522 10802785 10805089 10530520 10321473 20082052 19198115 16908029 16230627 16173270 15009090 14626695 14502653 12886013 12151838 20160454 17683088 17309878 17168647 16092076 15365985 15190058 15178932 11078890 10970052 10940231 10517508 10437785 10417659 20193038 19075586
9	PINK1	PTEN Induced Kinase 1	Protein Coding	28.39	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Variants (show sections)	19087301 17713119 18546294 (more) 15349860 16966503 17582365 15970950 15349871 19815446 18785233 18524835 16207731 16700027 19595762 16179113 18221368 18473170 11462174 16226715 16447757 19279012 15655263 20411780 20383334 18230723 17950257 17761553 16354302 17052189 15824318 15349859 20457924 19006224 17202228 17172567 20421364 19429112 18584234 16401616 15576821 15294138 17620882 20385539 17084972 20376796 17975812 19703660 18378882 16836655 17724286 17956319
10	LRRK2	Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2	Protein Coding	28.18	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Publications Variants (show sections)	16406842 15541309 16966501 (more) 16781064 19741132 17512502 17095157 19205068 17080443 16750929 17151837 18175393 17975812 16602113 17230458 16822348 16272164 15880653 15541303 20127702 18804399 18201193 17222580 18098275 17914064 17761553 17611037 17388990 17114044 16437584 17052189 16352719 19756366 17427941 17017534 16632201 20187256 16087219 19072560 16616379 16243488 20457952 19373934 19168133 17620882 20082991 17400507 16254973 15852371 17582365 16172858 16643318
11	SNCA	Synuclein Alpha	Protein Coding	28.11	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	18571778 11455179 15451224 (more) 19139307 10599788 18413475 14755720 19205068 10867800 9500549 11447721 15804056 18030461 16358335 9914234 19405128 18553090 18195004 17969346 16291942 14626695 12777684 12548372 10963357 19890971 18639366 19562770 19680561 18824390 17291816 17620882 17015225 15382212 17625105 15234983 19915576 18976489 19021752 17761553 17531291 17052189 15655264 20200163 15026413 14736756 18540148 18366718 15576821 15009131 14698476 10961431 12378057 20445061 20127702 16639500 15109582 20411780 20082052 19903734 19538156 17683088 12836396 11487204 18804518 19833540 11442360
12	ATP1A3	ATPase Na+/K+ Transporting Subunit Alpha 3	Protein Coding	26.08	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	17282997
13	SLC30A10	Solute Carrier Family 30 Member 10	Protein Coding	25.01	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
14	SLC39A14	Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 14	Protein Coding	24.51	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Summaries (show sections)
15	POLG	DNA Polymerase Gamma, Catalytic Subunit	Protein Coding	24.16	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	15351195 18321754 16634032 (more) 16987890 20399836 15913923 16595552 17420318 15917273 16815381
16	ATP6AP2	ATPase H+ Transporting Accessory Protein 2	Protein Coding	23.88	GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications Variants (show sections)
17	ATXN2	Ataxin 2	Protein Coding	23.81	Novoseek inferred ⁵⁴ GeneCards inferred via : Disorders Publications (show sections)	12671950 15133829 11761482 (more) 17097639

Sources

Variations for Parkinsonism

ClinVar genetic disease variations for Parkinsonism:

⁶ (show all 17)

#	Gene	Name	Type	Significance	ClinVarId	dbSNP ID	GRCh37 Pos	GRCh38 Pos
1	TBC1D24	NM_001199107.2(TBC1D24):c.1078C>T (p.Arg360Cys)	SNV	Pathogenic	375707	rs1057519629	16:2548333-2548333	16:2498332-2498332
2	TBC1D24	NM_001199107.2(TBC1D24):c.404C>T (p.Pro135Leu)	SNV	Pathogenic	375708	rs1057519630	16:2546553-2546553	16:2496552-2496552
3	LOC106627981	NM_000157.4(GBA):c.1093G>A (p.Glu365Lys)	SNV	risk factor	199044	rs2230288	1:155206167-155206167	1:155236376-155236376
4	LOC106627981	NM_000157.4(GBA):c.1093G>A (p.Glu365Lys)	SNV	risk factor	199044	rs2230288	1:155206167-155206167	1:155236376-155236376
5	LOC106627981	NM_000157.4(GBA):c.1093G>A (p.Glu365Lys)	SNV	risk factor	199044	rs2230288	1:155206167-155206167	1:155236376-155236376
6	LOC106627981	NM_000157.4(GBA):c.1448T>C (p.Leu483Pro)	SNV	risk factor	4288	rs421016	1:155205043-155205043	1:155235252-155235252
7	MT-ND6	NC_012920.1:m.14598T>C	SNV	Likely pathogenic	374080	rs1057518882	MT:14598-14598	MT:14598-14598
8	PDGFRB	NM_002609.4(PDGFRB):c.3241G>A (p.Glu1081Lys)	SNV	Uncertain significance	523454	rs1554107047	5:149495406-149495406	5:150115843-150115843
9	MRE11	NM_005591.3(MRE11):c.1727G>A (p.Arg576Gln)	SNV	Uncertain significance	127974	rs139461096	11:94180441-94180441	11:94447275-94447275
10	MRE11	NM_005591.3(MRE11):c.229G>A (p.Glu77Lys)	SNV	Uncertain significance	481777	rs779269083	11:94219175-94219175	11:94486009-94486009
11	LRRK2	NM_198578.4(LRRK2):c.5647T>C (p.Phe1883Leu)	SNV	Uncertain significance	373908	rs762890407	12:40717099-40717099	12:40323297-40323297
12	LOC106627981	NM_000157.4(GBA):c.1279G>A (p.Glu427Lys)	SNV	Uncertain significance	493050	rs149171124	1:155205581-155205581	1:155235790-155235790
13	CSF1R	NM_001288705.2(CSF1R):c.647G>A (p.Arg216Gln)	SNV	Uncertain significance	374038	rs750413238	5:149457757-149457757	5:150078194-150078194
14	ADCY5	NM_183357.2(ADCY5):c.649del (p.Arg217fs)	Deletion	Uncertain significance	373900	rs1057518757	3:123166744-123166744	3:123447897-123447897
15	TGM6	NM_198994.3(TGM6):c.76C>T (p.Pro26Ser)	SNV	Uncertain significance	523569	rs766248910	20:2375166-2375166	20:2394520-2394520
16	MT-CYB	NC_012920.1:m.15127C>T	SNV	Uncertain significance	370064	rs1057516074	MT:15127-15127	MT:15127-15127
17	TYROBP	NM_003332.3(TYROBP):c.94G>A (p.Asp32Asn)	SNV	Uncertain significance	374122	rs758290972	19:36398632-36398632	19:35907730-35907730

Sources

Expression for Parkinsonism

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Parkinsonism.

Sources

Pathways for Parkinsonism

Pathways related to Parkinsonism according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Pathways of neurodegeneration - multiple diseases ³⁶ Show member pathways Alzheimer disease ³⁶ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ³⁶ Huntington disease ³⁶	13.1	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MT-ND6 MAPT
2	Neuroscience ⁴	12.3	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
3	Chks in Checkpoint Regulation ⁶³ Show member pathways DNA Repair Mechanisms ⁶³ Estrogen-mediated S-Phase Entry ⁶³ G2-M Phase Transition ⁶³ Parkinson's Disease Pathway ⁶³ SREBP Proteolysis ⁶³	12.24	SNCA SLC6A3 POLG PINK1 PARK7 ATXN2
4	Prion disease ³⁶ Show member pathways Parkinson disease ³⁶	12.22	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MT-ND6 MAPT
5	Parkinsons Disease Pathway ¹	11.02	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2 ATXN2
6	Alpha-synuclein signaling ¹	10.94	SNCA SLC6A3 PARK7

Sources

GO Terms for Parkinsonism

Cellular components related to Parkinsonism according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 13)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	plasma membrane	GO:0005886	10.25	TRPM7 TBC1D24 SNCA SLC6A3 SLC39A14 SLC30A10
2	membrane	GO:0016020	10.2	TRPM7 TBC1D24 SNCA SLC6A3 SLC39A14 SLC30A10
3	mitochondrion	GO:0005739	10.04	SNCA POLG PINK1 PARK7 MT-ND6 MAPT
4	synapse	GO:0045202	9.91	TBC1D24 SNCA PARK7 LRRK2 ATP6AP2 ATP1A3
5	neuron projection	GO:0043005	9.8	SLC6A3 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2 ATP6AP2
6	neuronal cell body	GO:0043025	9.77	SNCA SLC6A3 MAPT LRRK2 ATP1A3
7	membrane raft	GO:0045121	9.76	SLC6A3 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2
8	mitochondrial intermembrane space	GO:0005758	9.65	SNCA PINK1 PARK7
9	growth cone	GO:0030426	9.56	SNCA PINK1 MAPT LRRK2
10	inclusion body	GO:0016234	9.52	SNCA LRRK2
11	cell body	GO:0044297	9.46	PINK1 PARK7 MAPT ATP6AP2
12	terminal bouton	GO:0043195	9.26	TBC1D24 SNCA POLG LRRK2
13	axon	GO:0030424	9.23	SNCA SLC6A3 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT LRRK2

Biological processes related to Parkinsonism according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 36)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	negative regulation of gene expression	GO:0010629	9.92	TAF1 PINK1 PARK7 MAPT
2	mitochondrion organization	GO:0007005	9.77	PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2
3	positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation	GO:0033138	9.76	SNCA PINK1 PARK7
4	negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	GO:0043524	9.73	SNCA SLC30A10 PINK1 PARK7
5	negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	GO:0001933	9.72	SNCA PARK7 LRRK2
6	zinc ion transport	GO:0006829	9.67	SLC39A14 SLC30A10
7	regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	GO:2000377	9.67	SNCA PINK1
8	protein tetramerization	GO:0051262	9.66	TRPM7 SNCA
9	regulation of neuron apoptotic process	GO:0043523	9.66	PINK1 PARK7
10	regulation of neuron death	GO:1901214	9.65	SNCA LRRK2
11	zinc ion transmembrane transport	GO:0071577	9.65	SLC39A14 SLC30A10
12	stress granule assembly	GO:0034063	9.65	MAPT ATXN2
13	negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	GO:1902236	9.64	PARK7 LRRK2
14	negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	GO:1903427	9.64	SLC30A10 PARK7
15	negative regulation of autophagosome assembly	GO:1902902	9.63	PINK1 LRRK2
16	negative regulation of macroautophagy	GO:0016242	9.63	PINK1 LRRK2
17	response to cocaine	GO:0042220	9.63	SNCA SLC6A3 MT-ND6
18	negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death	GO:1903206	9.62	PARK7 LRRK2
19	negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced neuron death	GO:1903204	9.61	PINK1 PARK7
20	supramolecular fiber organization	GO:0097435	9.61	SNCA MAPT
21	synaptic transmission, dopaminergic	GO:0001963	9.59	SNCA PARK7
22	negative regulation of oxidative stress-induced cell death	GO:1903202	9.58	PINK1 PARK7
23	manganese ion transmembrane transport	GO:0071421	9.57	SLC39A14 SLC30A10
24	dopamine biosynthetic process	GO:0042416	9.56	SNCA SLC6A3
25	regulation of mitochondrial fission	GO:0090140	9.54	MAPT LRRK2
26	intracellular distribution of mitochondria	GO:0048312	9.52	MAPT LRRK2
27	regulation of locomotion	GO:0040012	9.51	SNCA LRRK2
28	positive regulation of histone deacetylase activity	GO:1901727	9.49	PINK1 LRRK2
29	negative regulation of mitochondrial fission	GO:0090258	9.48	PINK1 MAPT
30	cellular response to oxidative stress	GO:0034599	9.46	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2
31	positive regulation of androgen receptor activity	GO:2000825	9.4	TAF1 PARK7
32	positive regulation of mitochondrial electron transport, NADH to ubiquinone	GO:1902958	9.37	PINK1 PARK7
33	regulation of synaptic vesicle transport	GO:1902803	9.32	PINK1 LRRK2
34	negative regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced neuron intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	GO:1903384	9.26	PINK1 PARK7
35	negative regulation of neuron death	GO:1901215	9.26	SNCA PINK1 PARK7 LRRK2
36	dopamine uptake involved in synaptic transmission	GO:0051583	8.8	SNCA SLC6A3 PARK7

Molecular functions related to Parkinsonism according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protein serine/threonine kinase activity	GO:0004674	9.67	TRPM7 TAF1 PINK1 LRRK2
2	actin binding	GO:0003779	9.56	TRPM7 SNCA MAPT LRRK2
3	protease binding	GO:0002020	9.33	SLC6A3 POLG PINK1
4	zinc ion transmembrane transporter activity	GO:0005385	9.32	SLC39A14 SLC30A10
5	cuprous ion binding	GO:1903136	8.96	SNCA PARK7
6	manganese ion transmembrane transporter activity	GO:0005384	8.62	SLC39A14 SLC30A10

Sources

Sources for Parkinsonism

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ EFO

¹⁸ ExPASy

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GARD

²¹ GeneAnalytics

²² GeneCards

²³ GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²⁴ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁵ GeneReviews

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HMDB

³¹ HPO

³² ICD10

³³ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁴ ICD9CM

³⁵ IUPHAR

³⁶ KEGG

³⁷ LifeMap

³⁸ LncRNADisease

³⁹ LOVD

⁴⁰ MalaCards

⁴¹ MedGen

⁴² MedlinePlus

⁴³ MedlinePlus Genetics

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NINDS

⁵⁴ Novoseek

⁵⁵ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁶ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁷ OMIM® (Updated 05-Mar-2021)

⁵⁸ Orphanet

⁵⁹ PathCards

⁶⁰ PharmGKB

⁶¹ PubMed

⁶² PubMed Health

⁶³ QIAGEN

⁶⁴ R&D Systems

⁶⁵ Reactome

⁶⁶ Sino Biological

⁶⁷ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁶⁹ TGDB

⁷⁰ Tocris

⁷¹ UMLS

⁷² UMLS via Orphanet

⁷³ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁴ Wikipedia