Poland Syndrome

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MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Poland syndrome is a disorder in which affected individuals are born with missing or underdeveloped muscles on one side of the body, resulting in abnormalities that can affect the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand. The extent and severity of the abnormalities vary among affected individuals.People with Poland syndrome are typically missing part of one of the major chest muscles, called the pectoralis major. In most affected individuals, the missing part is the large section of the muscle that normally runs from the upper arm to the breastbone (sternum). The abnormal pectoralis major muscle may cause the chest to appear concave. In some cases, additional muscles on the affected side of the torso, including muscles in the chest wall, side, and shoulder, may be missing or underdeveloped. There may also be rib cage abnormalities, such as shortened ribs, and the ribs may be noticeable due to less fat under the skin (subcutaneous fat). Breast and nipple abnormalities may also occur, and underarm (axillary) hair is sometimes sparse or abnormally placed. In most cases, the abnormalities in the chest area do not cause health problems or affect movement.Many people with Poland syndrome have hand abnormalities on the affected side, commonly including an underdeveloped hand with abnormally short fingers (brachydactyly); small, underdeveloped (vestigial) fingers; and some fingers that are fused together (syndactyly). This combination of hand abnormalities is called symbrachydactyly. Some affected individuals have only one or two of these features, or have a mild hand abnormality that is hardly noticeable; more severe abnormalities can cause problems with use of the hand. The bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) are shortened in some people with Poland syndrome, but this shortening may also be difficult to detect unless measured.Mild cases of Poland syndrome without hand involvement may not be evident until puberty, when the differences (asymmetry) between the two sides of the chest become more apparent. By contrast, severely affected individuals have abnormalities of the chest, hand, or both that are apparent at birth. In rare cases, severely affected individuals have abnormalities of internal organs such as a lung or a kidney, or the heart is abnormally located in the right side of the chest (dextrocardia).Rarely, chest and hand abnormalities resembling those of Poland syndrome occur on both sides of the body, but researchers disagree as to whether this condition is a variant of Poland syndrome or a different disorder.

MalaCards based summary: Poland Syndrome, also known as poland anomaly, is related to craniofrontonasal dysplasia-poland anomaly syndrome and frontonasal dysplasia-bifid nose-upper limb anomalies syndrome. An important gene associated with Poland Syndrome is PLAAT2 (Phospholipase A And Acyltransferase 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis and Acyl chain remodelling of PE. Affiliated tissues include breast, bone and lung, and related phenotypes are aplasia/hypoplasia of the nipples and aplasia of the pectoralis major muscle

OMIM®: ⁵⁷ Poland syndrome consists of unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscle, most frequently involving the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, and a variable degree of ipsilateral hand and digit anomalies, including symbrachydactyly. Sometimes called Poland sequence, it was first described by Poland (1841). Poland syndrome is most commonly a sporadic condition (David, 1982; Opitz, 1982), but familial cases have been reported. (173800) (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

GARD: ¹⁹ Poland syndrome consists of unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscle, most frequently involving the sternocostal portion of the pectoralis major muscle, and a variable degree of ipsilateral hand and digit anomalies, including symbrachydactyly. Sometimes called Poland sequence, it was first described by Poland (1841).Poland syndrome is most commonly a sporadic condition (David, 1982; Opitz, 1982), but familial cases have been reported.

Orphanet: ⁵⁸ A rare congenital malformation characterized by a unilateral, complete or partial, absence of the pectoralis major (and often minor) muscle, ipsilateral breast and nipple anomalies, hypoplasia of the pectoral subcutaneous tissue, absence of pectoral and axillary hair, and possibly accompanied by chest wall and/or upper limb defects.

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ A physical disorder that is characterized by missing or underdeveloped muscles on one side of the body, resulting in abnormalities that can affect the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Poland syndrome is a birth defect characterized by an underdeveloped chest muscle and short webbed... more...

Clinical features from OMIM®:

Search Clinical Trials, NIH Clinical Center for Poland Syndrome