Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia (PCH)

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Disease Ontology 12 DOID:0060264 KEGG 36 H00897 MeSH 43 C580383

SNOMED-CT 67 45163000 UMLS 71 C0266468 C1261175

Genetics Home Reference : ²⁵ Pontocerebellar hypoplasia is a group of related conditions that affect the development of the brain. The term "pontocerebellar" refers to the pons and the cerebellum, which are the brain structures that are most severely affected in many forms of this disorder. The pons is located at the base of the brain in an area called the brainstem, where it transmits signals between the cerebellum and the rest of the brain. The cerebellum, which is located at the back of the brain, normally coordinates movement. The term "hypoplasia" refers to the underdevelopment of these brain regions. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia also causes impaired growth of other parts of the brain, leading to an unusually small head size (microcephaly). This microcephaly is usually not apparent at birth but becomes noticeable as brain growth continues to be slow in infancy and early childhood. Researchers have described at least ten types of pontocerebellar hypoplasia. All forms of this condition are characterized by impaired brain development, delayed development overall, problems with movement, and intellectual disability. The brain abnormalities are usually present at birth, and in some cases they can be detected before birth. Many children with pontocerebellar hypoplasia live only into infancy or childhood, although some affected individuals have lived into adulthood. The two major forms of pontocerebellar hypoplasia are designated as type 1 (PCH1) and type 2 (PCH2). In addition to the brain abnormalities described above, PCH1 causes problems with muscle movement resulting from a loss of specialized nerve cells called motor neurons in the spinal cord, similar to another genetic disorder known as spinal muscular atrophy. Individuals with PCH1 also have very weak muscle tone (hypotonia), joint deformities called contractures, vision impairment, and breathing and feeding problems that are evident from early infancy. Common features of PCH2 include a lack of voluntary motor skills (such as grasping objects, sitting, or walking), problems with swallowing (dysphagia), and an absence of communication, including speech. Affected children typically develop temporary jitteriness (generalized clonus) in early infancy, abnormal patterns of movement described as chorea or dystonia, and stiffness (spasticity). Many also have impaired vision and seizures. The other forms of pontocerebellar hypoplasia, designated as type 3 (PCH3) through type 10 (PCH10), appear to be rare and have each been reported in only a small number of individuals. Because the different types have overlapping features, and some are caused by mutations in the same genes, researchers have proposed that the types be considered as a spectrum instead of distinct conditions.

MalaCards based summary : Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia, also known as pch, is related to pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 5 and pontocerebellar hypoplasia, type 1a. An important gene associated with Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia is TBC1D23 (TBC1 Domain Family Member 23), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and mRNA surveillance pathway. Affiliated tissues include cerebellum, pons and brain, and related phenotype is mortality/aging.

Disease Ontology : ¹² A neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by underdevelopment of the pons and cerebellum.

NIH Rare Diseases : ⁵² Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a group of conditions affecting the brain characterized by underdevelopment of the cerebellum and pons . The cerebellum normally coordinates movement and the pons (located in the brainstem) transmits signals from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain. Several forms of PCH have been described, each having some different signs and symptoms but all characterized by problems with movement, delayed psychomotor development, and intellectual disability . Although each form has a different genetic cause, they are all inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Many children with PCH live only into infancy or childhood, although some individuals have lived into adulthood. Treatment is symptomatic and supportive.

KEGG : ³⁶ Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a group of inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorders with prenatal onset. Up to now ten different subtypes have been reported. All subtypes share common characteristics, including hypoplasia/atrophy of cerebellum and pons, progressive microcephaly, and variable cerebral involvement. Mutations in three tRNA splicing endonuclease subunit genes were found to be responsible for PCH2, PCH4 and PCH5. Mutations in the nuclear encoded mitochondrial arginyl- tRNA synthetase gene underlie PCH6. PCH1 is caused by homozygous mutation in the VRK1 gene.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁴ Pontocerebellar hypoplasia (PCH) is a heterogeneous group of rare neurodegenerative disorders caused by... more...

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