Pre-Malignant Neoplasm disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

MCID: PRM023 MIFTS: 36	Pre-Malignant Neoplasm Categories: Cancer diseases, Eye diseases, Gastrointestinal diseases, Oral diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Pathways Expand all tables

Sources

Aliases & Classifications for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

MalaCards integrated aliases for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm:

Name: Pre-Malignant Neoplasm ¹² ¹⁵

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Cancer diseases
Anatomical: Gastrointestinal diseases Oral diseases Eye diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

Disease Ontology ¹² DOID:0060071

Sources

Summaries for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Disease Ontology : ¹² A disease of cellular proliferation that results in abnormal growths in the body, which do not invade or destroy the surrounding tissue but, given enough time, will transform into a cancer.

MalaCards based summary : Pre-Malignant Neoplasm is related to conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm and intracystic papillary adenoma. An important gene associated with Pre-Malignant Neoplasm is ERBB2 (Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are GPCR Pathway and Circadian entrainment. Affiliated tissues include lung, skin and eye, and related phenotypes are Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage and Increased cell death HMECs cells

Sources

Related Diseases for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Diseases in the Lip Cancer family:

Pre-Malignant Neoplasm	Lip Carcinoma in Situ
in Situ Carcinoma	Eye Carcinoma in Situ

Diseases related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 240)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm	11.2
2	intracystic papillary adenoma	10.4	ERBB2 PGR
3	comedo carcinoma	10.4	ERBB2 ESR1
4	vestibular gland benign neoplasm	10.4	ESR1 PGR
5	vulvar benign neoplasm	10.4	ESR1 PGR
6	scirrhous adenocarcinoma	10.4	ERBB2 PGR
7	trigonitis	10.4	ESR1 PGR
8	vulvar syringoma	10.4	ESR1 PGR
9	pleomorphic adenoma carcinoma	10.4	ERBB2 TP53
10	breast apocrine carcinoma	10.4	ERBB2 PGR
11	lung leiomyoma	10.4	ESR1 PGR
12	vulvar leiomyoma	10.4	ESR1 PGR
13	bartholin's gland adenoma	10.4	ESR1 PGR
14	gastric papillary adenocarcinoma	10.4	ERBB2 TP53
15	breast malignant phyllodes tumor	10.4	PGR TP53
16	endometrium carcinoma in situ	10.4	PGR TP53
17	breast intraductal proliferative lesion	10.4	EGFR ERBB2
18	malignant spiradenoma	10.3	KRT5 TP53
19	vulvar dystrophy	10.3	CDKN2A PGR
20	brain ependymoma	10.3	EGFR TP53
21	bizarre leiomyoma	10.3	CDKN2A PGR
22	cerebral convexity meningioma	10.3	CDH1 TP53
23	esophageal adenosquamous carcinoma	10.3	CDH1 KRT5
24	inverted transitional papilloma	10.3	CDKN2A KRT5
25	optic nerve sheath meningioma	10.3	CDKN2A KRT5
26	epidermolysis bullosa simplex, autosomal recessive 1	10.3	KRT14 KRT5
27	anaplastic oligodendroglioma	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR
28	malignant peritoneal mesothelioma	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR
29	lichen planopilaris	10.3	KRT14 KRT5
30	basal cell carcinoma, infundibulocystic	10.3	KRT14 KRT17
31	serous cystadenocarcinoma	10.3	ERBB2 PGR TP53
32	cystadenocarcinoma	10.3	ERBB2 PGR TP53
33	ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma	10.3	ERBB2 PGR TP53
34	tonsil squamous cell carcinoma	10.3	CCND1 CDKN2A
35	adenomyosis	10.3	CDH1 ESR1 PGR
36	papillary carcinoma	10.3	CDH1 ERBB2 PGR
37	breast reconstruction	10.3	BRCA1 BRCA2
38	bowenoid papulosis	10.3	CCND1 CDKN2A
39	glassy cell carcinoma of the cervix	10.3	ERBB2 ESR1 PGR
40	barrett's adenocarcinoma	10.3	CDKN2A ERBB2 TP53
41	adenosquamous carcinoma	10.3	EGFR KRT5 TP53
42	carcinosarcoma	10.3	ERBB2 PGR TP53
43	colorectal adenocarcinoma	10.3	CDH1 EGFR TP53
44	respiratory system disease	10.3	CDH1 EGFR TP53
45	pleomorphic adenoma	10.3	ERBB2 KRT14 TP53
46	small cell carcinoma	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR TP53
47	intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma	10.3	CDH1 EGFR TP53
48	supratentorial cancer	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR TP53
49	grade iii astrocytoma	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR TP53
50	central nervous system cancer	10.3	CDKN2A EGFR TP53

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm:

Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

GenomeRNAi Phenotypes related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

²⁶

#	Description	GenomeRNAi Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	Decreased viability in esophageal squamous lineage	GR00235-A	9.7	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A ERBB2
2	Increased cell death HMECs cells	GR00103-A-0	9.1	BRCA1 EGFR PGR PIP S100A7 TP53

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm:

⁴⁶ (show all 22)

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cellular	MP:0005384	10.52	ANXA8L1 BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A
2	digestive/alimentary	MP:0005381	10.45	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
3	growth/size/body region	MP:0005378	10.42	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
4	cardiovascular system	MP:0005385	10.41	BRCA1 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2
5	endocrine/exocrine gland	MP:0005379	10.4	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
6	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	10.4	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
7	mortality/aging	MP:0010768	10.39	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
8	hematopoietic system	MP:0005397	10.38	ANXA8L1 BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR
9	immune system	MP:0005387	10.36	ANXA8L1 BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A
10	behavior/neurological	MP:0005386	10.35	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A ERBB2 ESR1
11	integument	MP:0010771	10.34	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
12	embryo	MP:0005380	10.27	BRCA1 BRCA2 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2
13	craniofacial	MP:0005382	10.19	CCND1 EGFR ERBB2 INSM1 KRT14 KRT17
14	neoplasm	MP:0002006	10.14	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
15	muscle	MP:0005369	10.09	BRCA1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2 ESR1 PDPN
16	limbs/digits/tail	MP:0005371	10.08	BRCA1 BRCA2 EGFR ERBB2 ESR1 KRT5
17	no phenotypic analysis	MP:0003012	10.02	CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ESR1 INSM1 KRT17
18	normal	MP:0002873	9.97	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 EGFR ERBB2
19	reproductive system	MP:0005389	9.93	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
20	pigmentation	MP:0001186	9.73	BRCA1 CDKN2A EGFR KRT14 KRT17 TP53
21	respiratory system	MP:0005388	9.65	BRCA1 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2 ESR1
22	skeleton	MP:0005390	9.32	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	EUS-guided Fine Needle Biopsy With a New Core Histology Needle Versus Conventional Fine Needle Aspiration	Completed	NCT01774162	Not Applicable

Search NIH Clinical Center for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Sources

Genetic Tests for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Sources

Anatomical Context for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm:

⁴¹

Lung, Skin, Eye, Ovary, Tonsil, Prostate, Cervix

Sources

Publications for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Sources

Genes for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Genes related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm (0 elite genes):

(show all 20)

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	ERBB2	Erb-B2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2	Protein Coding	18.22	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
2	ESR1	Estrogen Receptor 1	Protein Coding	17.72	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
3	PGR	Progesterone Receptor	Protein Coding	17.68	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
4	TP53	Tumor Protein P53	Protein Coding	16.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
5	KRT5	Keratin 5	Protein Coding	16.91	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
6	EGFR	Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor	Protein Coding	16.71	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
7	CDH1	Cadherin 1	Protein Coding	16.48	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
8	CDKN2A	Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A	Protein Coding	16.41	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
9	KRT17	Keratin 17	Protein Coding	16.15	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
10	KRT14	Keratin 14	Protein Coding	16.13	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
11	BRCA1	BRCA1, DNA Repair Associated	Protein Coding	16	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
12	SERPIND1	Serpin Family D Member 1	Protein Coding	15.88	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
13	BRCA2	BRCA2, DNA Repair Associated	Protein Coding	15.82	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
14	CCND1	Cyclin D1	Protein Coding	15.64	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
15	ANXA8L1	Annexin A8 Like 1	Protein Coding	7.41	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵ ¹⁵
16	S100A7	S100 Calcium Binding Protein A7	Protein Coding	5.99	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
17	PDPN	Podoplanin	Protein Coding	5.94	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
18	PPP3R1	Protein Phosphatase 3 Regulatory Subunit B, Alpha	Protein Coding	5.81	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
19	INSM1	INSM Transcriptional Repressor 1	Protein Coding	5.8	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵
20	PIP	Prolactin Induced Protein	Protein Coding	5.58	DISEASES inferred ¹⁵

Sources

Variations for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Sources

Expression for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm.

Sources

Pathways for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Pathways related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 44)

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	GPCR Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways Breast Cancer Regulation by Stathmin1 ⁶⁴ Estrogen Pathway ⁶⁴ NFAT in Immune Response ⁶⁴ P2Y Receptor Signaling ⁶⁴ Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma ⁶⁴ Paxillin Interactions ⁶⁴ Ras Pathway ⁶⁴	13.7	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2
2	Circadian entrainment ³⁷ Show member pathways Cholinergic synapse ³⁷ Dopaminergic synapse ³⁷ Estrogen signaling pathway ³⁷ Glutamatergic synapse ³⁷ Relaxin receptors ⁶⁶ Relaxin signaling pathway ³⁷ Synaptic Neurotransmission Pathways: Glutamatergic Excitation ⁶⁵	12.98	EGFR ESR1 KRT14 KRT17 PGR PPP3R1
3	Endometrial cancer ³⁷ Show member pathways Acute myeloid leukemia ³⁷ Binding of TCF/LEF-CTNNB1 to target gene promoters ⁶⁶ Chronic myeloid leukemia ³⁷ Colorectal cancer ³⁷ Pancreatic cancer ³⁷ Prostate cancer ³⁷ Signal transduction PTEN pathway ²² Thyroid cancer ³⁷	12.72	BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2
4	Chks in Checkpoint Regulation ⁶⁴ Show member pathways DNA Repair Mechanisms ⁶⁴ Estrogen-mediated S-Phase Entry ⁶⁴ G2-M Phase Transition ⁶⁴ Parkinson's Disease Pathway ⁶⁴ SREBP Proteolysis ⁶⁴	12.66	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 ESR1 TP53
5	Pathways in cancer ³⁷	12.64	BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2
6	Glioma ³⁷ Show member pathways EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance ³⁷ Endocrine resistance ³⁷ Melanoma ³⁷ Non-small cell lung cancer ³⁷ Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma ¹	12.58	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
7	Development EGFR signaling pathway ²² Show member pathways Development ERBB-family signaling ²² EGF Pathway ⁶⁴ EGFR Signaling Pathway ⁶⁷ ErbB receptor signaling network ¹	12.48	CCND1 CDH1 EGFR ERBB2 TP53
8	DNA Damage ⁴	12.45	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A TP53
9	WNT Signaling ⁶⁴	12.39	CCND1 CDH1 PPP3R1 TP53
10	Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection ³⁷	12.39	CCND1 CDKN2A PPP3R1 TP53
11	MicroRNAs in cancer ³⁷	12.36	BRCA1 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2 TP53
12	DNA Damage Response ¹ Show member pathways miRNA Regulation of DNA Damage Response ¹ p53 signaling pathway ³⁷	12.34	BRCA1 CCND1 CDKN2A TP53
13	Cell cycle ¹ ³⁷	12.33	CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A TP53
14	Development Ligand-independent activation of ESR1 and ESR2 ²² Show member pathways Transcription CREB pathway ²² Transcription PPAR Pathway ²²	12.28	CCND1 EGFR ERBB2 ESR1
15	Proteoglycans in cancer ³⁷	12.21	CCND1 EGFR ERBB2 ESR1 TP53
16	MAPK Signaling: Mitogen Stimulation Pathway ⁶⁵ Show member pathways Akt Signaling Pathway ⁶⁵	12.17	CCND1 EGFR ERBB2 TP53
17	Colorectal Cancer Metastasis ⁶⁴	12.14	CCND1 CDH1 EGFR TP53
18	Cellular senescence (KEGG) ³⁷	12.12	CCND1 CDKN2A PPP3R1 TP53
19	Cell cycle Role of SCF complex in cell cycle regulation ²² Show member pathways Cell cycle ESR1 regulation of G1/S transition ²² Cell cycle Regulation of G1/S transition (part 1) ²² Immune response MIF-JAB1 signaling ²²	12.12	BRCA1 CCND1 CDKN2A ESR1 PGR
20	AKT Signaling Pathway ⁶⁷	12.08	CCND1 EGFR ERBB2 TP53
21	Gastric cancer ³⁷ Show member pathways Breast cancer ³⁷ Hepatocellular carcinoma ³⁷	11.99	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
22	DNA Damage Response (only ATM dependent) ¹	11.92	CCND1 CDKN2A ERBB2 TP53
23	Glioblastoma Multiforme ⁶⁴	11.89	CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR TP53
24	Integrated Breast Cancer Pathway ¹	11.89	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 EGFR ESR1
25	Signaling by ERBB4 ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Downregulation of ERBB4 signaling ⁶⁶ ErbB4 signaling events ¹ Nuclear signaling by ERBB4 ⁶⁶	11.87	EGFR ERBB2 ESR1 PGR
26	Transcriptional regulation by the AP-2 (TFAP2) family of transcription factors ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Activation of the TFAP2 (AP-2) family of transcription factors ⁶⁶ Negative regulation of activity of TFAP2 (AP-2) family transcription factors ⁶⁶ TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of cell cycle factors ⁶⁶ TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of growth factors and their receptors ⁶⁶ TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of other transcription factors ⁶⁶ TFAP2A acts as a transcriptional repressor during retinoic acid induced cell differentiation ⁶⁶	11.83	EGFR ERBB2 ESR1
27	Androgen receptor signaling pathway ¹	11.82	BRCA1 CCND1 EGFR
28	BRCA1 Pathway ⁶⁴ Show member pathways Fanconi's Anaemia Pathway ⁶⁴	11.77	BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53
29	Glucocorticoid receptor regulatory network ¹	11.74	KRT14 KRT17 KRT5 TP53
30	Adherens junction ³⁷	11.7	CDH1 EGFR ERBB2
31	Transcription Ligand-dependent activation of the ESR1/SP pathway ²² Show member pathways Development Ligand-dependent activation of the ESR1/AP-1 pathway ²²	11.68	CCND1 EGFR ESR1
32	Platinum drug resistance ³⁷	11.66	BRCA1 CDKN2A ERBB2 TP53
33	Pathways Affected in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ¹	11.65	BRCA1 ERBB2 TP53
34	Regulation of Telomerase ¹	11.64	CCND1 EGFR ESR1
35	Central carbon metabolism in cancer ³⁷	11.63	EGFR ERBB2 TP53
36	DNA damage_Role of Brca1 and Brca2 in DNA repair ²²	11.54	BRCA1 BRCA2 PPP3R1 TP53
37	Validated targets of C-MYC transcriptional repression ¹	11.54	BRCA1 CCND1 ERBB2 S100A7
38	Hepatitis C and Hepatocellular Carcinoma ¹	11.51	BRCA1 CCND1 TP53
39	DNA damage_ATM/ATR regulation of G1/S checkpoint ²²	11.42	BRCA1 CCND1 TP53
40	Photodynamic therapy-induced AP-1 survival signaling. ¹	11.38	CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR TP53
41	FOXM1 transcription factor network ¹	11.34	BRCA2 CCND1 ESR1
42	Bladder cancer ³⁷ ¹	11.3	CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2 TP53
43	GADD45 Pathway ⁶⁴	11.26	BRCA1 CCND1 TP53
44	a6b1 and a6b4 Integrin signaling ¹	11.23	CDH1 EGFR ERBB2

Sources

GO Terms for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

Cellular components related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	cytosol	GO:0005829	9.77	BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A ERBB2 ESR1 KRT14
2	cytoplasm	GO:0005737	9.53	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR
3	nucleus	GO:0005634	10	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ERBB2

Biological processes related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 20)

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	positive regulation of gene expression	GO:0010628	9.92	BRCA1 CDKN2A ERBB2 PIP TP53
2	cell cycle	GO:0007049	9.91	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDKN2A INSM1 TP53
3	positive regulation of cell growth	GO:0030307	9.75	EGFR ERBB2 KRT17
4	response to estrogen	GO:0043627	9.72	BRCA1 CCND1 ESR1
5	positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated	GO:0045893	9.7	BRCA1 BRCA2 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR ESR1
6	replicative senescence	GO:0090399	9.59	CDKN2A TP53
7	hemidesmosome assembly	GO:0031581	9.58	KRT14 KRT5
8	positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcriptional preinitiation complex assembly	GO:0045899	9.57	ESR1 TP53
9	positive regulation of production of miRNAs involved in gene silencing by miRNA	GO:1903800	9.56	EGFR TP53
10	response to estradiol	GO:0032355	9.56	BRCA2 CCND1 EGFR ESR1
11	mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint	GO:0031571	9.54	CCND1 TP53
12	positive regulation of cell cycle arrest	GO:0071158	9.5	BRCA1 INSM1 TP53
13	negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway	GO:1901185	9.49	EGFR ERBB2
14	cellular response to indole-3-methanol	GO:0071681	9.48	BRCA1 CDH1
15	negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus	GO:0033088	9.46	CDKN2A ERBB2
16	chordate embryonic development	GO:0043009	9.4	BRCA1 BRCA2
17	response to UV-A	GO:0070141	9.37	CCND1 EGFR
18	DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	GO:0006978	9.13	BRCA1 BRCA2 TP53
19	epidermis development	GO:0008544	9.02	EGFR KRT14 KRT17 KRT5 S100A7
20	positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	GO:0045944	10.05	BRCA1 CDKN2A EGFR ESR1 PGR PPP3R1

Molecular functions related to Pre-Malignant Neoplasm according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protein kinase binding	GO:0019901	9.72	CCND1 CDKN2A EGFR ESR1 TP53
2	protein phosphatase binding	GO:0019903	9.58	EGFR ERBB2 TP53
3	identical protein binding	GO:0042802	9.56	BRCA1 BRCA2 CDH1 EGFR ERBB2 ESR1
4	phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity	GO:0046934	9.43	EGFR ERBB2 ESR1
5	nitric-oxide synthase regulator activity	GO:0030235	9.37	EGFR ESR1
6	enzyme binding	GO:0019899	9.1	BRCA1 CCND1 EGFR ESR1 PGR TP53
7	protein binding	GO:0005515	10.09	BRCA1 BRCA2 CCND1 CDH1 CDKN2A EGFR

Sources

Sources for Pre-Malignant Neoplasm

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia