Prostate Cancer (PC)

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Disease Ontology 11 DOID:10283 DOID:10286 OMIM® 57 176807 ICD9CM 34 185 MeSH 43 D011471 NCIt 49 C3343 C4863 C7378 SNOMED-CT 68 126906006 254900004 93974005 ICD10 31 C61 MESH via Orphanet 44 C537243

ICD10 via Orphanet 32 C61 UMLS via Orphanet 72 C2931456 Orphanet 58 ORPHA1331 MedGen 40 C0376358 SNOMED-CT via HPO 69 399068003 EFO 16 EFO_0001663 ICD11 33 1552457716 1552457716/other 1552457716/unspecified UMLS 71 C0033578 C0376358 C0600139 C2931456 more

MedlinePlus: ⁴¹ What is prostate cancer? Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. Prostate cancer begins in the cells of the prostate. The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. It lies just below the bladder. It makes fluid that is part of semen. Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer. It often grows very slowly. If it does not spread to other parts of the body, it may not cause serious problems. But sometimes prostate cancer can grow quickly and spread to other parts of the body. This kind of prostate cancer is serious. What causes prostate cancer? Researchers don't know for sure what causes prostate cancer. They do know that it happens when there are changes in the genetic material (DNA). Sometimes these genetic changes are inherited, meaning that you are born with them. There are also certain genetic changes that happen during your lifetime that can raise your risk of prostate cancer. But often the exact cause of these genetic changes is unknown. Who is more likely to develop prostate cancer? Anyone who has a prostate can develop prostate cancer. But certain factors can make you more likely to develop it: Age. Your chance of developing prostate cancer increases as you get older. Prostate cancer is rare in people under age 50. Family health history. Your risk of prostate cancer is higher if you have a parent, sibling, or child who has or has had prostate cancer. Race. African Americans are more likely to get prostate cancer. They're also more likely to: Get prostate cancer at a younger age. Have more serious prostate cancer. Die from prostate cancer. What are the symptoms of prostate cancer? Prostate cancer doesn't always cause symptoms, especially at first. If it does cause symptoms, they may include: Problems urinating (peeing), such as: A urine stream that's weak, hard to start, or starts and stops Suddenly needing to urinate right away Urinating often, especially at night Pain or burning when urinating Blood in your urine or semen Pain in your lower back, hips, or pelvis that does not go away Painful ejaculation (the release of semen through the penis during orgasm) But many of these symptoms may be from other common prostate problems that aren't cancer, such as an enlarged prostate. You should discuss your prostate health with your health care provider if you: Have symptoms that could be prostate cancer Have a high risk for developing prostate cancer Had a screening test that suggests you could have prostate cancer What are prostate tests and how is prostate cancer diagnosed? Tests which check for prostate cancer include: A digital rectal exam (DRE). In this exam, your provider feels your prostate for lumps or anything unusual by inserting a lubricated, gloved finger into your rectum. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test. A high PSA blood level may be a sign of prostate cancer. But many other things can cause high PSA levels, too. Imaging tests. These tests may use ultrasound or MRI to make pictures of your prostate. If these tests show that you might have prostate cancer, the next step is usually a prostate biopsy. A biopsy is the only way to diagnose prostate cancer. During a biopsy, a doctor uses a hollow needle to remove some prostate tissue. The tissue is studied under a microscope to look for cancer cells. What are the treatments for prostate cancer? Your treatment options usually depend on your age, your general health, and how serious the cancer is. Your treatment may include one or more of options: Observation,which is mostly used if you are older, your prostate cancer isn't likely to grow quickly, and you don't have symptoms or you have other medical conditions. Your doctor will keep checking on your cancer over time so to see whether you will need to start treatment for the cancer. There are two types of observation: Watchful waiting means having little or no testing. If symptoms begin or change, you will get treatment to relieve them, but not to treat the cancer. Active surveillance means having regular tests to see if your prostate cancer has changed. If the tests show the cancer is starting to grow or if you develop symptoms, then you will have treatment to try to cure the cancer. Surgery to remove your prostate gland may be an option if your cancer hasn't spread outside of your prostate. Radiation therapy uses high energy to kill cancer cells or prevent them from growing. Hormone therapy blocks cancer cells from getting the hormones they need to grow. It may include taking medicines or having surgery to remove the testicles. Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill cancer cells, slow their growth, or stop them from spreading. You might take the drugs by mouth, as an injection (shot), as a cream, or intravenously (by IV). Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells. This treatment causes less harm to healthy cells than radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Immunotherapy helps your own immune system to fight cancer. Can prostate cancer be prevented? Making healthy lifestyle changes may help to prevent some prostate cancers. These changes include: Being at a healthy weight Quitting smoking Getting enough exercise Eating healthy foods NIH: National Cancer Institute

MalaCards based summary: Prostate Cancer, also known as prostate carcinoma, is related to breast cancer and prostate disease, and has symptoms including tremor, angina pectoris and equilibration disorder. An important gene associated with Prostate Cancer is CHEK2 (Checkpoint Kinase 2), and among its related pathways/superpathways are Endometrial cancer and Breast cancer pathway. The drugs Sodium citrate and Sildenafil have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include prostate, bone and lymph node, and related phenotypes are prostate cancer and neoplasm

MedlinePlus Genetics: ⁴² Prostate cancer is a common disease that affects men, usually in middle age or later. In this disorder, certain cells in the prostate become abnormal, multiply without control or order, and form a tumor. The prostate is a gland that surrounds the male urethra and helps produce semen, the fluid that carries sperm.Early prostate cancer usually does not cause pain, and most affected men exhibit no noticeable symptoms. Men are often diagnosed as the result of health screenings, such as a blood test for a substance called prostate specific antigen (PSA) or a medical exam called a digital rectal exam (DRE). As the tumor grows larger, signs and symptoms can include difficulty starting or stopping the flow of urine, a feeling of not being able to empty the bladder completely, blood in the urine or semen, or pain with ejaculation. However, these changes can also occur with many other genitourinary conditions. Having one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily mean that a man has prostate cancer.The severity and outcome of prostate cancer varies widely. Early-stage prostate cancer can usually be treated successfully, and some older men have prostate tumors that grow so slowly that they may never cause health problems during their lifetime, even without treatment. In other men, however, the cancer is much more aggressive; in these cases, prostate cancer can be life-threatening.Some cancerous tumors can invade surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body. Tumors that begin at one site and then spread to other areas of the body are called metastatic cancers. The signs and symptoms of metastatic cancer depend on where the disease has spread. If prostate cancer spreads, cancerous cells most often appear in the lymph nodes, bones, lungs, liver, or brain. A small percentage of prostate cancers are hereditary and occur in families. These hereditary cancers are associated with inherited gene variants. Hereditary prostate cancers tend to develop earlier in life than non-inherited (sporadic) cases.

GARD: ¹⁹ Familial prostate cancer is a cluster of prostate cancer within a family. Most cases of prostate cancer occur sporadically in people with no family history of the condition. However, approximately 5% to 10% of prostate cancer cases are believed to be primarily caused by a genetic predisposition to the condition. In many families, the underlying genetic cause is unknown; however, some of these cases are caused by changes in the BRCA1, BRCA2, HOXB13, or several other genes. Other cases are likely due to a combination of gene(s) and other shared factors such as environment and lifestyle. High-risk cancer screening at an earlier age is typically recommended in men who have an increased risk for prostate cancer based on personal and/or family histories.

Novus Biologicals: ⁵⁴ Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer and second most deadly cancer for men in the United States. Prostate cancer occurs when cells within the prostate grow uncontrollably and create small tumors. If untreated, cells from these tumors can spread via metastasis. Metastasis transports prostate cancer cells through the lymphatic system and bloodstream to other parts of the body where they can grow into secondary tumors. PSA, a protein produced by the prostate, is released into the bloodstream in small amounts under normal conditions. However, PSA is released in increasing amounts when the prostate is malfunctioning, as is the case with prostate cancer.

PubMed Health : ⁶³ Prostate cancer: Prostate cancer develops when cells in the prostate start multiplying uncontrollably. This can happen if the genetic information (DNA) in the cells has changed (mutated). The body’s immune system usually keeps these cells in check. Cancer develops if too many mutated cells multiply and a tumor grows. The diagnosis “prostate cancer” usually comes as a shock to men and those close to them. The good news is that prostate cancer is one of the types of cancer with the best chances of recovery. This is because it often grows very slowly so it is generally possible to treat it effectively.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: ⁷³ A malignancy originating in tissues of the prostate. Most prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas that develop in the acini of the prostatic ducts. Other rare histopathologic types of prostate cancer that occur in approximately 5% of patients include small cell carcinoma, mucinous carcinoma, prostatic ductal carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma (basaloid), signet-ring cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Orphanet: ⁵⁸ Familial prostate cancer (FPC) is a malignant tumor of the prostate with an early onset. FPC is either asymptomatic or causes mictionary symptoms, erectile dysfunction, bone pain, venous compression and infectious or inflammatory syndrome (for the metastatic forms). It is also characterized by familial antecedents.

CDC: ² Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. When cancer starts in the prostate, it is called prostate cancer. Not including skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men.

Disease Ontology ¹¹ Prostate cancer: A male reproductive organ cancer that is located in the prostate.

Prostate carcinoma: A prostate cancer that has material basis in abnormally proliferating cells derives from epithelial cells.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Prostate cancer is cancer of the prostate. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancerous tumor... more...

More information from OMIM: 176807

Clinical features from OMIM®:

176807 (Updated 08-Dec-2022)

The possible treatment options for prostate cancer will depend on various factors. These include: how much the cells have changed (how aggressive the tumor is) how much the tumor has grown or spread (the stage of prostate cancer ) the man’s PSA levels individual factors such as the man’s age, how healthy he is otherwise, and how important the pros and cons are to him. Men who have high-risk prostate cancer will usually have their prostate surgically removed or treatment with radiotherapy. Radiotherapy can be done in two ways: from outside of the body (external radiotherapy) or from inside the body (internal radiotherapy , or brachytherapy ). The most common side effects of radiotherapy or removing the prostate gland are accidental leakage of urine (urinary incontinence ) and erection problems (impotence). External radiotherapy is especially likely to cause diarrhea , and in some cases inflammations in the bowel which may result in blood in the stool and cramps . If the tumor is small, only inside the prostate , and not aggressive (low-risk prostate cancer ), the following treatments are also possible: Active surveillance : Here the prostate cancer is simply monitored, and not treated, at first. This strategy is based on the fact that low-risk prostate cancer usually grows very slowly or doesn't grow at all. It is often found that the cancer has still not advanced even years after it was diagnosed. Instead of having treatment , the prostate is checked regularly. Treatment attempting to get rid of the cancer (curative treatment) is only started if the tumor starts growing. The advantage of this approach is that the side effects of surgery or radiotherapy can be avoided as long as the cancer does not grow. One possible disadvantage: If the cancer does progress, that is sometimes discovered too late. It may have already spread to other parts of the body by then (metastasis ). Knowing that you have cancer in your body can be distressing too. Watchful waiting : This strategy also starts by only monitoring the prostate cancer at first. But if the tumor starts growing, only the symptoms are treated, not the tumor itself (this is known as “palliative care ). This approach is mainly considered in older men, who may also have other medical problems. The risks and stress of surgery or radiotherapy could outweigh the possible benefits of this treatment . There is no “right” or “wrong” treatment decision for men who have low-risk prostate cancer . The strategy that one man chooses will mainly depend on his personal preferences and values. Some will feel it is more important to avoid side effects like impotence or incontinence as much as possible. Others will want to be very sure that the cancer has been removed, so they are willing to accept the risks associated with treatment. For more advanced stages of prostate cancer , there are several kinds of hormonal treatments and chemotherapies that aim to slow the growth.

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