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MCID: URM002
MIFTS: 47

Uremia

Categories: Nephrological diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Uremia

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Uremia:

Name: Uremia 12 73 54 44 15 17 70
Uremia of Renal Origin 12

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Nephrological diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 32


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:4676
MeSH 44 D014511
SNOMED-CT 67 44730006
ICD10 32 N19
UMLS 70 C0041948
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Summaries for Uremia

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MalaCards based summary : Uremia, also known as uremia of renal origin, is related to hyperparathyroidism and end stage renal disease. An important gene associated with Uremia is EPO (Erythropoietin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The drugs Levoleucovorin and Vitamin C have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include kidney, endothelial and pancreas, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and cardiovascular system

Wikipedia : 73 Uremia is the condition of having high levels of urea in the blood. Urea is one of the primary... more...

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Related Diseases for Uremia

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Diseases related to Uremia via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 584)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 hyperparathyroidism 31.5 VDR PTH EPO CASR ALB
2 end stage renal disease 31.3 VDR SPP1 PTH PON1 LEP INS
3 secondary hyperparathyroidism 31.2 VDR PTH EPO CASR B2M ALB
4 renal osteodystrophy 31.1 VDR PTH CASR
5 homocysteinemia 30.9 VWF PON1 CRP ALB
6 hyperphosphatemia 30.9 VDR SPP1 PTH CRP CASR ALB
7 bone disease 30.9 VDR SPP1 PTH EPO CASR B2M
8 chronic pyelonephritis 30.9 CRP B2M ALB
9 hypertriglyceridemia, familial 30.9 LPL INS APOC3
10 pericarditis 30.9 RETN LEP CRP ALB
11 glomerulonephritis 30.8 SPP1 NOS2 B2M ALB
12 osteitis fibrosa 30.8 PTH CASR B2M
13 uremic neuropathy 30.8 PTH EPO B2M
14 amyloidosis 30.7 INS CRP B2M ALB
15 peripheral nervous system disease 30.7 INS EPO CRP B2M ALB
16 osteomalacia 30.6 VDR PTH ENPP1 CASR
17 proteinuria, chronic benign 30.6 INS B2M ALB
18 arteriosclerosis 30.6 SPP1 PON1 INS CRP
19 nephrotic syndrome 30.6 PON1 LPL CRP B2M ALB
20 pancreatitis 30.5 LPL INS CRP CASR
21 interstitial nephritis 30.5 CRP B2M ALB
22 urinary tract obstruction 30.5 CRP B2M ALB
23 active peptic ulcer disease 30.5 VWF CRP ALB
24 hypercholesterolemia, familial, 1 30.5 LPL INS GHR CRP
25 arteries, anomalies of 30.5 LEP INS CRP ALB
26 pulmonary edema 30.4 NOS2 EPO CRP
27 autonomic neuropathy 30.4 INS EPO ALB
28 impotence 30.4 NOS2 INS ALB
29 aortic atherosclerosis 30.4 SPP1 PON1 LPL
30 rickets 30.4 VDR PTH ENPP1 CASR ALB
31 acute pancreatitis 30.4 RETN LPL INS CRP
32 parathyroid adenoma 30.4 VDR PTH CASR
33 hypoparathyroidism 30.3 VDR PTH INS CASR
34 proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndrome 1 30.2 RETN NOS2 INS CRP ALB
35 hypophosphatemia 30.2 VDR SPP1 PTH ENPP1 ALB
36 lipid metabolism disorder 30.2 RETN PON1 LPL LEP INS CRP
37 hyperuricemia 30.2 PTH LEP INS CRP ALB
38 bone resorption disease 30.2 VDR SPP1 PTH LEP INS CRP
39 insulin-like growth factor i 30.2 LEP INS GHR GH1
40 primary hyperparathyroidism 30.2 VDR PTH INS CASR ALB AHSG
41 hydronephrosis 30.2 VWF CRP B2M ALB
42 miliary tuberculosis 30.2 EPO CRP ALB
43 analbuminemia 30.2 EPO CRP ALB
44 actinomycosis 30.1 INS CRP ALB
45 pulmonary embolism 30.1 VWF CRP ALB
46 acute cystitis 30.1 INS CRP ALB
47 deficiency anemia 30.1 PTH PON1 INS GH1 EPO CRP
48 thrombophlebitis 30.1 VWF CRP ALB
49 polycystic kidney disease 30.1 INS EPO ENPP1 CASR B2M ALB
50 liver cirrhosis 30.1 RETN LEP INS GHR CRP ALB

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Uremia:



Diseases related to Uremia
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Uremia

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MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Uremia:

46 (show all 12)
# Description MGI Source Accession Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 homeostasis/metabolism MP:0005376 10.41 AHSG ALB B2M CASR CRP ENPP1
2 cardiovascular system MP:0005385 10.39 ALB B2M CRP ENPP1 EPO GHR
3 cellular MP:0005384 10.37 ALB B2M CASR ENPP1 EPO GHR
4 immune system MP:0005387 10.31 ALB B2M CASR CRP ENPP1 EPO
5 integument MP:0010771 10.14 B2M CASR ENPP1 EPO GHR INS
6 mortality/aging MP:0010768 10.1 ALB B2M CASR ENPP1 EPO GHR
7 digestive/alimentary MP:0005381 10.08 ALB B2M CASR INS LEP NOS2
8 liver/biliary system MP:0005370 10.06 ALB B2M ENPP1 EPO GHR INS
9 muscle MP:0005369 9.93 AHSG ALB CASR ENPP1 EPO GHR
10 limbs/digits/tail MP:0005371 9.91 AHSG ENPP1 EPO GHR LEP PTH
11 renal/urinary system MP:0005367 9.61 ALB CASR ENPP1 GHR INS LEP
12 skeleton MP:0005390 9.36 AHSG CASR ENPP1 EPO GHR INS
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Drugs & Therapeutics for Uremia

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Drugs for Uremia (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 39)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Levoleucovorin Approved, Investigational Phase 4 68538-85-2 149436
2
Vitamin C Approved, Nutraceutical Phase 4 50-81-7 5785 54670067
3
Folic acid Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved Phase 4 59-30-3 6037
4 Protective Agents Phase 4
5 Antioxidants Phase 4
6 Micronutrients Phase 4
7 Trace Elements Phase 4
8 Nutrients Phase 4
9 Vitamins Phase 4
10 Folate Phase 4
11 Vitamin B Complex Phase 4
12 Vitamin B9 Phase 4
13 Vasodilator Agents Phase 4
14 Polymethyl Methacrylate Phase 4
15 Dialysis Solutions Phase 3
16
Basiliximab Approved, Investigational Phase 1, Phase 2 179045-86-4, 152923-56-3
17
Bortezomib Approved, Investigational Phase 1, Phase 2 179324-69-7 387447 93860
18
Cysteine Approved, Nutraceutical Phase 2 52-90-4 5862
19 Olive Phase 1, Phase 2
20 Omega 3 Fatty Acid Phase 1, Phase 2
21 Immunosuppressive Agents Phase 1, Phase 2
22 Immunologic Factors Phase 1, Phase 2
23 Immunoglobulins Phase 1, Phase 2
24 Antibodies Phase 1, Phase 2
25 Pharmaceutical Solutions Phase 2
26
Iron Approved 7439-89-6 23925 29936
27
Nitric Oxide Approved 10102-43-9 145068
28
carbamide peroxide Approved 124-43-6
29
Thrombin Approved, Investigational
30
N,N-dimethylarginine Experimental 30315-93-6 123831
31
gastric inhibitory polypeptide Investigational 100040-31-1
32
Indole Experimental 120-72-9 798
33 Hormones
34 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1
35 Incretins
36 Anti-Bacterial Agents
37 Anti-Infective Agents
38 diuretics
39
Bilirubin 635-65-4 5280352

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 28)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 The Clinical Use of Probiotics in the Uremia Patients Under Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis Unknown status NCT01076426 Phase 4 Pro-biotics
2 Effect of Oral Vitamin C on The Inflammatory Biomarkers in Hemodialysis Completed NCT01356433 Phase 4 oral vitamin C;oral vitamin C
3 Randomized Clinical Trial of Folate Therapy/Placebo for Reduction of Homocysteine Serum Levels in Uremic Patients and Influence on Cardiovascular Mortality Completed NCT00317005 Phase 4 folate treatment
4 Efficacy and Safety of a Very Low Protein Diet in Postponing Dialysis in Elderly: a Prospective Randomized Multicenter Controlled Study Completed NCT00388648 Phase 4 mixture of amino and keto acids
5 Uremic Pruritus, Cytokines and Polymethylmethacrylate Artificial Kidney Completed NCT00442819 Phase 4
6 The Effect and Safety of Combination Hemodialysis and Hemoperfusion on Severe Renal Osteopathy and Itching in Uremia Patients Completed NCT02747979 Phase 2, Phase 3
7 Effects of Convective Therapies in Dialysis Patients Completed NCT01583309 Phase 3
8 Treatment of Uremic Pruritus by Olive-omega 3 Ointment Unknown status NCT01447693 Phase 1, Phase 2
9 Effect of Autologous Stromal Vascular Fraction Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Kidney Transplantation From Chinese Donation After Citizen Death (DCD): A Randomized Controlled Trial Unknown status NCT02492490 Phase 1, Phase 2 Basiliximab
10 Effect of Autologous Stromal Vascular Fraction Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Living-Related Kidney Transplants: A Randomized Controlled Trial Unknown status NCT02492308 Phase 1, Phase 2 Basiliximab induction
11 A Prospective, Open-Label, Pilot Study of Clonal Deletion on Living-Relative Donor Kidney Transplantation Unknown status NCT01408797 Phase 1, Phase 2 MMF, Bortezomib
12 Clinical and Biochemical Effects of Multipass Hemodialysis Completed NCT01267760 Phase 2
13 A PROSPECTIVE, RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, CROSS-OVER STUDY TO EVALUATE THE RENAL AND BIOHUMORAL EFFECTS OF L-CYSTEINE COMPARED TO PLACEBO IN STABLE PERITONEAL DIALYSIS PATIENTS WITH RESIDUAL DIURESIS Completed NCT02050139 Phase 2
14 Chemoprevention Trial for Uremia-Associated Urothelial Carcinoma Withdrawn NCT00172367 Phase 2 Lycopene
15 Long-term Follow Up of Viral Hepatitis in Uremic Patients in Taiwan Unknown status NCT01766895
16 Probing the Dry Weight (DW) by Bioimpedance (BIA): Which is the Gold Standard Between Clinical DW and BIA DW? Unknown status NCT02606955
17 REST/Collaborative Study Initiative With the Aim of Providing More Objective Information on Volume Status and Guiding Physicians in the Quest for DW Unknown status NCT02446535
18 Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Therapeutic Effect of Digital Subtraction Angiography(DSA)，Ultrasound Guided Balloon Dilatation and Surgical Reconstruction in Arteria-venous Fistula(AVF) Stenosis in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Unknown status NCT02266238
19 Removal of Protein Bound Uremic Toxins in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients by Modified Plasma Separation and Adsorption Combined With Hemodialysis Unknown status NCT00375635
20 The Relationship of Prohepcidin Levels With Anemia and Inflammatory Markers in Non-diabetic Uremic Patients: A Controlled Study Completed NCT01735773
21 Morphological and Functional Changes in White Adipose Tissue in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Completed NCT02902705
22 Effect of Fructose and Glucose and TAS1R2 in Glucose, Triglycerides, Uremia, Oxidative Stress, Feelings Related to Food Intake of Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes Completed NCT01713023
23 Methylation Biosignature in Childhood Chronic Kidney Disease: the Link Among Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, Homocysteine, and Cardiovascular Disease Completed NCT02022046
24 Elimination and Biodegradation of the Incretin Hormones GLP-1 and GIP in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease Completed NCT01391884
25 In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Urea Solution Against Ocular Bacterial Isolates Completed NCT04020406
26 Venous Congestion and Organ Dysfunction in Intensive Care: a Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study to Evaluate Prevalence and Risk Factors. Recruiting NCT04680728
27 Assessment of the Production of Uremic Toxins by the Gut Microbiota of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: in Vitro Test Not yet recruiting NCT04768309
28 Incidence and Causes of Disc Edema in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Withdrawn NCT00769834

Search NIH Clinical Center for Uremia

Inferred drug relations via UMLS 70 / NDF-RT 51 :


Activated Charcoal
Charcoal
CHARCOAL,ACTIVATED PWDR

Cochrane evidence based reviews: uremia

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Genetic Tests for Uremia

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Anatomical Context for Uremia

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Uremia:

40
Kidney, Endothelial, Pancreas, Liver, Skeletal Muscle, Bone, Heart
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Publications for Uremia

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Articles related to Uremia:

(show top 50) (show all 8798)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
The emerging pleiotrophic role of adipokines in the uremic phenotype. 61 54
19823084 2010
2
Serum-soluble Fas and serum levels of erythropoietin in chronic kidney disease. 61 54
20040346 2010
3
Antioxidant properties of some different molecular weight chitosans. 54 61
19559405 2009
4
Lipoprotein lipase disturbances induced by uremia and hemodialysis. 54 61
19708998 2009
5
Plasma hepcidin levels are elevated but responsive to erythropoietin therapy in renal disease. 61 54
19212416 2009
6
Antioxidant effects of a dietary supplement: reduction of indices of oxidative stress in normal subjects by water-soluble chitosan. 54 61
18996432 2009
7
Serum albumin fragmentation in end-stage renal disease patients--a pilot study. 54 61
19778290 2009
8
Antioxidant protection of human serum albumin by chitosan. 61 54
18514811 2008
9
Effect of simvastatin in apolipoprotein E deficient mice with surgically induced chronic renal failure. 61 54
18295249 2008
10
[Effects of metal-catalyzed oxidation on the formation of advanced oxidation protein products]. 54 61
18642767 2008
11
[Relationship between cardiovascular complication and inflammation, oxidative stress of patient with maintenance hemodialysis]. 61 54
18390217 2008
12
Response of the growth plate of uremic rats to human growth hormone and corticosteroids. 61 54
17665047 2007
13
Oxidative stress and delta-ALA-D activity in chronic renal failure patients. 54 61
17383846 2007
14
Alteration of serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase activity in chronic renal failure. 61 54
17431736 2007
15
Osteoprotegerin and RANKL serum levels and their relationship with serum ghrelin in children with chronic renal failure and on dialysis. 54 61
17259742 2007
16
Mechanisms of disease: Cytokine and adipokine signaling in uremic cachexia. 54 61
16941045 2006
17
Circulating osteoprotegerin affects bone metabolism in dialysis patients with mild secondary hyperparathyroidism. 54 61
16817791 2006
18
Circulating growth hormone binding protein levels and mononuclear cell growth hormone receptor expression in uremia. 54 61
16567271 2006
19
Drug-associated disease: hematologic dysfunction. 61 54
16678004 2006
20
[Inflammatoin, oxidative stress and carbonyl stress in uremic patients]. 54 61
16468659 2006
21
Hyperleptinemia is not responsible for decreased paraoxonase activity in hemodialysis patients. 54 61
16534235 2006
22
Increased parathyroid hormone gene expression in secondary hyperparathyroidism of experimental uremia is reversed by calcimimetics: correlation with posttranslational modification of the trans acting factor AUF1. 61 54
16291838 2006
23
Direct in vitro evidence of the suppressive effect of cinacalcet HCl on parathyroid hormone secretion in human parathyroid cells with pathologically reduced calcium-sensing receptor levels. 54 61
16816924 2006
24
Oxidation and carboxy methyl lysine-modification of albumin: possible involvement in the progression of oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. 61 54
16671336 2005
25
Maxacalcitol therapy decreases circulating osteoprotegerin levels in dialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. 61 54
16047647 2005
26
Role of leptin and melanocortin signaling in uremia-associated cachexia. 54 61
15931394 2005
27
Quotidian nocturnal hemodialysis improves cytokine profile and enhances erythropoietin responsiveness. 54 61
15968953 2005
28
Growth hormone resistance in uremia, a role for impaired JAK/STAT signaling. 61 54
15692835 2005
29
The John F. Maher Recipient Lecture 2004: Rage in the peritoneum. 61 54
15770917 2005
30
Lymphocyte 5'-nucleotidase and aminopeptidase N activity in patients on maintenance hemodialysis treated with human recombinant erythropoietin and 1-alpha-D3. 54 61
15957544 2005
31
Serum paraoxonase activity in uremic predialysis and hemodialysis patients. 61 54
15593056 2004
32
Regulation of PTH1 receptor expression by uremic ultrafiltrate in UMR 106-01 osteoblast-like cells. 54 61
14871409 2004
33
Plasma cell membrane glycoprotein 1 (PC-1): a marker of insulin resistance in obesity, uremia and diabetes mellitus. 61 54
15209435 2004
34
Leptin, ghrelin, and proinflammatory cytokines: compounds with nutritional impact in chronic kidney disease? 54 61
14681862 2003
35
Involution of the parathyroid glands after renal transplantation. 54 61
12815332 2003
36
Paraoxonase activity and paraoxonase 1 gene polymorphism in patients with uremia. 54 61
12790379 2003
37
[Atherosclerosis and uremia: signifance of non-traditional risk factors]. 54 61
12778774 2003
38
Contribution of quinolinic acid in the development of anemia in renal insufficiency. 61 54
12620922 2003
39
[Renal bone disease and osteoprotegerin]. 54 61
15775096 2003
40
New markers of accelerated atherosclerosis in end-stage renal disease. 61 54
12649530 2003
41
Impaired protein binding of Chinese medicine DanShen in uremic sera and sera with hyperbilirubinemia: rapid assessment of total and free DanShen concentrations using the fluorescence polarization immunoassay for digoxin. 54 61
12938147 2003
42
Chronic liver and renal diseases differently affect structure of human serum albumin. 61 54
12485604 2002
43
The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. 54 61
12371953 2002
44
[The skeletal resistance to PTH and osteoprotegerin]. 61 54
15775364 2002
45
Novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein exerts an effect on platelet function in uremia equivalent to that exerted by recombinant human erythropoietin. 54 61
12010672 2002
46
Relationship of paraoxonase and serum lipids in Taiwan. 54 61
12149827 2002
47
[Some parameters of platelet activation in patients with uremia before and after hemodialysis (HD)]. 54 61
12731371 2002
48
Carnitine metabolism in uremia. 61 54
11576925 2001
49
Metabolic consequences of hyperhomocysteinemia in uremia. 61 54
11576929 2001
50
Osteoprotegerin levels before and after renal transplantation. 61 54
11576949 2001
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Variations for Uremia

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Expression for Uremia

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Uremia.
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Pathways for Uremia

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Pathways related to Uremia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
PI3K-Akt signaling pathway 36
Show member pathways
 12.68 VWF SPP1 INS GHR GH1 EPO
2
JAK-STAT signaling pathway 36
Show member pathways
 12.16 LEP GHR GH1 EPO
3
Adipogenesis 1
11.67 RETN LPL LEP INS GH1
4
HIF-1-alpha transcription factor network 1
11.39 NOS2 LEP EPO
5
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation Pathways and Lineage-specific Markers 64
11.33 SPP1 PTH LPL LEP INS
6
Transcription_Role of VDR in regulation of genes involved in osteoporosis 23
11.15 VDR SPP1 PTH
7
Development_Hedgehog and PTH signaling pathways in bone and cartilage development 23
11.02 VDR SPP1 PTH
8
Endochondral Ossification 1
10.83 SPP1 PTH GHR GH1 ENPP1
9
Vitamin D Metabolism 1
10.43 VDR PTH
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GO Terms for Uremia

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Cellular components related to Uremia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 extracellular region GO:0005576 9.89 VWF SPP1 RETN PTH PON1 LPL
2 cell surface GO:0009986 9.8 LPL GHR EPO ENPP1 CASR B2M
3 endoplasmic reticulum lumen GO:0005788 9.65 SPP1 INS B2M ALB AHSG
4 platelet alpha granule lumen GO:0031093 9.58 VWF ALB AHSG
5 extracellular space GO:0005615 9.55 VWF SPP1 RETN PTH PON1 LPL
6 spherical high-density lipoprotein particle GO:0034366 9.37 PON1 APOC3
7 growth hormone receptor complex GO:0070195 9.16 GHR GH1

Biological processes related to Uremia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 16)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 cellular protein metabolic process GO:0044267 9.65 SPP1 INS B2M ALB AHSG
2 positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling GO:0014068 9.62 LEP INS GH1 EPO
3 growth hormone receptor signaling pathway GO:0060396 9.56 GHR GH1
4 hormone metabolic process GO:0042445 9.55 LEP GHR
5 regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response GO:1900015 9.54 NOS2 LEP
6 positive regulation of JAK-STAT cascade GO:0046427 9.54 LEP GHR GH1
7 chylomicron remodeling GO:0034371 9.52 LPL APOC3
8 negative regulation of lipid storage GO:0010888 9.51 LEP CRP
9 negative regulation of feeding behavior GO:2000252 9.49 RETN INS
10 response to fibroblast growth factor GO:0071774 9.48 PTH CASR
11 interleukin-8 production GO:0032637 9.46 NOS2 LEP
12 response to nutrient levels GO:0031667 9.46 PTH PON1 LEP GH1
13 interleukin-6 production GO:0032635 9.43 NOS2 LEP
14 prostaglandin secretion GO:0032310 9.4 NOS2 LEP
15 positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein GO:0042531 9.26 LEP GHR GH1 EPO
16 acute-phase response GO:0006953 8.92 INS EPO CRP AHSG

Molecular functions related to Uremia according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 protein homodimerization activity GO:0042803 9.5 PON1 NOS2 LPL GHR ENPP1 CASR
2 peptide hormone receptor binding GO:0051428 9.16 PTH LEP
3 hormone activity GO:0005179 9.1 RETN PTH LEP INS GH1 EPO
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Sources for Uremia

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
20 GARD
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HMDB
31 HPO
32 ICD10
33 ICD10 via Orphanet
34 ICD9CM
35 IUPHAR
36 KEGG
37 LifeMap
39 LOVD
41 MedGen
44 MeSH
45 MESH via Orphanet
46 MGI
49 NCI
50 NCIt
51 NDF-RT
53 NINDS
54 Novoseek
56 OMIM via Orphanet
57 OMIM® (Updated 20-May-2021)
61 PubMed
63 QIAGEN
68 SNOMED-CT via HPO
69 Tocris
70 UMLS
71 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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