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MCID: VLV010
MIFTS: 41

Vulvovaginitis

Categories: Reproductive diseases
Genes Tissues Related diseases Publications Pathways Drugs
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Aliases & Classifications for Vulvovaginitis

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MalaCards integrated aliases for Vulvovaginitis:

Name: Vulvovaginitis 12 74 54 43 15 17 71
Vulvo-Vaginitis 12

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Anatomical: Reproductive diseases
See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)
ICD10: 32


External Ids:

Disease Ontology 12 DOID:2273
MeSH 43 D014848
NCIt 49 C35131
SNOMED-CT 67 53277000
ICD10 32 N76.0
UMLS 71 C0042998
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Summaries for Vulvovaginitis

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Disease Ontology : 12 A female reproductive system disease that is characterized by inflammation of the vagina and vulva.

MalaCards based summary : Vulvovaginitis, also known as vulvo-vaginitis, is related to vaginitis and vulvitis. An important gene associated with Vulvovaginitis is HSPA4 (Heat Shock Protein Family A (Hsp70) Member 4), and among its related pathways/superpathways are CCR5 Pathway in Macrophages and Allograft rejection. The drugs Clotrimazole and Miconazole have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include testes, colon and skin.

Wikipedia : 74 Vaginitis, also known as vulvovaginitis, is inflammation of the vagina and vulva. Symptoms may include... more...

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Related Diseases for Vulvovaginitis

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Diseases related to Vulvovaginitis via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 387)
# Related Disease Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 vaginitis 32.9 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5
2 vulvitis 32.3 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 ILVBL
3 candidiasis 32.0 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6
4 lichen planus 31.4 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5
5 chlamydia 31.1 IL10 HSPD1 CXCL8
6 oral lichen planus 30.6 HSPD1 HSPA4 CCL5
7 fungal infectious disease 30.6 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 ALLC
8 pyelonephritis 30.3 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5
9 rhinitis 30.3 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
10 dysentery 30.3 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6
11 pustulosis of palm and sole 30.3 CXCL8 CCR6
12 genital herpes 30.3 IL10 CCR6 CCL5
13 exanthem 30.3 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6
14 toxic shock syndrome 30.2 IL10 HSPD1 CXCL8
15 conjunctivitis 30.2 IL10 CXCL8 CCL11
16 bullous pemphigoid 30.2 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
17 vaginal disease 30.2 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5
18 bacterial infectious disease 30.2 IL10 HSPD1 CXCL8 CCR6
19 skin disease 30.2 IL10 HSPA4 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL11
20 allergic hypersensitivity disease 30.1 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
21 dermatitis 30.1 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL11
22 dermatitis herpetiformis 30.1 IL10 CXCL8 CCL11
23 gingivitis 30.1 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5
24 keratoconjunctivitis 30.1 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
25 chancroid 30.1 HSPD1 CCR6
26 parasitic helminthiasis infectious disease 30.0 IL10 CCR6 CCL11
27 peritonitis 30.0 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5
28 mastitis 30.0 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5
29 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis 29.9 IL10 HSPA4 CCR6
30 allergic rhinitis 29.8 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
31 balanoposthitis 29.7 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1 ILVBL
32 autoimmune disease 29.5 IL10 HSPD1 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5
33 dermatitis, atopic 29.5 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
34 pulmonary disease, chronic obstructive 29.3 IL10 HSPA4 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
35 balanitis 29.1 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1 REG1A ILVBL
36 inflammatory bowel disease 28.9 IL10 HSPD1 HSPA4 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5
37 diabetes mellitus, type i 28.8 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 IL10 HSPD1 CXCL8 CCR6
38 diabetes mellitus 28.7 SLC5A2 REG1A IL10 HSPD1 HSPA4 CXCL8
39 acute cystitis 28.6 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1 REG1A IL10 CXCL8
40 vulvovaginal candidiasis 12.8
41 vulvovaginal gingival syndrome 12.4
42 vulvovaginal rhabdomyosarcoma 12.3
43 vulvovaginitis, allergic seminal 12.3
44 rare vulvovaginal tumor 12.2
45 rare non-malformative uterovaginal or vulvovaginal disease 12.2
46 vulvar disease 11.7
47 mucosal melanoma 11.7
48 vulvar vestibulitis syndrome 11.6
49 vaginal discharge 10.8
50 bacterial vaginosis 10.7

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Vulvovaginitis:



Diseases related to Vulvovaginitis
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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Vulvovaginitis

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Vulvovaginitis

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Drugs for Vulvovaginitis (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 29)
# Name Status Phase Clinical Trials Cas Number PubChem Id
1
Clotrimazole Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 23593-75-1 2812
2
Miconazole Approved, Investigational, Vet_approved Phase 4 22916-47-8 4189
3
Clindamycin Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 18323-44-9 29029
4
Lidocaine Approved, Vet_approved Phase 4 137-58-6 3676
5
Tinidazole Approved, Investigational Phase 4 19387-91-8 5479
6 Anti-Infective Agents Phase 4
7 Clindamycin phosphate Phase 4
8 Anti-Bacterial Agents Phase 4
9 Clindamycin palmitate Phase 4
10 Antifungal Agents Phase 4
11 Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors Phase 4
12 Hormone Antagonists Phase 4
13 Hormones Phase 4
14 Anti-Infective Agents, Local Phase 4
15 Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors Phase 4
16 Antibiotics, Antitubercular Phase 4
17 2-(3-(4-ethoxybenzyl)-4-chlorophenyl)-6-hydroxymethyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,... Phase 4
18 Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors Phase 4
19 Hypoglycemic Agents Phase 4
20
Ketoconazole Approved, Investigational Phase 3 65277-42-1 47576
21
Terconazole Approved Phase 3 67915-31-5 441383
22
Butoconazole Approved Phase 3 64872-77-1, 64872-76-0 47472
23
acetic acid Approved Phase 3 64-19-7 176
24
Retinol acetate Phase 3 127-47-9 10245972
25 Albaconazole Investigational Phase 2 187949-02-6
26 Pharmaceutical Solutions Phase 2
27 Acidophilus
28 Estrogens
29 Anesthetics

Interventional clinical trials:

(show all 24)
# Name Status NCT ID Phase Drugs
1 A National, Multi-central, Open-label, Single-arm, Phase IV Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Gynomax® XL Ovule in the Treatment of Trichomonal Vaginitis, Bacterial Vaginosis, Candidal Vulvovaginitis and Mixed Vaginal Infections Completed NCT03839875 Phase 4 Gynomax® XL Vaginal Ovule
2 Multicenter Pilot Study to Compare the Efficacy of a Combination of Vaginal Capsules With Acid Boric, L.Gasseri and L.Rhamnosus Versus the Reference Medication in Patients With Vaginal Candidiasis or Bacterial Vaginosis Completed NCT02860845 Phase 4 Antibiotic (Clindamycin);Antifungal (Clotrimazole)
3 Acute Effects of Sodium-glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibition on Renal Oxygenation and Autonomic Function in Type 1 Diabetes Not yet recruiting NCT04193566 Phase 4 Forxiga
4 Ketoconazole In Situ Gel Versus Terconazole Cream for Treatment of Vaginal Candidiasis Unknown status NCT03473418 Phase 3 Ketoconazole;Terconazole
5 Vaginal Infection Study Completed NCT00616330 Phase 3 clindamycin phosphate/butoconazole nitrate;clindamycin phosphate;butoconazole nitrate
6 Randomized Clinical Trial for Treatment of Candidal Vulvovaginitis Using Cumin Seed Extract Vaginal Suppositories. Completed NCT03005353 Phase 2, Phase 3 Cumin seed extract;clotrimazole
7 A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Placebo in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Completed NCT03734991 Phase 3 Ibrexafungerp;Placebo
8 A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Placebo in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (AVVC). Active, not recruiting NCT03987620 Phase 3 Ibrexafungerp;Placebo
9 Safety and Efficacy of Two Screen-and-Treat Approaches for the Prevention of Cervical Cancer Terminated NCT00233727 Phase 3
10 A Multi-Center Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB/MAT2203) Compared With Oral Fluconazole in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) Completed NCT02971007 Phase 2 Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB);Fluconazole
11 A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Double-Dummy, Active-Controlled, Dose-Finding Study to Compare the Safety and Efficacy of Oral Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) vs. Oral Fluconazole in Subjects With Acute Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Completed NCT03253094 Phase 2 Fluconazole;SCY-078
12 A Single-Blind, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study Versus Fluconazole to Assess the Efficacy and Tolerability of Five Single Doses of Albaconazole in the Treatment of Acute Non-Recurrent Candida Spp Vulvovaginitis Terminated NCT00199264 Phase 2 Albaconazole oral solution
13 A Single-Center, Open-Label, Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB) in the Treatment of Fluconazole-Resistant Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Withdrawn NCT03167957 Phase 2 Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB);Oral Encochleated Amphotericin B (CAMB)
14 An Open-label Study to Evaluate Clinical Performance of Gedea Pessary in Adult Women With Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Completed NCT03761628
15 Maternal and Perinatal Outcome in Women With History of Premature Labor in Previous Pregnancy and Submitted to Active Search of Genital Infection Completed NCT01375439
16 Comparing NAAT Testing to Standard Methods in Diagnosis of Vaginal Infections in the General Gynecology and Vulvovaginal Referral Offices. Completed NCT02203942
17 An Open-label Study to Evaluate Clinical Performance of Gedea Pessary in Adult Women With Bacterial Vaginosis Completed NCT03762083
18 Gynaecological Disorders in Patients With Not-celiac Wheat Sensitivity Completed NCT03027492
19 Vaginal Cytokines in Postmenopausal Women With Symptoms of Vulvovaginal Irritation Completed NCT01899612
20 Fractional / Pixel CO2 Laser Treatment of Vulvar Atrophy and Lichen Sclerosus Completed NCT03063684
21 The Use of Laser in the Treatment of Atrophic Vulvovaginitis and Its Consequent Improvement in Sexual Satisfaction Recruiting NCT04297319
22 Evaluation of Performance and Safety of the CE Marked Medical Device Class IIb Celegyn® in Vulvovaginal Atrophy (VVA): a Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Groups, Multicentric, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Clinical Study Recruiting NCT03823560
23 Evaluation of a Rapid Microscopic Diagnostic System for Different Vaginitis Conditions Not yet recruiting NCT04219605
24 Prevention of Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis With Lactibiane Candisis 5M® Terminated NCT00915629

Search NIH Clinical Center for Vulvovaginitis

Cochrane evidence based reviews: vulvovaginitis

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Genetic Tests for Vulvovaginitis

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Anatomical Context for Vulvovaginitis

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MalaCards organs/tissues related to Vulvovaginitis:

40
Testes, Colon, Skin, Kidney, Bone Marrow, Bone, Breast
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Publications for Vulvovaginitis

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Articles related to Vulvovaginitis:

(show top 50) (show all 1150)
# Title Authors PMID Year
1
Detection of the human 70-kD and 60-kD heat shock proteins in the vagina: relation to microbial flora, vaginal pH, and method of contraception. 61 54
10231004 1999
2
Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) in breast cancer survivors (BCS) is still an unmet medical need: results of an Italian Delphi Panel. 61
31970513 2020
3
Vaginal pH and microbiota during fluconazole maintenance treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC). 61
32253071 2020
4
Vulvovaginitis and dog allergy. 61
32089402 2020
5
Improvement in glycaemic parameters using SGLT-2 inhibitor and GLP-1 agonist in combination in an adolescent with diabetes mellitus and Prader-Willi syndrome: a case report. 61
32447330 2020
6
Are probiotics an appropriate treatment option for all women? 61
32363913 2020
7
Prepubertal Vaginal Bleeding: An Inpatient Series from a Single Center in Fujian China. 61
31765797 2020
8
Prepubertal Vulvovaginitis. 61
32282354 2020
9
The use of 3 selected lactobacillary strains in vaginal probiotic gel for the treatment of acute Candida vaginitis: a proof-of-concept study. 61
32356027 2020
10
Prepubertal and Adolescent Vulvovaginitis: What to Do When a Girl Reports Vaginal Discharge. 61
32275761 2020
11
Candida africana vulvovaginitis: Prevalence and geographical distribution. 61
32317216 2020
12
Applying the Host-Microbe Damage Response Framework to Candida Pathogenesis: Current and Prospective Strategies to Reduce Damage. 61
32168864 2020
13
Vaginal discharge caused by lymphatic malformation identified by lymphoscintigraphy combined with T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. 61
32025595 2020
14
In vitro anticandidal potency of Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extracts against vaginal candidiasis. 61
32020877 2020
15
Prevalence and antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans causing vaginal discharge among pregnant women in Lebanon. 61
31931738 2020
16
The role of maternal infection in preterm birth: evidence from the Brazilian Multicentre Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP). 61
32215453 2020
17
In vitro antifungal resistance profile of Candida strains isolated from Saudi women suffering from vulvovaginitis. 61
31901238 2020
18
Evaluation of Vulvovaginitis and Hygiene Habits of Women Attended in Primary Health Care Units of the Family. 61
32099484 2020
19
[Occult foreign body: A rare cause of recurrent vulvovaginitis]. 61
30482451 2020
20
Parental experiences of their child's vulvovaginitis: a qualitative interview study. 61
31451410 2019
21
Clinical and Microbiological Findings of Vulvovaginitis in Prepubertal Girls. 61
31445141 2019
22
Ultraviolet A/blue light-emitting diode therapy for vulvovaginal candidiasis: a case presentation. 61
30945022 2019
23
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome following group A streptococcal vulvovaginitis in a breastfeeding woman. 61
31151810 2019
24
Alleviation of vulvovaginitis symptoms: can probiotics lead the treatment plan? 61
31965832 2019
25
Estimated burden of fungal infections in Sweden. 61
31376228 2019
26
Vulvovaginitis Caused by Candida Species Following Antibiotic Exposure. 61
31707496 2019
27
Myofascial Release for Vulvar Pain and Pubic Shear After a Straddle Injury in a 3-Year-Old Girl. 61
31657831 2019
28
Immunological Methods for Treatment of Vulvovaginal Infections in the Preconception Period. 61
32025255 2019
29
Celiac disease in the context of airborne allergen-associated chronic vulvo-vaginitis. 61
31599434 2019
30
Association of Ureaplasma diversum with reproductive disease in cattle. 61
31131738 2019
31
Dermatomyositis Presenting as Vulvovaginitis. 61
31306316 2019
32
Use of Dapagliflozin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Real-World Evidence Study in Indian Patients (FOREFRONT). 61
31339784 2019
33
A pilot study of soft gel technology: a new vaginal device to improve the symptomatology of vulvovaginal atrophy in post-partum, menopause and in patients with recurrent vulvovaginitis. 61
31364105 2019
34
Transcriptomic Analysis of Streptococcus pyogenes Colonizing the Vaginal Mucosa Identifies hupY, an MtsR-Regulated Adhesin Involved in Heme Utilization. 61
31239377 2019
35
Recurrent vulvo-vaginal candidiasis in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire): Aetiology and associated factors. 61
31010729 2019
36
Acceptability, tolerability, and effects on symptoms and signs of vulvovaginitis of a non-soap, herbal-based intimate hygiene solution (Zelesse®). 61
31088247 2019
37
A Novel 1,3-Beta-d-Glucan Inhibitor, Ibrexafungerp (Formerly SCY-078), Shows Potent Activity in the Lower pH Environment of Vulvovaginitis. 61
30885896 2019
38
Sexual violence: epidemiological and clinical aspects and circumstances of occurrence among women seen at the Gynecology-Obstetrics department of the Ignace Deen National Hospital of Conakry University Hospital. 61
31379348 2019
39
Impact of the Sampling Site in the Result of Wet Mount Microscopy. 61
30907778 2019
40
Vulvovaginal Discomfort Is Common in Both Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women. 61
30741753 2019
41
Amebic Infection of the Female Genital Tract: A Report of Three Cases. 61
31391760 2019
42
Alternative and complementary therapies for vulvovaginal candidiasis. 61
30269301 2019
43
Candida glabrata Fungemia Following Robotic Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-oophorectomy in a Patient with Recurrent Vulvovaginitis: A Case Report. 61
31187014 2019
44
50 Years Ago in The Journal of Pediatrics: Vulvovaginitis in the Premenarcheal Child. 61
30798826 2019
45
In Vivo Applicability of Neosartorya fischeri Antifungal Protein 2 (NFAP2) in Treatment of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. 61
30478163 2019
46
Biofilms and vulvovaginal candidiasis. 61
30447520 2019
47
Comparative risk of genital infections associated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors. 61
30207042 2019
48
Erosive Vulvovaginitis Associated With Borrelia burgdorferi Infection. 61
31043089 2019
49
Chronic vulvovaginitis caused by Candida dubliniensis in an immunologically competent adult female. 61
30170531 2019
50
Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes Manifestations in other Specialties: Its Many Disguises. 61
31096219 2019
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Variations for Vulvovaginitis

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Expression for Vulvovaginitis

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Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Vulvovaginitis.
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Pathways for Vulvovaginitis

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Pathways related to Vulvovaginitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Super pathways Score Top Affiliating Genes
1
CCR5 Pathway in Macrophages 63
Show member pathways
 12.48 HSPA4 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
2
Allograft rejection 1 36
Show member pathways
 12.4 IL10 HSPD1 HSPA4 CXCL8 CCL11
3
Interleukin-4 and 13 signaling 65
11.64 IL10 CXCL8 CCL11
4
Hexose transport 65
Show member pathways
 11.54 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
5
Chemokine Superfamily: Human/Mouse Ligand-Receptor Interactions 64
Show member pathways
 11.36 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
6
Lung fibrosis 1
11.13 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
7
Interleukin-10 signaling 65
10.82 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5
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GO Terms for Vulvovaginitis

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Cellular components related to Vulvovaginitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 zymogen granule GO:0042588 8.62 REG1A HSPD1

Biological processes related to Vulvovaginitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show all 18)
# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 cytokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0019221 9.8 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
2 immune response GO:0006955 9.77 IL10 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
3 cellular response to tumor necrosis factor GO:0071356 9.75 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
4 sodium ion transport GO:0006814 9.73 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
5 cellular response to interleukin-1 GO:0071347 9.61 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
6 neutrophil chemotaxis GO:0030593 9.58 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
7 chaperone-mediated protein complex assembly GO:0051131 9.57 HSPD1 HSPA4
8 chemotaxis GO:0006935 9.56 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11
9 sodium ion import across plasma membrane GO:0098719 9.55 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
10 positive regulation of macrophage activation GO:0043032 9.54 IL10 HSPD1
11 dendritic cell chemotaxis GO:0002407 9.52 CCR6 CCL5
12 negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway GO:0045744 9.51 CXCL8 CCL5
13 neutrophil activation GO:0042119 9.48 CXCL8 CCL5
14 response to molecule of bacterial origin GO:0002237 9.46 IL10 CXCL8
15 glucose import across plasma membrane GO:0098708 9.32 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
16 alpha-glucoside transport GO:0000017 9.16 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
17 glucose transmembrane transport GO:1904659 9.13 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
18 chemokine-mediated signaling pathway GO:0070098 8.92 CXCL8 CCR6 CCL5 CCL11

Molecular functions related to Vulvovaginitis according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

# Name GO ID Score Top Affiliating Genes
1 cytokine activity GO:0005125 9.62 IL10 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
2 chemokine activity GO:0008009 9.33 CXCL8 CCL5 CCL11
3 D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity GO:0055056 9.26 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
4 alpha-glucoside transmembrane transporter activity GO:0015151 8.96 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
5 glucose:sodium symporter activity GO:0005412 8.8 SLC5A4 SLC5A2 SLC5A1
Sources

Sources for Vulvovaginitis

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3 CDC
7 CNVD
9 Cosmic
10 dbSNP
11 DGIdb
17 EFO
18 ExPASy
19 FMA
28 GO
29 GTR
30 HMDB
31 HPO
32 ICD10
33 ICD10 via Orphanet
34 ICD9CM
35 IUPHAR
36 KEGG
37 LifeMap
39 LOVD
41 MedGen
43 MeSH
44 MESH via Orphanet
45 MGI
48 NCI
49 NCIt
50 NDF-RT
53 NINDS
54 Novoseek
56 OMIM
57 OMIM via Orphanet
61 PubMed
63 QIAGEN
68 SNOMED-CT via HPO
69 TGDB
70 Tocris
71 UMLS
72 UMLS via Orphanet
The MalaCards human disease database index: 1-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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