Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

GARD: ¹⁹ Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome is adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal gland. It is usually caused by severe meningococcal infection or other severe, bacterial infection. Symptoms include acute adrenal gland insufficiency, and profound shock. Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome mainly occurs in children, but can occur in adults.

MalaCards based summary: Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome, also known as fatal pneumococcal waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome, is related to premature ovarian failure 7 and kidney cortex necrosis. An important gene associated with Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome is POMC (Proopiomelanocortin), and among its related pathways/superpathways are G alpha (s) signalling events and "Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Pathway, Adverse Drug Reaction". Affiliated tissues include adrenal gland, spleen and bone marrow, and related phenotypes are homeostasis/metabolism and cellular

Disease Ontology: ¹¹ An adrenal gland disease that is characterized by failure of the adrenal gland due to bleeding into the gland.

Wikipedia: ⁷⁵ Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) is defined as adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the... more...

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Related Diseases for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Diseases related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

(show top 50) (show all 371)

#	Related Disease	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	premature ovarian failure 7	31.4	POMC CRH
2	kidney cortex necrosis	30.8	F3 F2
3	purpura fulminans	30.7	SERPINC1 F3 F2
4	exanthem	30.6	F3 F2 CRP
5	chickenpox	30.5	F2 CRP
6	toxic shock syndrome	30.5	SERPINC1 F3 CRP
7	purpura	30.5	SERPINC1 F3 F2 CRP
8	disseminated intravascular coagulation	30.4	SERPINC1 F3 F2 CRP
9	pleural empyema	30.3	F2 CRP
10	lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia	30.2	POMC MC2R CRH
11	epidural abscess	30.2	F3 F2 CRP
12	necrotizing fasciitis	30.2	F3 F2 CRP
13	cholangitis	30.1	F3 F2 CRP
14	vitamin k deficiency bleeding	30.0	SERPINC1 F3 F2
15	thrombophilia due to thrombin defect	30.0	SERPINC1 F3 F2
16	sickle cell anemia	29.8	SERPINC1 F3 F2 CRP
17	hemorrhagic disease	29.6	SERPINC1 F3 F2 CRP
18	respiratory failure	29.5	SERPINC1 F3 F2 CRP
19	liver cirrhosis	29.4	SERPINC1 F3 F2
20	acute adrenal insufficiency	11.4
21	meningitis	10.8
22	meningococcal infection	10.8
23	meningococcemia	10.8
24	haemophilus influenzae	10.7
25	bilateral massive adrenal hemorrhage	10.6
26	bacteremia 2	10.5
27	meningococcal meningitis	10.5
28	right atrial isomerism	10.4
29	shwartzman phenomenon	10.3
30	klebsiella infection	10.3
31	medulloadrenal hyperfunction	10.3	POMC F3
32	factitious disorder	10.3	POMC F2
33	qualitative platelet defect	10.2	F3 F2
34	leech infestation	10.2	F3 F2
35	ureteric orifice cancer	10.2	F3 F2
36	schizophrenia 14	10.2	POMC ACR
37	acquired von willebrand syndrome	10.2	F3 F2
38	heparin-induced thrombocytopenia	10.2	F3 F2
39	gastric hemangioma	10.2	F3 F2
40	ectopic cushing syndrome	10.2	POMC CRH
41	splenic sequestration	10.2	F3 F2
42	pituitary infarct	10.2	POMC CRH
43	somatization disorder	10.2	POMC CRH
44	sheehan syndrome	10.2	POMC CRH
45	gangliocytoma	10.2	POMC CRH
46	hypothalamic disease	10.2	POMC CRH
47	angiodysplasia	10.2	F3 F2
48	acute stress disorder	10.2	POMC CRH
49	melancholia	10.2	POMC CRH
50	nelson syndrome	10.2	POMC CRH

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome:

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Symptoms & Phenotypes for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

MGI Mouse Phenotypes related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome:

⁴⁵

#	Description	MGI Source Accession	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	homeostasis/metabolism	MP:0005376	9.91	CRH CRP F2 F3 MARCO MC2R
2	cellular	MP:0005384	9.76	ACR CRH F2 F3 MARCO POMC
3	immune system	MP:0005387	9.61	CRH CRP F2 F3 MARCO MC2R
4	hematopoietic system	MP:0005397	9.23	CRH F2 F3 MARCO MC2R POMC

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Drugs & Therapeutics for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Search Clinical Trials, NIH Clinical Center for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Cochrane evidence based reviews: waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome

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Genetic Tests for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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Anatomical Context for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Organs/tissues related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome:

MalaCards : Adrenal Gland, Spleen, Bone Marrow, Skin, Lung, Endothelial, Bone

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Publications for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Articles related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome:

(show top 50) (show all 311)

#	Title	Authors	PMID	Year
1	Three Autopsy Cases of Non-Meningococcal Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome with Hypoplastic Spleen or Post-Splenectomy Status. ⁶²	Horita T...Adachi N	36261354	2022
2	Lethal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus in an asplenic patient. ⁶²	Schuler F...Kahl BC	35978295	2022
3	Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome with Bilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage Associated with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Bacteremia in an Adult Patient with History of Intravenous Drug Use. ⁶²	Kalinoski T	35418553	2022
4	Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a cat with Klebsiella spp. infection. ⁶²	Cole LP...Tinson EW	33949088	2021
5	Fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in an adult due to serogroup Y Neisseria meningitidis. ⁶²	Carvalho R...Coimbra P	33541984	2021
6	Fast Clinical, but Long-Term, Biochemical Remission after Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome. ⁶²	Harsch IA	33542844	2021
7	Illustrated Forensic Pathology: Fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome. ⁶²	Abouzahir H...Benyaich H	32796209	2020
8	A Rare Case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Without Purpura Secondary to Haemophilus Influenzae. ⁶²	Chiwome L	32923222	2020
9	Neisseria meningitidis Induced Fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome in a Patient Presenting With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Multiple Organ Failure. ⁶²	Wu MY...Lin PC	32192003	2020
10	Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome in an Infant. ⁶²	Hawi N...Sasse M	32234194	2020
11	A unique fatal case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Proteus mirabilis in an immunocompetent subject: Case report and literature analysis. ⁶²	Ventura Spagnolo E...Raffino C	31441842	2019
12	The importance of the postmortem interval for the diagnosis of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome by Neisseria meningitidis in a series of forensic cases. ⁶²	Gentile G...Zoja R	31372361	2019
13	Rare case of meningococcal sepsis-induced testicular failure, primary hypothyroidism and hypoadrenalism: Is there a link? ⁶²	Bachmeier CAE...Malabu U	30219775	2018
14	[The Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. ⁶²	Zeldenrust MJG...Ramakers BPC	30040272	2018
15	A case report of spontaneous staphylococcal meningitis in a cynomolgus monkey. ⁶²	Lin Z...Geng XC	29399828	2018
16	[Management of severe sepsis using a Cytokin-adsorber]. ⁶²	Houschyar KS...Siemers F	29247319	2018
17	Why Asplenic Patients Should Not Take Care of the Neighbour's Dog? A Fatal Course of Capnocytophaga canimorsus Sepsis. ⁶²	Langguth P...Both M	30174969	2018
18	A rare case of Waterhouse- Friderichsen syndrome during primary Varicella zoster infection. ⁶²	Heitz AFN...Puylaert JB	29219830	2017
19	Atriobronchial Fistula Complicated by Septic Cerebral Air Emboli After Pulmonary Vein Ablation. ⁶²	Velghe D...Rogiers P	28441232	2017
20	Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to Neisseria meningitidis infection in a young adult with thrombotic microangiopathy and eculizumab treatment: case report and review of management. ⁶²	Friedl C...Eller P	28213751	2017
21	Streptococcus Pneumoniae Detection Long Time After Death in a Fatal Case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome. ⁶²	Verzeletti A...De Ferrari F	28009598	2017
22	[Dyspnea and skin rash in a 49-year-old male patient]. ⁶²	El-Battrawy I...Akin I	27900398	2017
23	A Case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Resulting from an Invasive Pneumococcal Infection in a Patient with a Hypoplastic Spleen. ⁶²	Emori K...Soneda J	26942021	2016
24	Fatal purpura fulminans and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome from fulminant Streptococcus pneumoniae sepsis in an asplenic young adult. ⁶²	Hale AJ...Baden R	27583208	2016
25	A rare case of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome caused by Capnocytophaga canimorsus in an immunocompetent patient. ⁶²	Cooper JD...Smith JL	25676131	2015
26	An autopsy case of pneumococcal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome with possible functional asplenia/hyposplenia. ⁶²	Hata Y...Nishida N	26261663	2015
27	Fatal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to serotype C Neisseria meningitidis in a young HIV negative MSM (men who have sex with men). ⁶²	Agrawal A...Eng M	25267809	2014
28	Waterhouse Friderichsen syndrome complicating fulminant Enterobacter cloacae sepsis in a preterm infant: the unresolved issue of corticosteroids. ⁶²	Pode-Shakked B...Leibovitch L	24328998	2014
29	[Acute adrenal insufficiency. Easy to miss Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, as shown in two cases]. ⁶²	Wijesekara N...Mannheimer B	24187895	2013
30	A fatal case of streptococcal and meningococcal meningitis in a 2-years-old child occurring as Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome. ⁶²	Ventura F...De Stefano F	23910860	2013
31	Adrenomegaly and septic adrenal hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) in the setting of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. ⁶²	Saad AF...Smerud MJ	23814386	2013
32	The significance of adrenal hemorrhage: undiagnosed Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, a case series. ⁶²	Tormos LM...Schandl CA	23458363	2013
33	Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome in an adult patient with meningococcal meningitis. ⁶²	Shah VN	23716842	2013
34	[Case report: A case of invasive pneumococcal disease with purpura fulminans and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. ⁶²	Kamio M...Numata Y	22693858	2012
35	Neisseria meningitidis induces platelet inhibition and increases vascular endothelial permeability via nitric oxide regulated pathways. ⁶²	Kobsar A...Eigenthaler M	22072136	2011
36	A case of functional asplenia and pneumococcal sepsis. ⁶²	Angelski CL...Blackie B	21730800	2011
37	Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome in an adult patient with meningococcal meningitis. ⁶²	Sonavane A...Kumar S	21772601	2011
38	Fatal dog bite in the absence of significant trauma: Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection and unexpected death. ⁶²	Stiegler D...Byard RW	20407357	2010
39	Waterhouse-friderichsen syndrome caused by invasive haemophilus influenzae type B infection in a previously healthy young man. ⁶²	Shimizu S...Yamazaki K	20191807	2010
40	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome in nonhuman primates culminating in multiple organ failure, acute lung injury, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. ⁶²	Hukkanen RR...Frevert CW	19773593	2009
41	Fatal pneumococcal Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in a vaccinated adult with congenital asplenia. ⁶²	Vincentelli C...Robinson MJ	19751638	2009
42	[Puerperal septic shock due to beta-hemolytic Streptococcus and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome]. ⁶²	Araujo Sde A...Godoy P	19287940	2009
43	[Foudroyant meningococcal sepsis in emergency medicine. Medical treatment and post-exposure prophylaxis]. ⁶²	Wiese CH...Graf BM	18270671	2008
44	Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection syndrome in adults - a clinically preventable disease. ⁶²	Okabayashi T...Hanazaki K	18186551	2008
45	[Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome associated to a Morganella morganii and Enterococcus faecium peritonitis]. ⁶²	Tourrel F...Veber B	17766079	2007
46	Medical image. Meningococcal septic shock with adrenal apoplexy--Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome. ⁶²	Sinha R...Kanabar D	16868589	2006
47	Invasive meningococcal disease associated with a very high case fatality rate in the North-West of Poland. ⁶²	Skoczynska A...Hryniewicz W	16487304	2006
48	Staphylococcus aureus sepsis and the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in children. ⁶²	Adem PV...Daum RS	16177250	2005
49	Case of Waterhouse Friderichsen Syndrome during outbreak of meningococcal disease in Delhi in May 2005. ⁶²	Malhotra VL...Khandpur N	16749283	2005
50	OPSI (overwhelming postsplenectomy infection) syndrome: a case report. ⁶²	Rizzo M...Castaldo P	15639588	2004

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Genes for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Genes related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome (0 elite genes):

- Elite gene

- Cancer Census gene in COSMIC

#	Symbol	Description	Category	Score	Evidence
1	POMC	Proopiomelanocortin	Protein Coding	5.98	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
2	F2	Coagulation Factor II, Thrombin	Protein Coding	4.84	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
3	F3	Coagulation Factor III, Tissue Factor	Protein Coding	4.77	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
4	ACR	Acrosin	Protein Coding	4.6	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
5	CRH	Corticotropin Releasing Hormone	Protein Coding	4.57	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
6	MC2R	Melanocortin 2 Receptor	Protein Coding	4.5	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
7	MARCO	Macrophage Receptor With Collagenous Structure	Protein Coding	4.42	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
8	CRP	C-Reactive Protein	Protein Coding	4.35	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
9	SERPINC1	Serpin Family C Member 1	Protein Coding	4.25	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴
10	SCIN	Scinderin	Protein Coding	4.12	DISEASES inferred ¹⁴

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Variations for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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Expression for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome.

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Pathways for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Pathways related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Super pathways	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	G alpha (s) signalling events ⁶⁶ Show member pathways Defective ACTH causes obesity and POMCD ⁶⁶	11.33	POMC MC2R CRH
2	"Heparin-induced Thrombocytopenia Pathway, Adverse Drug Reaction" ⁶⁰	10.89	F3 F2
3	Development_Leptin signaling via JAK/STAT and MAPK cascades ²² Show member pathways phospho-PLA2 pathway ⁶⁶	10.73	POMC CRP
4	Serotonin and anxiety ⁷⁴ Show member pathways Serotonin and anxiety-related events ⁷⁴	10.62	POMC CRH
5	"Glucocorticoid Pathway (HPA Axis), Pharmacodynamics" ⁶⁰	9.47	POMC CRH

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GO Terms for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

Biological processes related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	blood coagulation	GO:0007596	9.43	SERPINC1 F3 F2
2	regulation of blood coagulation	GO:0030193	9.33	SERPINC1 F2
3	hemostasis	GO:0007599	8.8	SERPINC1 F3 F2

Molecular functions related to Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome according to GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Name	GO ID	Score	Top Affiliating Genes
1	protease binding	GO:0002020	9.1	SERPINC1 F3 ACR

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Sources for Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome

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¹⁹ GARD

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ GenomeRNAi

²⁶ GEO DataSets

²⁷ GO

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³¹ ICD10

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⁴⁷ NCBI Bookshelf

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⁵¹ NIH Clinical Center

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⁵³ Novoseek

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⁵⁵ ODiseA

⁵⁶ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁷ OMIM® (Updated 24-Oct-2022)

⁵⁸ Orphanet

⁵⁹ PathCards

⁶⁰ PharmGKB

⁶¹ PubChem

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⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ Tocris

⁷¹ UMLS

⁷² UMLS via Orphanet

⁷³ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁴ WikiPathways

⁷⁵ Wikipedia

MCID: WTR001 MIFTS: 37	Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome Categories: Endocrine diseases, Infectious diseases, Rare diseases	Data Licensing For inquiries, contact: [email protected]
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