Y Chromosome Infertility disease: Malacards - Research Articles, Drugs, Genes, Clinical Trials

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Aliases & Classifications for Y Chromosome Infertility

MalaCards integrated aliases for Y Chromosome Infertility:

Name: Y Chromosome Infertility ²⁴ ⁵³ ²⁵ ³⁸ ⁷³

Deleted in Azoospermia ⁵³ ¹³

Male Sterility Due to Y-Chromosome Deletions ⁵³

Y Chromosome-Related Azoospermia ²⁵

Spermatogenic Failure, Y-Linked ²⁵

Y Chromosome Microdeletions ⁵³

Y Chromosome Deletions ⁷³

Daz ⁵³

Characteristics:

HPO:

³²

y chromosome infertility:
Inheritance y-linked inheritance

Classifications:

MalaCards categories:
Global: Rare diseases
Anatomical: Reproductive diseases

See all MalaCards categories (disease lists)

External Ids:

SNOMED-CT via HPO ⁶⁹ 425558002 48188009

UMLS ⁷³ C3711648 C1507149

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Summaries for Y Chromosome Infertility

NIH Rare Diseases : ⁵³ Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm, making it difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. An affected man's body may produce no sperm cells (azoospermia), a smaller than usual number of sperm cells (oligospermia), or sperm cells that are abnormally shaped or that do not move properly. This condition accounts for between 5 percent and 10 percent of cases of azoospermia or severe oligospermia. As its name suggests, this form of infertility is caused by changes in the Y chromosome, one of the sex chromosomes. Y chromosome infertility is usually caused by deletions of genetic material in regions of the Y chromosome called azoospermia factor (AZF) A, B, or C. Genes in these regions are believed to provide instructions for making proteins involved in sperm cell development, although the specific functions of these proteins are not well understood. In rare cases, changes to a single gene called USP9Y, which is located in the AZFA region of the Y chromosome, can cause Y chromosome infertility. Some men with Y chromosome infertility who have mild to moderate oligospermia may eventually father a child naturally. Assisted reproductive technologies may help other affected men. Because Y chromosome infertility impedes the ability to father children, this condition is usually caused by new deletions on the Y chromosome and occurs in men with no history of the disorder in their family. When men with Y chromosome infertility do father children, either naturally or with the aid of assisted reproductive technologies, they pass on the genetic changes on the Y chromosome to all their sons. As a result, the sons will also have Y chromosome infertility.

MalaCards based summary : Y Chromosome Infertility, also known as deleted in azoospermia, is related to spermatogenic failure, y-linked, 2 and spermatogenic failure, y-linked, 1. The drugs Isotretinoin and Calcitriol have been mentioned in the context of this disorder. Affiliated tissues include bone, and related phenotypes are azoospermia and abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis

Genetics Home Reference : ²⁵ Y chromosome infertility is a condition that affects the production of sperm, making it difficult or impossible for affected men to father children. An affected man's body may produce no sperm cells (azoospermia), a smaller than usual number of sperm cells (oligospermia), or sperm cells that are abnormally shaped or that do not move properly.

Wikipedia : ⁷⁶ Y chromosome microdeletion (YCM) is a family of genetic disorders caused by missing gene(s) in the Y... more...

GeneReviews:

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Related Diseases for Y Chromosome Infertility

Diseases related to Y Chromosome Infertility via text searches within MalaCards or GeneCards Suite gene sharing:

#	Related Disease	Score
1	spermatogenic failure, y-linked, 2	12.7
2	spermatogenic failure, y-linked, 1	12.4
3	partial deletion of y	11.2
4	azoospermia	10.6
5	infertility	10.0

Graphical network of the top 20 diseases related to Y Chromosome Infertility:

Sources

Symptoms & Phenotypes for Y Chromosome Infertility

Human phenotypes related to Y Chromosome Infertility:

³²

#	Description	HPO Frequency	HPO Source Accession
1	azoospermia ³²		HP:0000027
2	abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis ³²		HP:0001939

Sources

Drugs & Therapeutics for Y Chromosome Infertility

Drugs for Y Chromosome Infertility (from DrugBank, HMDB, Dgidb, PharmGKB, IUPHAR, NovoSeek, BitterDB):

(show all 13)

#

Name

Status

Phase

Clinical Trials

Cas Number

PubChem Id

1

Isotretinoin

Approved

Phase 2

4759-48-2

5538 5282379

Synonyms:

(13-cis)-Retinoate

(13cis)-retinoic acid

(13-cis)-Retinoic acid

(2Z,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

(2Z,4E6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid

(7E,9E,11E,13Z)-Retinoate

(7e,9e,11e,13Z)-Retinoic acid

(7E,9E,11E,13Z)-retinoic acid

(7E,9E,11E,13Z)-Retinoic acid

13 cis retinoic acid

13 cis Retinoic acid

13 Cis-Retinoic Acid

13-cis RA

13-cis retinoic acid

13-cis-Retinoate

13-cis-Retinoic acid

13-cis-Vitamin a acid

13-cis-Vitamin A acid

13-RA

3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)2-cis-4-trans-6-trans-8-trans-nonatetraenoic acid

4-09-00-02388 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)

4759-48-2

97950-17-9

AC-15388

AC1NQZZ4

Accutane

Accutane (TN)

Ambap302-79-4

Amnesteem

BML2-E07

BPBio1_000080

BRD-K76723084-001-05-9

BRN 1885770

BSPBio_000072

BSPBio_001331

BSPBio_003345

CCRIS 4286

CHEBI:6067

CHEMBL547

CID5282379

CIP-isotretinoin

CIP-Isotretinoin

cis-RA

cis-Retinoate

cis-Retinoic acid

Claravis

CPD000471891

D00348

D015474

EINECS 225-296-0

EU-0101081

HMS1361C13

HMS1568D14

HMS1791C13

HMS1921D08

HMS1989C13

HMS2092N07

HSDB 3929

IDI1_033801

Isotane

Isotretinoin

Isotretinoin (USP)

Isotretinoin [USAN:INN:BAN]

Isotretinoin Retinoic acid

Isotretinoin zinc salt, 13 cis isomer

Isotretinoin Zinc Salt, 13 cis Isomer

Isotretinoin zinc salt, 13-cis-isomer

Isotretinoin Zinc Salt, 13-cis-Isomer

Isotretinoina

Isotretinoine

Isotretinoine [INN-French]

isotretinoino

Isotretinoino

Isotretinoino [INN-Spanish]

Isotretinoinum

Isotretinoinum [INN-Latin]

Isotrex

LMPR01090021

Lopac0_001081

LS-143465

MLS001074662

MolPort-003-666-394

NCGC00094358-01

NCGC00094358-02

NCGC00094358-03

NCGC00094358-04

NCGC00094358-05

NCGC00094358-06

NCGC00094358-07

NCGC00094358-08

NCGC00094358-09

NCGC00094358-13

Neovitamin a acid

Neovitamin A acid

Prestwick_642

Prestwick2_000256

Prestwick3_000256

R 3255

R3255_SIGMA

Retinoate

Retinoic acid

Ro 4 3780

Ro 43780

Ro 4-3780

Ro-43780

Ro-4-3780

Roaccutan

Roaccutane

Roacutan

SAM002548955

SMR000471891

Sotret

Sotret (TN)

SPECTRUM1502013

Spectrum5_001795

Spectrum5_001937

Teriosal

UNII-EH28UP18IF

2

Calcitriol

Approved, Nutraceutical

Phase 2

32222-06-3

134070 5280453

Synonyms:

(1a,3b,5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1R,3S)-5-{2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-((R)-5-Hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4-ylidene]-ethylidene}-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol

(1R,3S,5Z)-5-[(2E)-2-[(1R,3aS,7aR)-1-[(2R)-6-hydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]-7a-methyl-2,3,3a,5,6,7-hexahydro-1H-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol

(1S,3R,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1S,3R,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1S,3R,5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10-triene-1,3,25-triol

(1α,3β,5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(3b,5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-trienetriol

(5Z,7E)-(1S,3R)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(5Z,7E)-(1S,3R)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol

(5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol

(5Z,7E)-9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1-alpha,3-beta,25-triol

1 alpha, 25 Dihydroxy 20 epi vitamin D3

1 alpha, 25-Dihydroxy-20-epi-vitamin D3

1 alpha,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1 alpha,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1,25 (OH)2 D3

1,25 Dihydroxy 20 epi vitamin D3

1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1,25(OH)2-20epi-D3

1,25(OH)2-20EPi-D3

1,25-(OH)2D3

1,25-(OH)2-D3

1,25(OH)2D3 & CD4

1,25(OH2)D3

1,25D3

1,25-DHCC

1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3

1,25-dihydroxy-20-epi-Vitamin D3

1,25-Dihydroxy-20-epi-vitamin D3

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL

1,25-Dihydroxycholecaliferol

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1.Alpha.,25-Dihydroxy-26,27-hexadeuterovitamin D3

17936_FLUKA

17936_SIGMA

1a,25(OH)2D3

1a,25-(OH)2D3

1a,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1a,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-a-25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-alpha,-1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1alpha,25(OH)2D3

1alpha,25(OH)2-D3

1alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1-alpha,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-alpha-25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

1db1

1α,25(OH)2D3

1α,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

1-α-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3

20 Epi 1alpha,25 dihydroxycholecaliferol

20-epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol

20-Epi-1alpha,25-dihydroxycholecaliferol

25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

32222-06-3

5-{2-[1-(5-hydroxy-1,5-dimethyl-hexyl)-7a-methyl-octahydro-inden-4-ylidene]-ethylidene}-4-methylene-cyclohexane-1,3-diol

9,10-seco(5Z,7E)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1alpha, 3beta, 25-triol

9,10-Seco(5Z,7E)-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1alpha,3beta,25-triol

9,10-Secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,25-triol, (1.alpha.,3.beta,.5Z,7E)- & CD4

Abbott brand OF calcitriol

AC-1859

AC1NQX1S

alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1

Alphapharm brand OF calcitriol

Ambap32222-06-3

Asentar

BCBcMAP01_000160

BML2-E03

Bocatriol

BSPBio_001287

C01673

Calcijex

Calcijex, Silkis, Rocaltrol, Topitriol, Cholecalciferol,Calcitriol

calcitriol

Calcitriol

Calcitriol (JAN/USAN/INN)

Calcitriol [USAN:INN:BAN:JAN]

Calcitriol abbott brand

Calcitriol alphapharm brand

Calcitriol cryopharma brand

Calcitriol galderma brand

Calcitriol gry brand

Calcitriol jenapharm brand

Calcitriol kyramed

Calcitriol kyramed brand

Calcitriol leo brand

Calcitriol medice brand

Calcitriol nefro

Calcitriol renacare brand

Calcitriol roche brand

Calcitriol-nefro

CalcitriolNefro

Calcitriolum

Calcitriolum [INN-Latin]

CCRIS 5522

CD-2027

CHEBI:17823

CHEMBL846

CID5280453

CPD000466393

Cryopharma brand OF calcitriol

D00129

D1530_SIGMA

D3, 1 alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin

D3, 1,25-Dihydroxy-20-epi-vitamin

D3, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin

Decostriol

Dihydroxyvitamin D3

DN 101

DN-101

EINECS 250-963-8

Galderma brand OF calcitriol

Gry brand OF calcitriol

HMS1361A09

HMS1791A09

HMS1989A09

HMS2051F06

HMS2089N03

Hoffmann la roche brand OF calcitriol

Hoffmann-la roche brand OF calcitriol

HSDB 3482

IDI1_033757

Jenapharm brand OF calcitriol

KyraMed brand OF calcitriol

KyraMed, calcitriol

leo Brand OF calcitriol

LMST03020258

LS-53093

MC1288

MC-1288

Medice brand OF calcitriol

MLS000759536

MLS001424122

MolPort-002-045-698

NCGC00161327-01

NCGC00161327-04

Osteotriol

RenaCare brand OF calcitriol

Renatriol

ro 21-5535

Ro 215535

Ro 21-5535

Ro-21-5535

Rocaltrol

Rocaltrol (TN)

Roche brand OF calcitriol

S1466_Selleck

SAM001246772

Silkis

Sitriol

SMR000466393

Soltriol

Spectrum5_002061

Tirocal

Topitriol

Toptriol

U 49562

Vectical

vit D

ZINC03924790

3

Vitamin D

Approved, Nutraceutical, Vet_approved

Phase 2

1406-16-2

4

Tretinoin

Approved, Investigational, Nutraceutical

Phase 2

302-79-4

5538 444795

Synonyms:

(2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoate

(all-e)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate

(all-e)-3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid

.beta.-Retinoic acid

[3H]Retinoic acid

13497-05-7 (hydrochloride salt)

15-Apo-beta-caroten-15-oic acid

187175-63-9

1n4h

3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid

3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoate (ecl)

3,7-Dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexene-1-yl)-2,4,6,8-nonatetraenoic acid (ecl)

302-79-4

5300-03-8

56573-65-0

7005-78-9

9(Z)-Retinoic acid

9-cis-RA

A-Acido (Argentina)

Aberel

Aberela

Aberela [Norway]

AC1L9GWO

AC1Q1J2J

AC-6824

Accutane Roche

Acid A Vit (Belgium, Netherlands)

Acid, all-trans-retinoic

Acid, all-trans-Retinoic

Acid, beta-all-trans-retinoic

Acid, beta-all-trans-Retinoic

Acid, retinoic

Acid, Retinoic

Acid, trans-retinoic

Acid, trans-Retinoic

Acid, vitamin a

Acid, Vitamin A

Acide retinoique (french) (dsl)

Acide retinoique (French) (DSL)

Acnavit

Acnavit [Denmark]

AGN 100335

AGN 192013

Airol

Aknefug

Aknoten

AKOS000280845

Alitretinoin

all trans Retinoic acid

All Trans Retinoic Acid

all trans-Retinoic acid

All Trans-Retinoic Acid

all-(e)-Retinoate

all-(e)-Retinoic acid

all-(E)-Retinoic acid

All-trans Retinoic Acid

all-trans-beta-Retinoate

all-trans-beta-Retinoic acid

all-trans-b-Retinoate

all-trans-b-Retinoic acid

all-trans-Retinoic acid

Alltrans-retinoic acid

all-trans-Tretinoin

all-trans-Vitamin a acid

all-trans-Vitamin A acid

all-trans-Vitamin a1 acid

all-trans-Vitamin A1 acid

all-trans-β-retinoate

all-trans-β-retinoic acid

ALRT 1057

Amnesteem

ATRA

AT-RA

Atragen

Atra-IV

Atralin

Avita (TN)

Avita Gel

A-Vitaminsyre

A-Vitaminsyre [Denmark]

Avitoin

Avitoin [Norway]

BAL4079

beta all trans Retinoic acid

beta all trans Retinoic Acid

beta-all-trans-Retinoic acid

beta-Ra

beta-Retinoate

beta-Retinoic acid

beta-Retinoic Acid

Betarretin

BIDD:GT0483

BIDD:PXR0081

BML2-E05

bmse000562

BPBio1_000082

b-Retinoate

b-Retinoic acid

BRN 2057223

BSPBio_000074

BSPBio_001500

C00777

CCRIS 3294

CCRIS 7098

CHEBI:15367

CHEMBL38

CID444795

Claravis

Cordes vas

Cordes VAS [Germany]

CPD000058245

D00094

D014212

DB00523

DB00755

DB00982

Dermairol

Effederm

Effederm [France]

EINECS 206-129-0

Epi-aberel

EU-0101061

Eudyna

HMS1361K22

HMS1568D16

HMS1791K22

HMS1921D14

HMS1989K22

HMS2089D20

HMS2092N11

HMS502N05

HSDB 2169

HSDB 7186

I04-0008

I14-2351

IDI1_000903

IDI1_033970

Isotretinoin Retinoic acid

L000833

LGD 100057

LMPR01090019

Lopac0_001061

LS-1154

Lsotretinoin

MLS000028588

MLS001076515

MLS002207234

MLS002222211

MolPort-000-883-857

NCGC00017280-06

NCGC00017280-17

NCGC00021808-04

NCGC00021808-05

NCGC00021808-06

NCGC00021808-07

NCGC00021808-09

NCGC00021808-14

NCGC00021808-15

nchembio.154-comp2

Nexret

NSC 122758

NSC122758

NSC-122758

Panretin Gel

Panretyn

PDT-002-002

Potassium salt, tretinoin

Potassium Salt, Tretinoin

Prestwick_424

Prestwick2_000257

Prestwick3_000257

R 2625

R0064

R2625_SIGMA

REA

Renova

Renova (TN)

Retacnyl

Retin a

Retin A

Retin A (TN)

Retin-a

Retin-A

Retin-A Micro

Retinoate

Retinoic acid

RETINOIC acid

RETINOIC ACID, ALL TRANS

Retinoic acid, all-trans- (8CI)

Retinova

Retionic acid

Retionic Acid

Retisol-a

Retisol-A

ro 1-5488

Ro 1-5488

S1653_Selleck

Salt, tretinoin potassium

Salt, Tretinoin Potassium

Salt, tretinoin sodium

Salt, Tretinoin Sodium

Salt, tretinoin zinc

Salt, Tretinoin Zinc

SAM002264647

SMR000058245

Sodium salt, tretinoin

Sodium Salt, Tretinoin

Solage

Sotret

SPECTRUM1502016

Spectrum5_001746

Spectrum5_001933

SR-01000000239

SR-01000000239-14

ST057075

Stieva-a

Stieva-A

Stieva-a Forte

trans Retinoic acid

trans Retinoic Acid

trans-Retinoate

trans-Retinoic acid

Tretin m

Tretin M

tretinoin

Tretinoin

Tretinoin (JAN/USP/INN)

Tretinoin (TN)

Tretinoin [USAN:INN:BAN]

Tretinoin 0.1% cream or placebo

tretinoin liposome

Tretinoin potassium salt

Tretinoin Potassium Salt

Tretinoin sodium salt

Tretinoin Sodium Salt

Tretinoin zinc salt

Tretinoin Zinc Salt

Tretinoin/All-Trans Retinoic Acid

Tretinoina

Tretinoina [INN-Spanish]

Tretinoine

Trétinoïne

tretinoine (French) (EINECS)

Tretinoine (french) (einecs)

Tretinoine [INN-French]

Tretinoino

Tretinoino [INN-Spanish]

Tretinoinum

Tretinoinum [INN-Latin]

TRETINON

Tri-Luma

UNII-1UA8E65KDZ

UNII-5688UTC01R

UPCMLD-DP097

Vesanoid

Vesanoid (TN)

Vesanoid, Airol, Renova, Atralin, Retin-A, Avita, Tretinoin

Vesnaroid

Vitamin a acid

Vitamin A acid

Vitinoin

WLN: L6UTJ A1 B1U1Y1 & U2U1Y1 & U1VQ C1 C1

WLN: L6UTJ A1 B1U1Y1&U2U1Y1&U1VQ C1 C1

Zinc salt, tretinoin

Zinc Salt, Tretinoin

β-retinoate

β-retinoic acid

5

Micronutrients

Phase 2

6

Dermatologic Agents

Phase 2

7

Trace Elements

Phase 2

8

Dihydroxycholecalciferols

Phase 2

9

Vasoconstrictor Agents

Phase 2

10

Vitamins

Phase 2

11

Keratolytic Agents

Phase 2

12

Bone Density Conservation Agents

Phase 2

13

Calcium, Dietary

Phase 2

Interventional clinical trials:

#	Name	Status	NCT ID	Phase	Drugs
1	RA-2 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin)	Active, not recruiting	NCT02061384	Phase 2	13-cis retinoic acid;Calcitriol
2	Aneuploidies in Embryos and Spermatozoa From Patients With Y-chromosome Microdeletions	Recruiting	NCT02527954

Search NIH Clinical Center for Y Chromosome Infertility

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Genetic Tests for Y Chromosome Infertility

Sources

Anatomical Context for Y Chromosome Infertility

MalaCards organs/tissues related to Y Chromosome Infertility:

⁴¹

Bone

Sources

Publications for Y Chromosome Infertility

Articles related to Y Chromosome Infertility:

#	Title	Authors	Year
1	Y Chromosome Infertility ( 20301513 )	Pagon R.A....Stephens K.	1993

Sources

Genes for Y Chromosome Infertility

Sources

Variations for Y Chromosome Infertility

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Expression for Y Chromosome Infertility

Search GEO for disease gene expression data for Y Chromosome Infertility.

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Pathways for Y Chromosome Infertility

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GO Terms for Y Chromosome Infertility

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Sources for Y Chromosome Infertility

¹ BioSystems

² BitterDB

³ CDC

⁴ Cell Signaling Technology

⁵ ClinicalTrials

⁶ ClinVar

⁷ CNVD

⁸ Cochrane Library

⁹ Cosmic

¹⁰ dbSNP

¹¹ DGIdb

¹² Disease Ontology

¹³ diseasecard

¹⁴ DiseaseEnhancer

¹⁵ DISEASES

¹⁶ DrugBank

¹⁷ ExPASy

¹⁸ FDA Approved Drugs

¹⁹ FMA

²⁰ GeneAnalytics

²¹ GeneCards

²² GeneGo (Thomson Reuters)

²³ GeneHancer via GeneCards

²⁴ GeneReviews

²⁵ Genetics Home Reference

²⁶ GenomeRNAi

²⁷ GEO DataSets

²⁸ GO

²⁹ GTR

³⁰ HGMD

³¹ HMDB

³² HPO

³³ ICD10

³⁴ ICD10 via Orphanet

³⁵ ICD9CM

³⁶ IUPHAR

³⁷ KEGG

³⁸ LifeMap

³⁹ LncRNADisease

⁴⁰ LOVD

⁴¹ MalaCards

⁴² MedGen

⁴³ MedlinePlus

⁴⁴ MeSH

⁴⁵ MESH via Orphanet

⁴⁶ MGI

⁴⁷ miR2Disease

⁴⁸ NCBI Bookshelf

⁴⁹ NCI

⁵⁰ NCIt

⁵¹ NDF-RT

⁵² NIH Clinical Center

⁵³ NIH Rare Diseases

⁵⁴ NINDS

⁵⁵ Novoseek

⁵⁶ Novus Biologicals

⁵⁷ OMIM

⁵⁸ OMIM via Orphanet

⁵⁹ Orphanet

⁶⁰ PathCards

⁶¹ PharmGKB

⁶² PubMed

⁶³ PubMed Health

⁶⁴ QIAGEN

⁶⁵ R&D Systems

⁶⁶ Reactome

⁶⁷ Sino Biological

⁶⁸ SNOMED-CT

⁶⁹ SNOMED-CT via HPO

⁷⁰ SNOMED-CT via Orphanet

⁷¹ TGDB

⁷² Tocris

⁷³ UMLS

⁷⁴ UMLS via Orphanet

⁷⁵ UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

⁷⁶ Wikipedia